Private Concerns Research Articles

Internet of Things (IoT) Security and Private Concerns: An Overview

The number of Internet of Things (IoT) applications has greatly increased during the last two decades. Globally, more than half a billion electronic devices are connected. Due to their constant connection to the Internet, IoT applications are frequently targeted by a wide range of conventional threats, such as Trojan horses, worms, malware, spyware, and malicious code injections. It is apparent that traditional threats offer services like accountability, authorization, authentication, and these factors are typically used to identify a subject and determine whether the person is qualified to access the object. With the large numbers of connected devices, it is likely that IoT systems may become more vulnerable to threats and attacks with high-frequency electromagnetic radiation and more advanced viruses. Therefore, there is a pressing need to address these privacy and security concerns because it is insufficient to rely on currently used conventional procedures. This study identifies the knowledge and research gaps in this field by exploring the various dangers that IOT devices are vulnerable to, how these dangers operate and create a recovery mechanism to mitigate the harms. The study concludes by suggesting cutting-edge authentication methods like one-time password (OTP) ID- and password-based, three-factor/multi-factor and blockchain. Keywords: Architecture, Authentication, Internet of Things, Privacy, Security Proceedings Citation Format Mosud, Y. O., Ajulo, E.B. & Yinusa, A.B. (2023): Internet of Things (IoT) Security and Private Concerns: An Overview. Proceedings of the Cyber Secure Nigeria Conference. Nigerian Army Resource Centre (NARC) Abuja, Nigeria. 11-12th July, 2023. Pp 49-58 https://cybersecurenigeria.org/conference-proceedings/volume-2-2023/ dx.doi.org/10.22624/AIMS/CSEAN-SMART2023P7

Turning Private Concerns into Public Issues: Mental Retardation and the Parents' Movement in Post-war Greece, c. 1950–80

This article explores the history of mental retardation in the context of the parents’ movement in Greece between 1950 and 1980, when the fields of child mental health and special education were becoming established. I focus on the first association of parents of children with mental retardation and use the concepts of public sociality and social movement to analyze how this association perceived mental health and normality in children and how it interacted with professionals and the state. Drawing on this case study, I argue that, in the second half of the twentieth century, parents’ movements in the Western world adopted a new approach towards mental retardation as a public issue, namely as a problem not just of the individual and the family but of the whole of society, which had to be made socially visible and deserved the state’s intervention. In these ways I propose a fresh perspective on the history of mental retardation and the parents’ movements beyond Greece on the basis of the shifting boundaries between the public and the private and the politicization of the personal.

The Virtues of Knowing Less: Justifying Privacy Protections Against Disclosure

This Article develops justifications for protections against the disclosure of private information. An extensive body of scholarship has attacked such protections as anathema to the Information Age, where the free flow of information is championed as a fundamental value. This Article responds to two general critiques of disclosure protections: (1) that they inhibit freedom of speech, and (2) that they restrict information useful for judging others. Regarding the free speech critique, the Article argues that not all speech is of equal value; speech of private concern is less valuable than speech of public concern. The difficulty, however, is distinguishing between public and private concerns. Traditional approaches include deferring to the media, distinguishing between public and private figures, and looking to the nature of the information disclosed. However, these approaches are flawed. Instead, we should focus on the relationships in which information is transferred and the uses to which information is put. The propriety of disclosures depends upon their purpose, not merely on the type of information disclosed. The Article analogizes to the law of evidence, in which certain information is admissible for some purposes but not others and then examines the values of free speech and argues that privacy often furthers the same ends, demonstrating that free speech should not always prevail in the balance. Next, the Article tackles the judgment and trust critique, which views personal information as essential for making judgments about whether to trust people with whom one associates. Although personal information can help facilitate judgments about other people, the Article contends that these judgments are often made quickly and out of context. In short, more information does not necessarily lead to more accurate judgments. The Article also contends that privacy protects against certain rational judgments that society may want to prohibit (such as employment decisions based on genetic information). The Article then responds to commentators who argue that gossip is valuable because it helps educate us about human nature and argues that the value of concealing one's past can, in many circumstances, outweigh the benefits of disclosure.

Private Concerns of Private Plaintiffs: Revisiting a Problematic Defamation Category

The magnitude of recovery in a defamation case may well depend on a court's characterization of an assertion as involving either a public or private concern. At a minimum, designation as a matter of private concern drastically lowers the level of fault that a plaintiff must show in order to recover presumed or punitive damages. In addition, a finding of a private concern may eliminate the plaintiff's constitutional burden of proving falsity. Moreover, the Supreme Court has intimated that other barriers to recovery in defamation actions may be lightened or removed by the absence of a public concern. After a decade-and-a-half since the Court injected the public/private concern dichotomy into defamation doctrine, however, uncertainty about the dichotomy's application abounds. The struggle by lower courts to interpret the Court's terse pronouncements on the distinction between public and private concerns has not crystallized into a useful methodology. Rather, courts have generally proceeded by way of ad hoc analyses or ipse dixit conclusions. The inability of courts to translate this doctrine into a lucid framework, however, does not represent a failure of judicial imagination. Instead, this Article contends, the enterprise was destined to flounder because of the inherent indeterminacy of the distinction between public and private concerns in defamatory expression. Part I of the Article traces the route to the Court's decision to add the public/private concern inquiry to the complex body of defamation doctrine, as well as the potential impact of this distinction beyond the context in which it was first promulgated. Part II reviews courts' efforts to categorize defamatory speech in a rational way, seeking to demonstrate that this goal has inevitably eluded them. From a broader perspective, Part III examines the Court's longstanding ambivalence toward elevating speech of a presumably public nature over other expression. Against this backdrop, the Court's decision to distinguish between public and private concerns in defamation amounts to an avoidable choice, not an obligatory standard. At the same time, as Part IV tries to show, withdrawal of this element from defamation doctrine would not require wholesale abolition of the public/private distinction in free speech jurisprudence. The Article concludes that restoration of the regime that prevailed prior to the public/private concern criterion would restore a more defensible balance to the constitutional law of defamation.

Imperial Loyalties and Private Concerns: Nation, Class, and State in the Correspondence of Austro-Hungrian POWs in Russia, 1916–1918

one of the most common experiences during World War I (and one of the least researched topics in the historiography of the war) was the experience of captivity. During four years of fighting, an estimated 8.5 million soldiers were taken captive, or roughly 1 out of every 9 men to don uniforms during the war. Among the warring countries, none had a greater prisoner of war problem than Austria-Hungary: out of 8 million soldiers mobilized by the Dual Monarchy during the war, an estimated 2.77 million wound up in POW camps, the great majority (2.11 million) in Russia.

KDD: Public and Private Concerns

KDD: Public and Private Concerns

"Beyond the Limits of a Vulgar Fate": The Renegotiation of Public and Private Concerns in the Careers of Gray and Other Mid-Eighteenth Century Poets

"Beyond the Limits of a Vulgar Fate": The Renegotiation of Public and Private Concerns in the Careers of Gray and Other Mid-Eighteenth Century Poets

Shifting Involvements: Private Interest and Public Action.

FOREWORD ix PREFACE xv INTRODUCTION: A Private-Public Cycle? 3 Chapter 1. On Disappointment 9 The Role of Disappointment in Preference Change 9 Taking Disappointment Seriously 14 Chapter 2. Varieties of Consumer Disappointment 25 The Privileged Position of Truly Nondurable Goods 27 Consumer Durables 32 Services 39 Chapter 3. The General Hostility Toward New Wealth 46 Historical Evidence from the Eighteenth Century in England and France 46 The Manifold Case against New Goods 53 Chapter 4. From Private Concerns into the Public Arena-I 62 Exit and Voice Reactions to Consumer Disappointment 62 Explaining Changes in Life-Styles: Ideology and Second-Order Volitions 66 Chapter 5. From Private Concerns into the Public Arena-II 77 Collective Action and the Rebound Effect 77 Why Free Rides Are Spurned 82 Chapter 6. The Frustrations of Participation in Public Life-1 92 The Poverty of Our Imagination 93 Overcommitment and Addiction 96 Chapter 7. The Frustrations of Participation in Public Life-II 103 The Underinvolvement of Voting 103 A Historical Digression on the Origins of Universal Suffrage 112 Chapter 8. Privatization 121 Corruption 123 Public Virtue Debunked 125 Attractions of the Private Sphere 128 CONCLUSION 131 INDEX 135

An ERIC Review : Private Concerns and Major Concepts in General Education

An ERIC Review : Private Concerns and Major Concepts in General Education