Priorities For Use Research Articles

Improving spatial exposure data for everyone - lifecourse social context and ascertaining residential history.

Measuring age-specific, contextual exposures is crucial for lifecourse epidemiology research. Longitudinal residential data offers a "golden ticket" to cumulative exposure metrics and can enhance our understanding of health disparities. Residential history can be linked to myriad spatiotemporal databases to characterize environmental, socioeconomic, and policy contexts that a person experienced throughout life. However, obtaining accurate residential history is challenging in the United States due to the limitations of administrative registries and self-reports. Xu et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 2024; 193(2):348-359) detail an approach to linking residential history sourced from LexisNexis ® Accurint ® to a Wisconsin-based research cohort, offering insights into challenges with residential history collection. Researchers must analyze the magnitude of selection and misclassification biases inherent to ascertaining residential history from cohort data. A lifecourse framework can provide insights into why the frequency and distance of moves is patterned by age, birth cohort, racial/ethnic identity, socioeconomic status, and urbanicity. Historic and contemporary migration patterns of marginalized people seeking economic and political opportunities must guide interpretations of residential history data. We outline methodologic priorities for use of residential history in health disparities research, including contextualizing residential history data with determinants of residential moves, triangulating spatial exposure assessment methods, and transparently quantifying measurement error.

988 among Alabama's priorities for use of opioid settlement cash

988 among Alabama's priorities for use of opioid settlement cash

Methods of Analysis the Motives for Legal Tax Behavior

The paper is devoted to improving the methodology for conducting laboratory experiments to study the actions of taxpayers. We note that the use of standard economic methods is not enough to study citizens’ behavioral motives (in particular, the desire to evade their duties). The authors analyzed experimental methods of studying tax evasion, carried out their comparative characteristics and identified the problems of their implementation in practice. Based on the analysis of the results of previous experiments, we proved that involving students as interviewers enables us to identify and evaluate the behaviour trends of taxpayers. The research methodology is based on the use of tools and methods of comparative analysis, tabular and graphical methods of data visualization. In particular, the comparative characteristics of the form factor surveys (vignette with one profile, vignette with a double profile, single-profile association, conjugate profile, conjugate paired profile) made it possible to identify as a priority for use in laboratory tax experiments the conjugate paired profile in the form of a survey. In the resulting part of the paper, we presented the disadvantages of laboratory experiments and suggested possible options for their solution, which is an element of scientific novelty and the significance of the research’ results.

Menilik Kedudukan Hukum Waris Adat dalam Perspektif Hierarki Peraturan Perundang-undangan di Indonesia

Inheritance is part of civil law which is a vital part of family law. Inheritance conflicts still often occur in society. Indonesia consists of many tribes, customs and cultures, giving rise to a diversity of habits in living life. The habits of these groups of people become different points of view in determining legal standards in meeting all the needs of citizens. The kinship system has a major influence on inheritance from customary inheritance law. The kinship system is drawn along three lines, namely patrilineal, matrilineal and parental kinship. The hierarchy of statutory regulations is an order that determines the priority of use of existing legal regulations, the application of which varies from higher rules to lower rules. The research uses normative juridical methods which are carried out using three research materials. Primary materials are in the form of laws, secondary materials are books or journals, and tertiary materials are dictionaries or encyclopedias. Recognition of the existence of indigenous peoples in Indonesia is guaranteed in the constitution in Article 18B Paragraph (2). Customary law is not formally accommodated in Law Number 12 of 2011 but its application is the same as other statutory regulations which have binding legal force. Indonesia itself does not yet have a national inheritance law. Settlement of customary inheritance disputes in Indonesia is carried out by means of consensus resolution, resolution through customary institutions, and also resolution through the courts.

Model Implementation of the Village Sustainable Development Goals Policy in Buruk Bakul Village Bukit Batu District Bengkalis

The implementation of the global sustainable development goals (SDGs) policy in Indonesia is stated in Presidential Regulation Number 59 of 2017 concerning the implementation of achieving sustainable development goals, which will then become a reference for making village SDGs policies. The implementation of the Village SDGs begins in 2021 with all village limitations through the regulation of the minister of villages, development of disadvantaged regions, and transmigration Number 13 of 2020 concerning priority for use of village funds in 2021 in article 5 paragraph 2, stating that priority for use of village funds is directed to programs and/or activities that accelerate the achievement of the village SDGs. The implementation of the village SDGs in Buruk Bakul Village is still very low, even the lowest compared to other villages in Bukit Batu District, Bengkalis Regency. This can be seen from the SDGs score of Buruk Bakul Village, which is worth 28.41 points. This study aimed to analyze the Village SDGs policy’s implementation and the inhibiting factors for implementing the village SDGs policy in Buruk Bakul Village. This study uses a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach. According to the study’s findings, the implementation of the village SDG policy in Buruk Bakul Village has been a failure in terms of policy content and policy environment. This is because the inhibiting factor for implementing the village SDGs policy is the incompatibility of the village SDGs assessment indicators with village characteristics, the ability of policy implementers, and limited resources. To overcome the limited capacity of these resources, you can use the triple helix model or the interconnected relationship (MIR) model by involving the business world and universities.
 Keywords: implementation, model, policy, village SDGs

SYSTEMATIZATION OF BIOGAS PROTECTION WORKS INCLUDED IN THE TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION ON GAS-GENERATING SOILS

The article is devoted to solving the problem of the lack of a clear list of works on biogas protection of buildings built on gas-generating soils in normative documents. The aim of the research is the selection, analysis and systematization of work on biogas protection, taking into account the degree of gas saturation of soils, to include them in the technological process of construction of buildings. To achieve the goal, the method of research was chosen – the method of expert evaluation. To perform the study, all possible work on biogas protection is summarized in a common list, which the experts involved ranked, taking into account, among other things, the degree of gas saturation of soils on which the construction and the regulatory requirements for them. Divided and grouped into categories of gas-generating soils by the method of expert evaluation, the most important groups of works for the relevant category. The result of the research is systematized into groups a set of works on biogas protection of buildings, with the allocation of groups, priority for use in the technological process of construction of buildings for each category and combination of gas-generating soils.

Prioritizing agricultural pesticides to protect human health: A multi-level strategy combining life cycle impact and risk assessments

In this study, a multi-level strategy to prioritize pesticides for use in agriculture is proposed in support of protecting human health. The strategy includes four levels (production, application, distribution, and bioaccumulation) of screening approaches, for which the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) and human health risk assessment (HHRA) models were applied to generate priority lists at each level. The LCIA model was used at the production level (i.e., chemical design; before pesticides being registered and entering the market), providing the inventory management based on environmental persistence and toxicity potential of pesticides, whereas the HHRA models were used at the other three levels, assessing human health risks based on pesticide emission to cropland. Priority scores (PS) of 319 pesticides were simulated with high scores indicating high priority for use in agriculture (relatively high human safety). The simulated results via the LCIA at the production level had strong positive correlations with those via the HHRA at the other three levels, indicating that the LCIA tool was capable of an initial screening of pesticides for use in agriculture. The simulated PS values of 319 pesticides indicated that some pesticides (e.g., chlorpyrifos and fipronil) with low PS values (e.g., < 8) that are currently used in some countries should be further evaluated. For other pesticides with high simulated PS values (e.g., > 15) for use in agriculture, their ecotoxicity impacts and ecological risks should be considered in protecting human health.

Safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity of a 2-dose Ebola vaccine regimen of Ad26.ZEBOV followed by MVA-BN-Filo in healthy adult pregnant women: study protocol for a phase 3 open-label randomized controlled trial

BackgroundRisks to mother and fetus following Ebola virus infection are very high. Evaluation of safety and immunogenicity of non-replicating Ebola vaccine candidates is a priority for use in pregnant women. This is the protocol for a randomized, open-label, single-center phase 3 clinical trial of the safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity of the 2-dose Ebola vaccine regimen in healthy adult pregnant women. This 2-dose regimen has been shown to be safe, judged effective, and approved in non-pregnant populations.MethodsA total of 2000 adult (≥ 18 years of age) pregnant women will be enrolled from antenatal care facilities in Western Rwanda and randomized (1:1) to receive the 2-dose Ebola vaccine regimen (Ad26.ZEBOV, MVA-BN-Filo (group A)) or control (unvaccinated pregnant women (group B)). The primary objectives are to (1) assess adverse maternal/fetal outcomes in randomized pregnant women up to 1.5 months after delivery and (2) assess adverse neonatal/infant outcomes in neonates/infants born to randomized women up to 3.5 months after birth. The frequency and relatedness of all serious adverse events in women and newborns from randomization or birth, respectively, until study end will be reported. The reactogenicity and unsolicited adverse events of the 2-dose Ebola vaccine regimen in all vaccinated pregnant women (group A) will be reported. We will also assess the immunogenicity of the 2-dose Ebola vaccine regimen in 150 pregnant women who are anticipated to receive both vaccine doses within the course of their pregnancy (a subset of the 1000 pregnant vaccinated women from group A) compared to 150 non-pregnant women vaccinated after delivery (a subset of group B). The persistence of maternal antibodies in 75 infants born to women from the group A subset will be assessed. Exploratory analyses include assessment of acceptability of the 2-dose Ebola vaccine regimen among group A and assessment of maternal antibodies in breast milk in 50 women from group A and 10 controls (women from group B prior to vaccination).DiscussionThis study is intended to support a label variation to relax restrictions on use in pregnant women, a vulnerable population with high medical need.Trial registrationClinicaltrials.gov NCT04556526. September 21, 2020.

THE PROBLEM OF EVALUATION OF INDIVIDUAL PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS EMISSIONS FROM ROAD TRANSPORT (ILLUSTRATED BY THE CASE OF ODESSA INDUSTRIAL-AND-URBAN AGGLOMERATION)

One of the main environmental polluters, especially in large cities of Ukraine, is road transport. In particular, road transport is one of the main sources of persistent organic pollutants in the environment. Therefore, monitoring of air pollution by road transport is one of the most relevant questions in Ukraine, especially considering its intentions to join the European Union. Analysis of the regulatory and legislative frameworks of Ukraine shows that, unfortunately, today, there are no regulatory documents that motivate to reduce the load of mobile sources, including road transport, on the environment. Moreover, even though the only methodology for calculating pollutant emissions from mobile sources expired in 2015, no new methodology has been developed yet. This paper calculates the masses of pollutants formed during the combustion of gasoline and diesel fuel, and proves the necessity to take into consideration persistent organic pollutants when assessing the toxicity of exhaust fumes, considering their cumulative effect and half-life. The calculation was performed according to European and national (Ukrainian) methodologies, which are supplemented by the calculation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) formation. Using the relative hazard factor, the relative masses of these substances are calculated, the obtained masses of all components of the exhaust fumes are ranked, the contribution of each component to the toxicity of emissions is revealed. Using emission factors, the specific emissions of these persistent organic pollutants during the combustion of diesel fuel, gasoline, liquefied and compressed gases are calculated. By the results, the types of organic fuels with the highest priority for use by mobile sources are identified.

Autochthonous vitamin-bearing plants of the Kiev Plateau

Aim. To compile and analyze an annotated list of autochthonous vitamin-bearing plant species of the Kiev Plateau, which according to ethnobotanical traditions are often used by the population of this region. Methods. The research was carried out in 2002–2021 in natural phytocoenoses of the Kyiv Plateau and artificial phytocoenoses of M. M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NBG). Research methods are field and cameral. Dozens of locals were surveyed to find out which autochthonous vitamin-bearing plant species are most commonly used by the region's population. Latin names of plants are given according to the generally accepted taxonomy (Mosyakin &amp; Fedoronchuk, 1999). A linear system (Golubev, 1972) was used for biomorphological analysis. The classification scheme of florocoenotypes (Kamelin, 1973) was used for ecologo-coenotic analysis. Results. An annotated list of autochthonous vitamin-bearing plant species of the Kyiv Plateau, which is frequently used by the population of the region, is given. The spectrum of families, biomorphological and ecologo-coenotic spectra, and priority of use of certain parts of plants are analyzed. Conclusions. The annotated list describes 43 species of plants belonging to 36 genera and 21 families. Rosaceae (26%) has the largest share in the spectrum of families. The biomorphological spectrum is dominated by herbaceous plants (61%), namely, herbaceous polycarpics (49%). In the ecologo-cenotic spectrum, the largest share is occupied by species of forest (42%) and meadow (33%) florocoenotypes. For practical use, the population of the region most often collects aboveground parts of plants, in particular, aboveground shoots (46%) or aboveground shoots and fruits (33%). All plant species listed in the annotated list are presented ex situ in the NBG. More than half of them (65.1%) are exhibited on the botanical-geographical plot “Steppes of Ukraine” of the NBG.

Tax planning methodology at an industrial enterprise

Tax planning at the micro level is defined as a system of measures of the enterprise aimed at maximizing the possibilities of current legislation in order to legally optimize tax payments; tax budgeting - a system of measures aimed at determining the planned amount of tax payments payable by the enterprise in future periods; calculation of current tax payments - a system of measures aimed at calculating the actual amount of tax payments payable by the enterprise in the current reporting period. Optimization of tax payments at the micro level involves compliance with such conditions of economic activity of the enterprise, under which the profitability of the industrial enterprise is approaching the maximum, and business risks - to the minimum. The goal of the article is to study the experience of organizing tax planning at industrial enterprises, the sequence of its stages; and propose a methodology for tax planning in an industrial enterprise. The proposed methodology of tax planning is based on system and project approaches, and, in particular, provides for: systematization of tax schemes and their selection according to the priority of use in the development of tax planning projects; selection of the optimal project on the basis of optimality criteria; comprehensive analysis of the tax field and the results of tax planning; current monitoring of the implementation of tax plans, the results of which offset the impact of negative factors through the use of backup and emergency projects. The methodology of tax planning at an industrial enterprise should be based on a systematic and project-based approach with the implementation of: systematization of the tax schemes and their selection according to the priority of use in the development of tax planning projects; selection of the optimal project, based on optimality criteria; comprehensive analysis of the tax field and the results of tax planning; ongoing monitoring of the implementation of the tax plans.Tax planning in industrial enterprises is a complex, integrated process, the rationalization of which should be based on a systematic approach using the achievements of economic, financial and legal disciplines. The introduction of tax planning in the management system of an industrial enterprise allows to make more meaningful conclusions about the further development of activities and reduce the risk of making wrong decisions in a particular problem situation.

Complex agricultural zoning of the territory for assessing the land and resource potential and for production planning

In accordance with Russian laws, agricultural land has priority in use and should be protected. However, arable land varies in quality, even within the same land plot. Applying the method of complex agricultural zoning of the territory of agricultural organizations, the land and resource potential is assessed with the subsequent allocation of specialized zones that allow for determining the value of this potential. Methodological recommendations presented in this article will allow agricultural producers to organize effective agricultural production aimed at sustainable land use development. It is proposed to plan the scale and level of intensification of the use of arable land according to the average annual indicators (with average weather and current economic conditions over 10 years) of spring wheat production. The paper presents possible scenarios for the development of situations for planning production: with an increase and decrease in yield by 20%, with an increase and decrease in the cost of products by 20%, with an increase in production costs by 10%. After the calculations were completed, each plot of the agricultural organization was assigned to groups according to the efficiency of arable land use: constantly ineffective land (under any conditions); constantly efficient land under any changes in natural and economic conditions; precariously efficient lands. The research substantiates the need to take into account the conditions of land use by means of comprehensive agricultural zoning of the territory to ensure the adoption of effective management decisions on the available arable land. At the same time, improving the quality of land and creating proper conditions for its use is one of the mechanisms for increasing the efficiency of crop production.

Scroll compressor. Analysis of calculation methods

The paper deals with some aspects of mathematical modeling of a scroll compressor. Various approaches to modeling the working processes of machines of the volumetric compression principle, their applied value and priority of use are presented. An analytical review of the methods for calculating the leakage of a compressed medium, applied to a scroll compressor, taking into account the classification of slots, is carried out. Conclusions are made about the need to clarify the assumptions and improve this technique by taking into account the fact of the mobility of the walls of the gap, depending on the share of the influence of various factors on the leakage of the compressed medium. And also about the influence of this fact on the accuracy of calculations and the optimal choice of the operating mode of the compressor. Examples are given in which taking this condition into account in the transformed systems of equations will improve the accuracy in applied calculations of the working processes of spiral machines, when designing new samples.

New Approach in Research of Quartzes and Quartzites for Ferroalloys and Silicon Production

This article deals with material research of selected types of quartz and quartzites in order to determine the priority of their use in the production of ferrosilicon and pure silicon, respectively. The highest quality quartzes and quartzites are commonly used in metallurgy, but not all types of these silicon raw materials are suitable for the production of ferrosilicon and pure silicon, despite their similar chemical composition. Behavior differences can be observed in the process conditions of heating and carbothermic production of ferrosilicon and silicon. These differences depend, in particular, on the nature and content of impurities, and the granularity (lumpiness) and microstructure of individual grains. The research focused primarily on determining the physicochemical and metallurgical properties of silicon raw materials. An integral part of the research was also the creation of a new methodology for determining the reducibility of quartzes (or quartzites), which could be used for real industrial processes and should be very reliable. The results of the laboratory experiments and evaluation of the physicochemical and metallurgical properties of the individual quartzes (or quartzites) are presented in the discussion. Based on comparison of the tested samples’ properties, their priority of use was determined. This research revealed the highest quality in quartzite from Sweden (Dalbo deposit) and Ukraine (Ovruč deposit) and quartz from Slovakia (Švedlár deposit). The use of these raw materials in industrial conditions is expected to result in the achievement of better production parameters, such as higher yield and product quality and lower electricity consumption.

The use of medicinal plants to prevent COVID-19 in Nepal

BackgroundMedicinal plants are the fundamental unit of traditional medicine system in Nepal. Nepalese people are rich in traditional medicine especially in folk medicine (ethnomedicine), and this system is gaining much attention after 1995. The use of medicinal plants has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic as a private behavior (not under the control of government). A lot of misinterpretations of the use of medicinal plants to treat or prevent COVID-19 have been spreading throughout Nepal which need to be managed proactively. In this context, a research was needed to document medicinal plants used, their priority of use in society, their cultivation status, and the source of information people follow to use them. This study aimed to document the present status of medicinal plant use and make important suggestion to the concerned authorities.MethodsThis study used a web-based survey to collect primary data related to medicinal plants used during COVID-19. A total of 774 respondents took part in the survey. The study calculated the relative frequencies of citation (RFC) for the recorded medicinal plants. The relationship between plants recorded and different covariates (age, gender education, occupation, living place, and treatment methods) was assessed using Kruskal-Wallis test and Wilcoxon test. The relationship between the information sources people follow and the respondent characteristics was assessed using chi-square test.ResultsThe study found that the use of medicinal plants has increased during COVID-19 and most of the respondents recommended medicinal plants to prevent COVID-19. This study recorded a total of 60 plants belonging to 36 families. The leaves of the plants were the most frequently used. The Zingiber officinale was the most cited species with the frequency of citation 0.398. Most of the people (45.61%) were getting medicinal plants from their home garden. The medicinal plants recorded were significantly associated with the education level, location of home, primary treatment mode, gender, and age class. The information source of plants was significantly associated with the education, gender, method of treatment, occupation, living with family, and location of home during the lockdown caused by COVID-19.ConclusionsPeople were using more medicinal plants during COVID-19 claiming that they can prevent or cure COVID-19. This should be taken seriously by concerned authorities. The authorities should test the validity of these medicinal plants and control the flow of false information spread through research and awareness programs.

First results on the effectiveness of various shortened standard or modified treatment regimens for patients with multidrug-­resistant tuberculosis

Objеctive — to learn the effectiveness of various shortened standard or modified treatment regimens for patients with multidrug­resistant tuberculosis.&#x0D; Materials and methods. A prospective observational study was carried out to study different shortened AMBT regimens for 346 patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treated during 2017—2020 years with different shortened (standard and modified) regimens of antimycobacterial therapy: group 1 (72 patients) 4ZEAmMfxCfzPtHhd 5ZEMfxCfz; Group 2 (123 patients) 6ZMfxLzdCmCs 6ZMfxLzdCs; Group 3 (81 patients) 6BdqLzdLfxCfzCs 3BdqLzdLfx; Group 4 (70 patients) (6BdqLzdMfxhdCs 3BdqLzdMfxhd).&#x0D; Results and discussion. At the time of treatment completion, «treatment success» was obtained in all patients who received the modified shortened regimens, compared with 72.5 % patients who received the standard short regimen recommended by the WHO (p &lt; 0.05). Among the modified shortened regimens, 9-months regimens are the same in effectiveness as 12-month regimens, and also none of the regimens led to relapse.Both 9-month modified reduced regimens, that were studied, were equally effective: the cessation of bacterial excretion took place in all patients on (41.8 ± 3.2) days versus (38.9 ± 3.2) days. Tolerability of treatment was significantly better among patients receiving a treatment regimen with moxifloxacin compared with levofloxacin and clofazimine (p &lt; 0.05): the total number of adverse reactions was recorded in 30.0 patients versus 64.2 %, the number of adverse reactions 3—4 degree of severity was the same between the comparison groups.&#x0D; Conclusions. To achieve the WHO targets, MDR-TB patients need to use modified shortened courses of treatment, because of their significantly better efficacy than the standard short-term regimen recommended by WHO. Because of duration of treatment and the same efficacy, 9-month modified shortened treatment regimens (with bedaquiline) are more acceptable for use than 12-months regimens (without bedaquiline).Given the safety profile, the priority for use is a 9-month modified shortened regimen with bedaquiline, linezolid, cycloserine and additionally high-dosed moxifloxacin, compared to a regimen that additionally includes levofloxacin and clofazimine.

Critical stable sectional area of downstream surge tank of hydropower plant with sloping ceiling tailrace tunnel

AbstractThis paper investigates the critical stable sectional area (CSSA) of downstream surge tank (DST) of hydropower plant with sloping ceiling tailrace tunnel (SCTT). Firstly, two types of nonlinear mathematical model of hydropower plant with SCTT during transient process are established. Then, the criterion of operation stability of hydropower plant is obtained based on nonlinear stability theory. Formulae for CSSAs of DST under two types of mathematical model are derived. Finally, the similarities, differences, and relationships of different CSSAs are clarified. The effect mechanisms of the assumption of steady power output of hydro‐turbine and the SCTT on CSSA of DST are revealed. The recommended use conditions of different CSSAs are explained. The results indicate that, under the assumption of steady power output of hydro‐turbine, the formula for CSSA of DST of hydropower plant with SCTT is analytical and has a simple expression. Under the complete model, the formula for CSSA of DST of hydropower plant with SCTT is not analytical and has a complicated expression. The former formula is suggested to be given the priority of use because of good precision and concise expression. SCTT can improve the stability of hydropower plant and decrease the CSSA of DST.

Controlling the characteristics of the hybrid bearing by means of an electromagnetic actuator

The increase in the power and efficiency of the newly developed rotating mechanisms is inextricably linked with the growth of their rotation speeds and the overall level of vibration. Gas-dynamic foil bearings have a higher priority for use in high-speed mechanisms due to their practically unlimited maximum speed, the absence of an additional lubrication system, low friction power losses, etc. However, increased friction and low load-carrying capacity during the start-stop period is a problem for the further application of gas-dynamic foil bearings. The hybrid bearing studied in this work includes a rolling-element bearing, a gas-dynamic foil bearing and actuators. The hybrid bearing studied in this work includes a rolling-element bearing, a gas-dynamic foil bearing and actuators. Actuators allow during operation to switch from one type of bearing to another, as well as to control the radial gap of the gas-dynamic foil bearing, changing the dynamic characteristics of the hybrid bearing. The new designed hybrid bearing was manufactured and tested on a rotordynamic test rig in this study. A theoretical model of the hybrid bearing rotor system was built and demonstrated by the experiment results.

ANALISIS PENGELOLAAN KEUANGAN DANA DESA

This study aims to determine the Village Fund Management in Togomangura Village. To achieve these objectives, qualitative research methods are used to decipher data descriptively. Data collection techniques are done by observation, interviews, and documents and archives using qualitative descriptive analysis techniques. The results showed: 1). For the stages of village financial planning in Togomangura Village, the Togomangura village government has managed the village fund finances in accordance with Permendagri Number 113 of 2014 concerning Village Fund Financial Management. 2). For the Village Fund budgeting phase in Togomangura Village, it has been carried out in accordance with existing principles, namely by budgeting village funds in accordance with the RKP of the Village that was determined at the planning stage and in accordance with Permendagri Number 113 of 2014 concerning Village Financial Management. 3). The implementation of Village Fund Financial Management in Togomangura Village has been very good and in accordance with applicable regulations namely Permendagri No. 113 of 2014 concerning the implementation of village finances and the PDTT Permendes Number 19 of 2017 concerning Priorities for the Use of Village Funds in 2018. 4). The administration of the Village Fund Financial Management Program in Togomangura Village is already good, because it is in accordance with applicable regulations namely Permendagri No. 113 of 2014 concerning the implementation of village finance. 5). Village Fund Financial Reporting in Togomangura Village is not in accordance with Permendagri No. 113 of 2014 concerning village financial management. This is evidenced by the late TPK Field and Village Treasurers in submitting reports. 6). Monitoring of Village Funds by the BPD, it can be concluded that the BPD in carrying out its functions runs well but is less than optimal. This is because there are several factors that create obstacles, namely Human Resources (HR) so that the awareness of BPD members is less than optimal in carrying out their duties and functions. 7). The use of Village Funds in Togomangura Village in 2018 is not in accordance with the priority of use according to the PDTT Regulation No. 19 of 2017 concerning the priority of using Village Funds in 2018. 8). Inhibiting factors in the management of the Village Fund in Togomangura Village, namely: Human Resources, Late Reporting, Internet Networks, Community Understanding, Poor Coordination.

Macroeconomic Strategy in Wartime

In 2001-02 the United States has been hit by two quite different shocks, terrorism and recession. As usual in time of war, national defense is the highest priority for use of the country's resources. Although the opportunities for international warfare are limited, the challenges to the homeland are virtually unlimited. The president's fiscal year 2003 budget includes $48 billion additional for the military and $38 billion additional for homeland defense. Given the gravity of the threat, it is hard to understand why new expenditures are not undertaken as soon as and as large as possible. This would also be timely for stimulus to the economy, more effective than tax cuts and other proposals - with the nation in peril, the country is ready to make sacrifices, not to enjoy further tax reductions. Pearl Harbor in December 1941 occurred with the economy not yet recovered from the Great Depression, with unemployment still 10 per cent. Expenditures for war were increased sharply and rapidly, and full employment was restored in 1943.