Prisma Universal Bond Research Articles

Evaluation of cytotoxicity of resin bonding materials toward human oral epithelial cells using three assay systems

Background/purpose Gingival tissue around teeth can be contacted by flowable photocured resin agents during operative procedures. The cytotoxicity of resin bonding agents toward human oral epithelial cells cannot be neglected. This study evaluates the cytotoxicity of resin bonding agents toward human oral epithelial cells using three assay systems. Materials and methods Nine commercial resin bonding agents (Clearfil Protect Bond, Clearfil SE Bond, Prime & Bond NT, Prisma Universal Bond 3, UniFil Bond, 3M Single Bond, CharmBond, Compobond, and ExciTE) and two resin monomers (methyl methacrylate and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate) were used. The detection methods for the cell survival rate included: (1) the CellTiter 96 AQueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay System, (2) PreMix WST-1 Cell Proliferation Assay System, and (3) CellTiter-Glo Luminescent Cell Viability Assay System. One-way analysis of variance and Scheffe test were used for the statistical analyses. Results Most of the components of the uncured bonding agents had cytotoxicity at 0.1 vol% (survival rates, 21.4% ± 1.4% to 113.1% ± 19.1%), except for UniFil Bond Primer (survival rates, 101.8% ± 3.5% to 113.1% ± 19.1%). More severe cytotoxicity was found at the 1.0 vol% concentration (survival rates, 0.2% ± 0.02% to 147.3% ± 10.8%), except for the methyl methacrylate monomer (survival rates, 96.5% ± 1.3% to 147.3% ± 10.8%). In the post-cured group, most bonding agents had little or no cytotoxicity, except for 3M Single Bond (survival rates, 52.4% ± 7.9% to 97.4% ± 17.8%) and Compobond (survival rates, 29.1% ± 7.1% to 79.5% ± 6.7%). Conclusion The same material detected by different assay systems may give different cytotoxic effects, and examination by three methods may provide more-objective results. Furthermore, since most of the bonding agent components detected by the three assay systems showed cytotoxicity before curing (and some components even showed cytotoxicity after curing), the application of bonding materials in the oral cavity should be very carefully performed.

Clinical performance and marginal adaptation of class II direct and semidirect composite restorations over 3.5 years in vivo

The study evaluated the clinical performance and marginal adaptation of direct and semi-direct class II composite restorations in a split-mouth design over 3.5 years. 44 upper posterior teeth in 11 adults with primary carious lesions were treated with 22 direct and 22 semi-direct restorations. Conventional cavities were prepared for both types of restorations. A fine fine hybrid composite (APH) and a multifunctional adhesive system (Prisma universal bond 3) were used for all restorations. The incremental "3-sited light curing" technique was applied to direct restorations. Semi-direct inlays were prefabricated on silicone casts and post-cured using light and heat. Clinical performance was evaluated using modified USPHS parameters, while marginal adaptation was judged on replicas, using SEM and a standardized evaluation technique. Clinical results after 3.5 years revealed a 100% retention rate with no fractures, sensitivity or recurrent caries for both types of restorations. SEM-evaluation of the occlusal margins showed at the tooth-restoration interface relatively low rates of marginal openings over the observation period (4-8%). Marginal restoration fractures ranged between 1 and 2%, marginal tooth fractures between 3 and 9%. Differences between the restorative techniques and after the different time observation periods were not statistically significant. Proportions of marginal fractures and openings at the restoration-luting composite interface were less than 10% after 3.5 years. The results indicated no significant differences for direct and semi-direct fine hybrid composite restorations in medium size cavities in posterior teeth with respect to clinical performance and marginal adaptation over 3.5 years.

Amalgam-Composite hybrid restorations with amalgam bond: An in vitro marginal leakage study with CA45 radioisotope autoradiography

An in vitro study to evaluate Amalgam-Composite hybrid restoration was conducted and the marginal microleakage of three groups at Amalgam-Tooth interface, Composite-Tooth interface, and Amalgam-Composite interfaces were assessed in a Class V cavities using Ca45 isotope autoradiograhy. Comparing the different groups, the Amalgam bond was found to be superiorthan the Prisma Universal bond, copalite, or just acid etching of Amalgam surface in preventing the marginal microleakage at Amalgam-Composite interface.

Antibacterial activity of four dentin bonding systems

The antibacterial action of bonding systems Gluma 2000, Syntac, Prisma Universal Bond 3, Scotchbond Multipurpose and Prime-Bond was tested against 32 strains of the caries-producing bacteria Streptococcus spp., Lactobacillus spp., Actinomyces spp., Porphyromonas spp. and Clostridium spp. An agar plate diffusion method was used with chlorhexidine as the positive control. Assays were performed in triplicate for each component (primer and adhesive) of the bonding systems. All the adhesives were found to inhibit bacterial growth but with differences in their spectra of action. The sum action of the Scotchbond Multipurpose components were most inhibitory and Prime-Bond was found to be the least effective system.

象牙質接着に及ぼすデンティンプライマーとボンディング材の影響

Since Buonocore (1955) first introduced the acid etching technique to enhance the mechanical retention of resin restoration materials to enamel, the concept of "acid etching for retention" has been widely recommended and practiced. With the development of the adhesive monomers (phosphate ester of methacrylates) the chemical bonding to tooth structure could be realized, in which they reacted either ionically with mineralized dentin or covalently to organic constituents. In 1984, Munksgarrd and Asmussen reported that the use of a chelating agent EDTA instead of phosphoric acid to partially remove the smear layer followed by pretreament of the dentin surface with 35% 2-hydroxy-ethyl-methacrylate (HEMA), and 5% Glutaraldehyde was effective for increasing resin-dentin bonding strength. The mechanism was thought to involve crosslinking or fixation of the exposed collagen fibers by glutaraldehyde resulting from its penetration with HEMA into the matrix of the underlying dentin. Today, most of the dentin bonding systems utilize acidic conditioners to remove the smear layer followed by treatment with primers and bonding agents. In this study, the effects of the primers and bonding agents on the tooth dentin bonding were investigated for various combinations of four different kinds of dentin bonding systems, Clearfil Liner Bond System (CLB), Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (SMP), Prisma Universal Bond 3 (PUB) and Tokuso Light Bond (TLB). The tensile bond tests were performed and their bond strengths were evaluated by ANOVA. The conditioner and/or primer-treated dentin surfaces and the fracture surface after tensile bond test were observed with a scanning electron microscopic. The bonding aspects of the bonding agents were also discussed using synthetic hydroxyapatite (HAp). The results indicate that acidic conditioners are necessary for dentin bonding system and an adhesive-containing bonding agent might contribute to a higher bond strength. The adhesion mechanism might be explained by micromechanical interaction, where adhesive resin would penetrate into the dentinal tubules and the intertubular dentinal process via the intradentinal permeation to gain the mechanical retention, and there have some doubts about the long term durability on chemical bonding to tooth subtrates. Intermixing components of dentin primer and bonding agents between UDMA and Bis-GMA-based resin dentin bonding system should be avoided.

CLINICAL SUCCESS OF CLASS V COMPOSITE RESIN RESTORATIONS WITHOUT MECHANICAL RETENTION

The authors describe a study in which they placed 126 Class V composite resin restorations without mechanical retention, divided into three groups of 42, in 23 patients. They followed the performance of the restorations over a three-year period. For all three groups, restorations were placed using All-Bond 2 dental adhesive and Z100 composite resin; A.R.T. Bond and Brilliant Dentin composite; and Prisma Universal Bond 3 and Variglass VLC polyacid-modified composite resin. The authors evaluated retention as well as color stability, wear resistance, sensitivity, sulcular depth, loss of attachment, bleeding on probing and crevicular fluid flow. Based on their results, the authors propose that restoration of Class V lesions without using mechanical retention could be expected to succeed in seven of 10 restorations over a three-year period using these restorative systems.

Adherence of “stuck” restorations to demineralized dentin following use of experimental primers

Purpose. This in vivo study histopathologically evaluated the biocompatibility of four self-conditioning dentinal primer formulas in four bonding systems and evaluated the pulpal responses of the self-conditioning dentinal bonding systems for Class V tooth preparations in primates. Material and methods. The basic formula consisted of proprietary carboxylic diacid monomer, dipentaerythritol pentaacrylate phosphoric acid ester, acetone, and ethanol that was used alone or mixed with other commercial priming agents. After application of primers, Prisma Universal Bond 3 was selected to restore the cavity preparations. Results. All systems were judged histopathologically biocompatible. “Stuck” restorations that were resistant to acid demineralization necessary for processing of histologic slides, occurred more frequently with intact smear layers and increasing use of dehydrating agents. Conclusions. Tests should be performed to determine whether “stuck” restorations in in vivo studies that maintain dentin-pulpal relationships can support in vitro shear bond strength tests.(J Prosthet Dent 1997;78:354-66.)

Glutaraldehyde-containing dentin bonding agents are mutagens in mammalian cells in vitro.

The mutagenic potential of glutaraldehyde-containing dentin bonding agents was shown in previous studies using a bacterial gene mutation assay, the Ames test. However, current strategies of genotoxicity testing and regulatory requirements for the biological evaluation of medical devices recommend a battery of tests that indicate induced mutations in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Accordingly, the mutagenicity of three glutaraldehyde-containing bonding agents (Syntac adhesive, Prisma Universal Bond 3 adhesive, and Gluma 3) was investigated using a quantitative mammalian cell gene mutation assay (V79/HPRT test) in the present investigation. The materials were extracted in dimethyl sulfoxide (0.1 g/2 mL) for 24 h and original extracts were then serially diluted in cell culture medium before exposure to V79 cells. Cytotoxic and mutagenic effects were observed with identical concentrations of extracts of the different test materials. There was a moderate decrease of the number of surviving cells immediately after the end of exposure. Mutagenicity at the hprt locus in V79 cells was found with all materials tested, and the increases in the absolute numbers of mutants were dose dependent. The mutant frequencies were about 15- (Syntac adhesive and Gluma 3) to 20-fold (Prisma UB3 adhesive) higher than solvent control values. Since other substances than glutaraldehyde may be responsible for the mutagenic effects in mammalian cells in this study, work is currently in progress to identify the individual mutagenic compounds of dentin adhesives and related composite materials.

Mutagenic activity of various dentine bonding agents

The potential mutagenicity of bonding agents of the new generation was characterised by employing an in vitro gene mutation assay. Eight different components of three dentine bonding systems (Scotchbond Multi Purpose, Prisma Universal Bond 3 and C&B Metabond) were tested in the Ames test using four different Salmonella strains (TA97a, TA98, TA100 and TA102). The materials were eluted in dimethyl sulphoxide and physiological saline; aliquots of the serially diluted eluates were then used in the standard plate incorporation assay. No mutagenic effects were found with Scotchbond Multi Purpose primer and adhesive, Prisma Universal Bond 3 primer, and C&B Metabond base, powder and activator. However, the glutaraldehyde-containing Prisma Universal Bond 3 adhesive elicited a strong mutagenic effect in S. typhimurium strain TA102. Mutation rates caused by dimethyl sulphoxide eluates as well as physiological saline eluates were about five times higher than solvent control values. A mutagenic effect was also observed with C&B Metabond catalyst, especially in strain TA97a when the material was eluted in physiological saline. Both mutagenic responses were not influenced by a metabolically active microsomal fraction from rat liver. We consider the results observed in the Ames test as a first indication of possible mutagenic activity in higher organisms. Therefore, the materials are currently under further investigation using a quantitative in vitro mammalian cell mutation assay.

Longitudinal evaluation of the microleakage of dentin bonding agents used to seal resected root apices

A material that bonds to dentin and seals both the root canal and exposed dentinal tubules would be desirable following root resection. The purpose of this study was to measure the sealing ability of four dentin bonding agents on the resected root end. The bonding systems evaluated were Amalgambond (AMB), Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (SMP), Prisma Universal Bond 3 (PUB 3), and All-Bond 2 (AB2). All materials were applied directly to the resected root end without a class I preparation. One-half of the roots in each group were contaminated with human blood before bonding. Microleakage was measured using fluid filtration at various time intervals from 1 to 24 wk. Results indicated that all dentin bonding agents significantly reduced apical microleakage compared with prebonded controls at all time intervals. Blood contamination did not adversely affect the sealing ability of AMB, PUB 3, or SMP. The blood-contaminated AB2 group displayed significantly greater microleakage after 12 and 24 wk than the uncontaminated roots.

SEM characterization of the resin-dentine interface produced in vivo

Objectives: A freeze-fracture technique with critical-point drying has been shown to preserve the structure of collagen in demineralized primed dentine in vitro (Titley K et al. Am J Dent 1994; 7: 22–26). This study utilized the technique to examine the attachment to dentine produced in vivo by All-Bond 2 (AB2), Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (SBMP) and Prisma Universal Bond 3 (PUB3). Methods: Eighteen medium-depth restorations were placed in buccal and/or lingual surfaces of premolar teeth ( n = 7) scheduled for extraction for orthodontic purposes. After extraction, the restored teeth were split transversely by freeze-fracture, critical-point dried and examined under SEM. Results: AB2 and SBMP produced significant gap-free attachment to dentine showing similar microscopic structural features. Resin interdiffusion with collagen fibrils of the intertubular matrix was clearly seen. Microspaces, observed at the periphery of the widened tubules and among the interdiffused collagen fibrils, suggested incomplete resin penetration. Fractures occurring parallel with the interface frequently showed detachment in the deepest layers of the hybrid zone. Adhesive gaps were seen at the resin-dentine interface, indicating some clinical technique failure. The PUB3 attachment was generally incomplete, with separation between the primed dentinal surface and the composite restoration. Where present, the bonded interface showed no evidence of true hybridization. Conclusion: Dentine conditioning, as a separate step, prior to priming, appears to be an important factor in successful resin-dentine attachment. Critical-point drying revealed variations in the degree of resin interdiffusion with intertubular collagen, suggesting potential sites for bond failure.

Evaluation of the bond strengths of dentin bonding agents used to seal resected root apices

A number of improved dentin bonding agents have recently become available, but have not been evaluated on apical radicular dentin. The purpose of this study was to compare the tensile bond strengths of four adhesive resins on resected root ends before and after blood contamination. Forty single-rooted human incisors were cleaned and shaped and obturated. The apical 3 mm was then resected at a 45-degree angle, bonded, and tested for tensile bond strengths using an Instron machine. The bonding systems evaluated included Prisma Universal Bond 3, Scotchbond MultiPurpose Dental Adhesive, Amalgambond, and All Bond 2. All bonding systems were then covered with Prisma APH light-cure composite resin. Results indicated that the bond strengths of the blood contaminated groups were significantly less than those of the control groups, except in the case of Amalgambond where no significant difference was noted. When the surface was contaminated with blood, Prisma Universal Bond 3 had significantly lower bond strengths, whereas Amalgambond had significantly higher bond strengths than the other subgroups.

Mutagenicity of dentin bonding agents.

Aside from the considerable number of reports on the physical and chemical properties of dental bonding agents, information concerning their biologic effects is sparse. Three dentin bonding agents (Prisma Universal Bond, Pertac Universal Bond, and Syntac) and the ingredients methylmethacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate, and glutaraldehyde were investigated in the Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity test system using five different bacterial strains (TA97a, TA98, TA100, TA102, and TA104). The materials as well as the ingredients were eluted in both dimethyl sulfoxide and physiologic saline, and serially diluted eluates were used in the plate incorporation test. Pertac Universal Bond and Prisma Universal Bond did not elicit any mutagenic effects in any of the bacterial strains. In contrast, Syntac adhesive showed clear mutagenicity in S. typhimurium strain TA102. Dimethyl sulfoxide eluates, as well as physiologic saline eluates of the Syntac bonding agent, caused numbers of revertants that were about 6 times higher than control values. Reversion rates with other strains were moderately enhanced. Glutaraldehyde, an ingredient of Syntac adhesives, caused mutagenicity in a manner similar to Syntac adhesive eluates. Neither 2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate nor methylmethacrylate monomer was found to be mutagenic over a broad concentration range.

Bond strength and microleakage of current dentin adhesives

Objectives. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate shear bond strengths and microleakage of seven current-generation dentin adhesive systems. Methods. Standard box-type Class V cavity preparations were made at the cemento-enamel junction on the buccal surfaces of eighty extracted human molars. These preparations were restored using a microfill composite following application of either All-Bond 2 (Bisco), Clearfill Liner Bond (Kuraray), Gluma 2000 (Miles), Imperva Bond (Shofu), OptiBond (Kerr), Prisma Universal Bond 3 (Caulk), Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (3M), or Scotchbond Dual-Cure (3M) (control). Lingual dentin of these same teeth was exposed and polished to 600-grit. Adhesives were applied and composite was bonded to the dentin using a gelatin capsule technique. Specimens were thermocycled 500 times. Shear bond strengths were determined using a universal testing machine, and microleakage was evaluated using a standard silver nitrate staining technique. Results. Clearfil Liner Bond and OptiBond, adhesive systems that include low-viscosity, low-modulus intermediate resins, had the highest shear bond strengths (13.3 ± 2.3 MPa and 12.9 ± 1.5 MPa, respectively). Along with Prisma Universal Bond 3, they also had the least microleakage at dentin margins of Class V restorations. Significance. No statistically significant correlation between shear bond strength and microleakage was observed in this study. Adhesive systems that include a low-viscosity intermediate resin produced the high bond strengths and low microleakage. Similarly, two materials with bond strengths in the intermediate range had significantly increased microleakage, and one material with a bond strength in the low end of the spectrum exhibited microleakage that was statistically greater. Thus, despite the lack of statistical correlation, there were observable trends.

The effect of smear layer removal on marginal contraction gaps

The presence of the smear layer prevents direct contact between dentine and a dentine adhesive. The use of agents to remove the smear layer theoretically should improve the bonding of composite resins to dentine. This study examined the effect of smear layer removal on the effectiveness of a dentine bonding agent in reducing marginal contraction gaps. The agent used for smear layer removal in this study was ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA). Eighty cavities measuring 2 mm in diameter and 1.5 mm in depth were prepared in dentine and randomly assigned to two equal groups. The control group was restored with Prisma Universal Bond 2 Adhesive and Prisma Fil Resin. The experimental group was similarly restored after pretreatment of dentine with 0.5% EDTA for 60 s. All specimens were thermocycled and the marginal contraction gaps were assessed using a Nikon Measurescope. The mean contraction gap was expressed as a percentage of the cavity diameter. Results showed that the experimental group registered smaller contraction gaps (mean: 0.021%) than the control group (mean: 0.027%). No penetration of material into dentine was observed. Pretreatment with EDTA did not significantly improve the effectiveness of the dentine bonding agent used in terms of reduction of marginal contraction gaps.

In vitro Bond Strengths and SEM Evaluation of Dentin Bonding Systems to Different Dentin Substrates

In comparison to enamel, bonding to normal dentin is a greater challenge because of its organic constituents, fluid-filed tubules, and variations in intrinsic composition. Bonding to sclerotic dentin is even more difficult. To evaluate the shear bond strengths of four adhesive systems to dentin substrates with different levels of mineralization, 120 extracted human teeth were randomly assigned to three groups (n = 40). After mid-coronal dentin was exposed, groups of specimens were artificially hypermineralized by immersion in a remineralizing solution, demineralized by means of an acetic acid demineralizing solution, or stored in distilled water to model sclerotic, carious, and normal dentin, respectively. Resin composite was bonded to dentin by use of commercial adhesive systems. After the specimens were thermocycled, shear bond strengths were determined in an Instron universal testing machine. Dentin substrates and resin/dentin interfaces were examined by SEM. For each adhesive system, the mean shear bond strength to normal dentin was significantly higher than that to either of the other substrates. Shear bond strengths to hypermineralized dentin were significantly higher than those to demineralized dentin with all adhesives except Prisma Universal Bond 3.

Influence of Dentinal Fluid and Stress on Marginal Adaptation of Resin Composites

The influence of dentinal fluid and of a number of stress procedures on the quality of the margins of class V restorations located in both enamel and dentin was quantitatively assessed in vitro with the aid of a scanning electron microscope. The materials tested were GLUMA 2000 experimental, Prisma Universal Bond 3, and Syntac, together with the fine hybrid composites supplied by the respective manufacturers (Pekafill, AP.H, and Tetric). All materials achieved over 95% of "continuous margin" in enamel before and after stressing. In dentin, the initial values, with as well as without dentinal fluid simulation, were situated between 93.2 and 98.2%. With GLUMA 2000 experimental after stressing, a "continuous margin" occurred in only 50.2%, but with Prisma Universal Bond 3 and Syntac, the value was 79.0%. The influence of dentinal fluid simulation was dependent on the dentinal adhesive used. The effects of the various stress procedures were not significantly different.

Shear bond strengths of ten dentin adhesive systems

This in vitro study tested the shear bond strengths of nine third-generation dentin bonding systems. All of these systems had higher bond strengths than the control, a second-generation agent. Amalgambond and All-Bond had the strongest bonds to dentin, 23.3 ± 5.7 and 19.3 ± 5.6 MPa, respectively. Clearfil Photo Bond and Prisma Universal Bond 3 had intermediate bond strengths (approximately 13 MPa). Gluma, PowerBond, Scotchbond 2, Tenure, and XR-Bond all had mean shear bond strengths of less than 8 MPa.

Shear bond strength to dentin by simulation of three-dimensional Class V cavity configuration

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of composite polymerization contraction on early shear bond strength of conventional and new dentin adhesives to dentin. The dentin adhesives selected for this study, i.e., Bondlite, Gluma, Prisma Universalbond R, Scotchbond LC, Scotchbond 2, and XR Bonding, were tested in combination with Silux and in combination with their respective composites. The composite was applied to the treated dentin surface in cylindrical brass moulds of 4 mm diameter and 3 mm length. The configuration of cylindrical butt-joint Class V cavities was simulated by the coating of the insides of the brass moulds with silane in order that a chemical bond to the composite could be established. The results showed that shear bond strength to dentin was higher for XR Bonding and Scotchbond 2 compared with conventional phosphate ester-based dentin adhesives and Gluma. When XR Bonding or Scotchband 2 was used, the obstruction of polymerization contraction had no effect on the bond strength to dentin. In contrast, the dentin adhesion of Scotchbond LC/Silux, Prisma Universalbond/Prisma Microfine, Bondlite/Herculite, and Gluma/Lumifor was adversely affected by the reduction of the unbonded composite surfaces. However, this effect was not observed when Prisma Universalbond, Bondlite, and Gluma were tested in combination with Silux. It can therefore be concluded that the effect of polymerization contraction on the bond strength to dentin depends not only on the dentin adhesive but also on the type of composite used.

Leakage of a light-activated base: Effect of dentin bonding agents

This study investigated the sealing properties of Cavalite light-activated base material in conjunction with various dentin bonding agents. Thirty extracted molars were selected and cleaned. Slot preparations with standard dimensions were made. The prepared cavities were filled with Cavalite material after application of the dentin bonding agents Gluma, Prisma Universal Bond, Scotchbond 2, and Tenure. Samples were thermocycled for 180 cycles between 3 degrees C and 60 degrees C, then immersed in 0.05% crystal violet solution for 2 hours. The samples were embedded in clear casting resin, sectioned, and examined with a light microscope. Results indicated that Cavalite material used alone, without a dentin bonding agent, allowed the greatest degree of dye penetration. Cavalite material with Tenure bonding agent had the lowest degree of leakage. Cavalite material used with Scotchbond 2, Gluma, or Prisma Universal Bond bonding agents allowed an intermediate degree of dye penetration. According to an analysis of variance, however, there was no statistical difference in the effects of Tenure, Scotchbond 2, and Gluma bonding agents.