Private Choice Research Articles

Fenomena Childfree Berdasarkan Perspektif Hukum Islam Progresif, Pancasila dan Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM)

The childfree phenomenon in normative legal studies is considered an aberration. Islamic law scholars refer to various considerations, ranging from being contrary to nature, not being in accordance with national culture and threatening human civilization. However, in certain cases childfree becomes an alternative because there is an element of unintentional doing it. Call it for health, psychological and other reasons. Strict restrictions on childfree practices when it is done intentionally and views having children as a burden. This research uses qualitative methods and is a library research type. Researchers use a normative legal approach in analyzing data. The analysis technique used is descriptive analytic. Data is taken from various literature such as books, journals, scientific works, official websites and related sources according to the research theme. The results of the research show that according to the progressive Islamic and Pancasila views, childfree is possible for health and psychological reasons. Apart from that, childfree is a person's private choice that cannot be interfered with by other people.

From social issue to art site and beyond – reassessing rural akiya kominka

ABSTRACT Akiya or vacant houses are often perceived as threats to their neighborhood, as socio-political problems for local communities, and as objects of difficult decisions for their owners. However, recently there has been a reappraisal of their forgotten qualities and a revival in interest in such houses, especially when considered as sites of a special character suited to different types of cultural events. This article explores the implications of the use of akiya in rural communities in Japan, tracing the trajectory of change from irritating nuisance to local (touristic) attraction and art site. Furthermore, it analyzes how this shift has the potential to lead to their reassessment as valuable resources not only for the revitalization of local communities but also for private choices in everyday life. The article analyzes three specific art installations created within the framework of recurring art festivals and staged within the walls of old vacant dwellings, and the artists’ thoughts behind them, which hint at incentives for akiya use inspired by the sites. The artworks offer opportunities for interactions between residents, artists, and visitors, influencing insider and outsider perceptions of the local community, and they function as innovative playgrounds for local citizens’ and newcomers’ individual choices. Examples from the field show that the artist’s role as yosomono (outsider) ultimately has the potential to pave the way towards a more diverse and creative view of these community assets, changing the perception of the vacant house from being a bothersome and useless legacy into a resource.

"True Private Choice" or a "Hobson's Choice?:" Re-thinking Zelman V. Simmons-harris in North Carolina's Opportunity Scholarship Program

"True Private Choice" or a "Hobson's Choice?:" Re-thinking Zelman V. Simmons-harris in North Carolina's Opportunity Scholarship Program

Beyond Public Health and Private Choice: Breastfeeding, Embodiment and Public Health Ethics.

The key objective of this paper is to emphasize the importance of acknowledging breastfeeding as an embodied social practice within interventions related to breastfeeding and lactation and illustrate how this recognition holds implications for public health ethics debates. Recent scholarship has shown that breastfeeding and lactation support interventions undermine women's autonomy. However, substantial discourse is required to determine how to align with public health goals while also recognizing the embodied experiences of breastfeeding and lactating individuals. Presently, interventions in this realm predominantly revolve around health-related messaging and the promotion of individual behaviors, often neglecting the systemic and structural factors that influence choices and practices. I closely examine breastfeeding interventions in India, in particular Mothers' Absolute Affection health promotion program, along with breastfeeding narratives. I argue that for such interventions to evolve, they must acknowledge the intrinsic embodied social nature of breastfeeding during their design and implementation. Furthermore, it is important to emphasize that achieving equity and justice objectives necessitates moving beyond the confines of both conventional public health frameworks and frameworks solely centered on private choices. Instead, a more encompassing approach that embraces the concept of embodiment should be adopted.

Food justice: turning private choices into public issues

Food justice: turning private choices into public issues

Why do consumers choose private over public health services? Reflective accounts of health providers in Vietnam

BackgroundIn Vietnam and many developing countries, private healthcare is increasingly being leveraged by governments to complement public services and increase health service access and utilisation. Extensive understanding of patterns of utilisation of private over public health services, and the rationale for such consumer decisions, is important to ensure and promote safe, affordable and patient-centred care in the two sectors. Few studies within the Southeast Asian Region have explored how private and public providers interact (via social networks, marketing, and direct contact) with consumers to affect their service choices. This study investigates providers’ views on social factors associated with the use of private over public health services in Vietnam.MethodA thematic analysis was undertaken of 30 semi-structured interviews with experienced health system stakeholders from the Vietnam national assembly, government ministries, private health associations, health economic association, as well as public and private hospitals and clinics.ResultsMultiple social factors were found to influence the choice of private over public services, including word-of-mouth, the patient-doctor relationship and relationships between healthcare providers, healthcare staff attitudes and behaviour, and marketing. While private providers maximise their use of these social factors, most public providers seem to ignore or show only limited interest in using marketing and other forms of social interaction to improve services to meet patients’ needs, especially those needs beyond strictly medical intervention. However, private providers faced their own particular challenges related to over-advertisement, over-servicing, excessive focus on patients’ demands rather than medical needs, as well as the significant technical requirements for quality and safety.ConclusionsThis study has important implications for policy and practice in Vietnam. First, public providers must embrace social interaction with consumers as an effective strategy to improve their service quality. Second, appropriate regulations of private providers are required to protect patients from unnecessary treatments, costs and potential harm. Finally, the insights from this study have direct relevance to many developing countries facing a similar challenge of appropriately managing the growth of the private health sector.

Contribution of private health services to universal health coverage in low and middle-income countries: Factors affecting the use of private over public health services in Vietnam.

The private sector's contribution to Universal health coverage (UHC) has been increasingly recognised by policymakers in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify service-provider and consumer-level factors affecting choice of private over public health services in Vietnam. A concurrent mixed-method design was adopted. A quantitative phase explored consumers' health service choice by analysing data from a random national sample of 10,354 individuals aged 16 and over. The qualitative phase investigated how private and public providers organise their services to influence consumer choices by conducting interviews with policymakers, hospital and clinic managers, and health practitioners. The combined results demonstrate that at the individual level, absence of any type of health insurance was the factor most closely associated with the use of private services. Private health services were more likely to be used by people from ethnic majority groups compared to ethnic minorities (odds ratio [OR]: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.4-2.0), and by people living in urban compared to rural areas (OR: 1.1, 95% CI: 1.0-1.3). The service providers suggested that consumers opted for private services that were perceived to have poorer quality in the public sector, such as counselling, physical therapy and rehabilitative care. Additional motivational factors include the private sector's more flexible working hours, shorter waiting times, flexible pricing of services, personalised care and better staff behaviour. The findings can inform national health system planning and coordination activities in Vietnam and other countries that aim to harness the attributes of both the public and private sectors to achieve UHC.

Crude oil cycles and the choice of private vs public school: Evidence from Saudi Arabia

We show how in Saudi Arabia, a country that relies heavily on crude oil exports, negative shocks in crude oil prices significantly impact households’ decisions to invest in education. Our findings reveal that the downturn in the oil market, which began in the second half of 2014, led parents to refrain from sending their children to tuition-based private schools. In some cases, they even withdrew their children from such schools and enrolled them in free public schools, despite perceiving lower education quality in the public sector. The influence of the oil downturn on private school enrollments varied depending on the type of school. In national private schools, which follow the national curriculum, the growth rate of Saudi students decreased from 6 percent prior to the shock to -3.8 percent in the academic year of 2018. Conversely, in international private schools, which offer international curricula and tend to charge higher fees, the growth rate declined from 40 percent before the shock to 23.8 percent in the academic year of 2017. Furthermore, our study reveals that the recovery rate of national private schools, following the rebound in oil prices, exhibited significant variation across cities, genders, and educational levels. This heterogeneity highlights the diverse impact of the oil downturn shock.

Gender differentials in the choice of in-patient healthcare services among the older adults in India: A cross-sectional study.

India is presently undergoing a rapid demographic transition and experiencing a gradual increase in an ageing population. As a result, the households were continuously exposed to catastrophic economic impacts, ultimately influencing the healthcare utilisation of older people. The study examined the gender differentials in the choice of in-patient private and public hospitalisation among Indian elderly using Andersen's Health Behaviour Model. The database was acquired from the nationally representative cross-sectional survey (NSSO, 2017-18). Bivariate chi-square and binomial logistic regression techniques were used to fulfill the objective. In addition, the poor-rich ratio and concentration index was used to understand the inherent socioeconomic inequalities in healthcare preferences. The findings suggest that aged men were 27 percent more prone to avail private healthcare facilities than aged women. Further, older adults, who are married, belong to the upper caste, have higher education and gone through surgery, and primarily reside in an affluent society were more likely to prefer private in-patient hospitalisation. It represents negligence of older women in access to better healthcare who had financial strain and economically dependent. The study can be used to reframe existing public health policies and programs, particularly focusing on the older women, to avail cost-effective treatment.

¿Qué determina la elección público-privada en la sanidad española?

Introduction and objectivesThe aim of the study was to analyze, which individual characteristics (sociodemographic, attitudinal and political factors) mediates in the choice in Spain in 2022, of a private versus public health care alternative for family doctor, doctor specialist, hospital admissions and emergencies. MethodsUsing the health barometers of the Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (CIS), we carried out four logistic regressions (then, average marginal effects [AMEs]) whose dependent variables are the preference for a private choice of family doctor versus a public one, the preference for a private choice of doctor specialist versus a public one; the preference for a private choice of hospital admission versus a public one and the preference for a private choice of emergency admission versus a public one. The dependent variables are binary (1=private; 0=public). The sample consisted of more than 4,500 individuals older than 18years old distributed representatively throughout Spain. ResultsThe probability of choosing private rather than public is correlated with the age of the individual: those over 50years are less likely to opt for a private alternative (P<.01), as well as by ideology and satisfaction with the way that the national health system (NHS) works. Patients with a conservative ideology are more likely to choose private options (P<.01) and individuals with greater satisfaction with the NHS are less likely to choose private ones (P<.01). ConclusionsSatisfaction with the NHS and patient ideology are the most relevant factors for private versus public choice.

Влияние эксклавности и уровня доходов населения на потребительские предпочтения пациентов на рынке медицинских услуг

The article presents the results of a qualitative analysis of the influence of exclavity and the level of income of the population on the consumer preferences of patients in the medical services market using the Kaliningrad region as an example. Economic disparity in access to healthcare services contributes to the psychographic stratification of healthcare consumer preferences. Territorial isolation from the country and the proximity of foreign countries leave an imprint on the social and economic life of the population of an exclave subject and commitment to medical tourism. M a t e r i a l s a n d m e t h o d s . In the period from September to November 2022, a one-time comparative study of consumer preferences for choosing a country and a medical organization in the medical services market of 773 working-age residents of the Russian Federation was planned and conducted. All respondents were stratified into two groups according to their place of residence: residents of the Central Federal District and the Kaliningrad Region. The groups were comparable in terms of gender and age. Methods used: open online survey, qualitative analysis, statistical. The significance of differences in the percentages of the trait was estimated by the Fisher angular transformation coefficient (φ) with a given confidence level of 95%. R e s u l t s . The influence of exclavity and income level on consumer preferences for choosing a medical organization has been established. The features of the priority motivators for the choice of public, private or foreign medical services of the respondents of the Kaliningrad region are revealed. The comfort of receiving medical services (“lack of queues”) was 1,4 times more likely to motivate the choice of private medicine among respondents in the Kaliningrad region compared to respondents in other regions. The demand for the services of private and foreign clinics in the exclave territory is proportional to the level of income. Medical tourism services were used by 28,7% of respondents from the exclave territory who prefer private medicine. C o n c l u s i o n . A distinctive feature of consumers of medical services in the exclave Kaliningrad region is the increase in demand for private medicine and treatment abroad in proportion to the increase in income levels. Respondents from the exclave territory are 1,4 times more likely to choose private clinics and 23,9 times more likely to use medical tourism services compared to residents of the Central Federal District. Every fourth respondent in the Kaliningrad region does not trust the quality of training of doctors in the Russian Federation. Transport accessibility of the EU countries, dissatisfaction with the level of training of medical personnel, the lack of a number of medical services in the Russian Federation, the ability to realize the desire to combine treatment with a trip abroad with a sufficient level of income of the population in the exclave region, along with a shortage of medical personnel in the subject, contribute to increasing the attractiveness of private medical organizations, import of medical services and outflow of patients abroad. Recommendations are given to increase the attractiveness of state medicine in the exclave territory.

Factors influencing the choice of private or public schools: Evidence from Georgia

The existence and development of public schools is influenced by a plethora of factors. Through the creation of education policies, any state education system is striving to accomplish specific goals. Both informal and formal private schooling is taking the lead in all cultures and societies. Unmistakably, the distinction between private and public schools is evident. However, given the different circumstances, choosing the best alternative for a child is regularly a fervently discussed topic among parents. There is no universal answer to the question whether private schools are actually better than or superior to the public schools. Our research aimed to describe the school choice process, it focuses on unveiling the factors and their interrelation while the parent choosing between two types of schools—private and public. First of all, the research aims to describe the parent’s perception of achieving success at school, what is the base for such belief, what the sentence—“School—base of future success” actually mean. How important is so called social index? The significance of the reputation and prestige of the educational institution during school choice process—as a guarantee for future success. The key questions for the research were as follows: (1) How interested the parents are to be actively involved in school choice process and spend certain period of time for that? (2) What factors are considered by the parents during school choice and what is the source they receive information from? (3) Does the family’s socioeconomic condition and the kids gender have influence on the process? It’s worth mentioning that, generally the research results fully coincide with the school choice theory arguments and the research findings conducted in the similar field. All these are described and presented in the first part of the article. The probabilities listed on the base of the current data, that the information source, the parent’s information level, the parents’ engagement as well as the family’s socioeconomic and demographic status play integral role in the school choice process appeared to be genuine. Apparently, the parents are much interested to provide perfect future for their kids, though socioeconomic conditions, environment, poor educational system limits their choice. Once our results compared to the existing literature and theory, one can see that our study conducted in Georgia follows the trends of the developed countries, known as the “Heyneman-Loxley effect.”

Factors Determining Enrollee’s Choice of Private and Public Healthcare Providers of Community Based Health Insurance Scheme in Edu Lga Kwara State

Purpose: Private sector is the major providers of Primary health care for the poor in many low- and middle-income countries. In the public healthcare providers, the health facilities are built by the government and the healthcare workers, draw their salaries from government treasuries. In the private providers, the health facilities are owned by individual or a group of people and the salaries of the workers are paid from the resources generated in the facilities. They are either for profit or non-profit making. Enrollees are given freehand to choose either of the providers, but the information available to them is not enough to make decision on which of the providers to choose. This study aimed at determining the enrollee’s choice of private and public healthcare providers of community-based health insurance scheme in Edu LGA Kwara state.&#x0D; Methodology: The design was descriptive cross-sectional study. Sample size of 400 was used in each of the provider. The respondents were recruited by systematic sampling method among private healthcare provider while multistage sampling method was adopted in public healthcare providers. Data was collected using semi structured questionnaire. Focus Group Discussion was also carried out. Data collected were analyzed using SPSS version 23.0. Results were tabulated and logistic regression was adopted to determine level of significance. Level of Significance was set at P&lt;0.05&#x0D; Findings: Nine- point-five (9.5%) of the respondents of the private healthcare provider and 5.7% of the respondents of the public healthcare providers had good knowledge score of community based health insurance scheme. The difference in knowledge score was statistically significant as the p=0.035. Mode of premium collection had Odd ratio 2.99 (CI =1.934- 4.622), P&lt;0.001; Trust of the system Odd ratio 2.987 (CI = 1.884-4.733); Quality of health care Odd ratio 2.673 (CI = 1.757-4.065) P&lt;0.001; Proximity to health facility Odd ratio 2.225 (CI = 1.412-3.506) P=0.001. Mode of joining the scheme Odd ratio 0.400 (CI = 0.290-0.552) P&lt;0.001 and cost of accessing care Odd ratio 0.577 (CI = 0.42-0.779) P&lt;0.001.&#x0D; Recommendation: It was recommended that private health facilities should be maintained which will improve access to health care for the enrollees. The government should also improve the quality of health care in the public healthcare providers.

Collective Remembrance and Private Choice: German–Greek Conflict and Behavior in Times of Crisis

When does collective memory influence behavior? We highlight two conditions under which the memory of past events comes to matter for the present: the associative nature of memory and institutionalized acts of commemoration by the state. During World War II, German troops occupying Greece perpetrated numerous massacres. Memories of those events resurfaced during the 2009 Greek debt crisis, leading to a drop in German car sales in Greece, especially in areas affected by German reprisals. Differential economic performance did not drive this divergence. Multiple pieces of evidence suggest that current events reactivated past memories, creating a backlash against Germany. This backlash also manifested in political behavior, with vote shares of anti-German parties increasing in reprisal areas after the start of the debt crisis. Using quasi-random variation in public recognition of victim status, we show that institutionalized collective memory amplifies the effects of political conflict on economic and political behavior.

Choosing commuter transportation modes to support human mobility (Case study: Bulukumba Regency, South Sulawesi)

&lt;p&gt;To carry out daily activities and fulfill needs requires movement. In carrying out these movement, there are two choice, namely moving with transportation modes or without transportation modes (walking). This study aims to knowing the factors that influence the choice of private and public transportation modes as well as modeling the choice of commuter transportation modes. Focus of this study is Bulukumba regency that one of the regencies in the southern part of South Sulawesi. The transportation characteristics discussed are the characteristics of the trip (the purpose of he trip, time and distance), characteristics of behaviour travellers (mode selection and reasons for choosing the mode) and characteristics of transportation facilities (Quantitatively involves: waiting time, time for access to other modes and tariffs. Qualitatively involves: safety, comfort and trust). The result of the analysis obtained information that the dominant mode of transportation is used by commuter in Bulukumba regency are private motor vehicles. The tendency of the people of Bulukumba regency to use motorbikes is assessed because motorbikes have a high level of comfort and trust, cheap tariff, flexible schedule, easy access, quickly reach travel destinations and efficiency in use compared to private cars or public transportation modes. The R2 value of the private motorbike mode selection model is 0.765 meaning that the education and work variables affect the motorbike mode selection by 76.5% and the rest is influenced by other variables. The model for selection public transportation modes has an R2 value of 0.666, meaning that the tourism and trade variables affect the choice of the public transportation modes by 66.6% and the rest is influenced by other variables.&lt;/p&gt;

Some Imperfections of the Modern Economic System

The modern economic system has promoted corporate value creation and capture as well as national growth, but is not lacking imperfections. Platform owners such as Amazon, Facebook, Apple and Google have become dominant, but their stakeholders have suffered under their grip, with loss of privacy and private choice, increased wealth concentration and economic inequality, and overconsumption and abuse of natural resources. I discuss the societal grand challenges linked to these caveats of the economic system, noting that current efforts to remedy this system are unlikely to suffice. I then identify the root cause of these problems, which I attribute to greed and consequent opportunistic behavior. Countering such behavior is a first step towards a solution.

Instrumental music education in Ireland: how subsidiarity and choice can perpetuate structural inequalities

ABSTRACT In Ireland access to instrumental music education (IME) largely operates through the private market. Unlike other European countries Ireland does not have a music school law or policy position. The purpose of this article is to examine how a long-established history of subsidiarity which is enshrined in the Irish Constitution together with the ideology of choice, has underpinned the provision of IME. This has led to the growth of a market-led system of provision that promotes inequalities. The data suggests that parents seeking IME for their children are compelled to act as customers and competitive citizens and that the private choices of those who can pay to play, masks the dearth of state-supported universal IME provision. In conclusion, it is argued that by continuing to adopt the principles of subsidiarity, the State is both exonerated from being fully responsible and accountable for the adequate provision of IME and is complicit in perpetuating structural inequalities that favour access to capitals-rich families, be in the state-supported IME, or IME in the private education market.

Fit and Proper Requirements in the EU Banking Sector. A Step Further

Prudential regulation has become increasingly important over time. In such a context, strict suitability requirements for members of the management body and key function holders are considered an adequate tool to safeguard the sound and prudent management of banks. In the years following the Great Financial Crisis in 2008–2009 and the Eurozone sovereign debt crisis in 2010–2012, the regulatory and supervisory approach to banks’ corporate governance has seen a significant evolution. The centralisation of banking supervision at the Eurozone level was complemented by the application of a single rulebook throughout the European Union which stated, in compliance with the Capital Requirements Directive, higher suitability requirements for being appointed as a member of a management body or as a key function holder at a bank. Furthermore, the choice to identify fit and proper requirements through standards attributes significant power to the decision maker, thus allowing greater public control over private choices, and is justified by the need to prevent negative externalities. This approach is open to debate. Against the background of the pursuit of public interest, the lawmaker confers discretionary power on the supervisory authorities (the European Central Bank and the national competent authorities), and sets restrictions on the job market for board member candidates. This paper is a contribution enriching the ongoing discussion about the existing regulatory and policy regime, with a special focus on the specific functions performed by the management body members and particularly by the chairs of the management body’s special committees.

The impact of environmental regulations on the location choice of newly built polluting firms: based on the perspective of new economic geography

Based on the unique micro-data of newly built polluting firms for the period of 2009–2018, this paper adopts the conditional logit model to empirically evaluate the impact of environmental regulations on the location choice of polluting firms. Moreover, we extend the theoretical model by considering that the environment regulations not only influence the pollution cost but also the level of technological innovation and labor cost. The empirical results show that polluting firms tend to flow into areas with stringent environmental regulations, which supports the Porter hypothesis, but the effect of environmental regulations have a divergent impact on heavily polluting firms. Heterogeneous analysis indicates that environmental regulations have shown a positive impact on the location choice of private and foreign-funded firms but no significant impact on that of state-owned firms; the impact of environmental regulation is consistent with pollution haven hypothesis for firms in the central region but is in line with Porter hypothesis for firms in other regions. Meanwhile, the probability of air polluting firms entering areas with stricter environmental regulations is higher than that of water-polluting ones. Finally, this paper further empirically tests the conduction mechanism, that is, environmental regulations can affect the location choice of polluting firms by affecting the regional technological innovation capabilities and labor cost.

Debiasing or regularisation? Two interpretations of the concept of \u2018true preference\u2019 in behavioural economics

I reconsider Bleichrodt, Pinto Prades and Wakker’s (BPW) 2001 paper about eliciting utility measures from stated preference surveys. That paper pioneers a method that is now widely used in behavioural economics to correct individuals’ ‘biases’ and to recover their ‘true preferences’. However, BPW propose this method as way of dealing with inconsistent responses to stated preference surveys, in contrast to more recent applications which aim to help individuals to avoid supposed mistakes in their private choices. I argue that the concepts of true preference and bias are empirically ungrounded, but that BPW’s approach can be interpreted as not invoking those concepts. By ‘regularising’ preferences revealed in actual choice, this approach constructs measures of individual welfare that are broadly aligned with actual preferences and consistent with normative standards of rationality that are appropriate for public decision-making. Public decision-makers’ normative judgements are made explicit, rather than being disguised as apparently empirical claims about true preferences.