Development Priorities Research Articles

Ecosystem Services Trade-Offs in the Chaohu Lake Basin Based on Land-Use Scenario Simulations

Amid global environmental degradation, understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics and trade-offs of ecosystem services (ESs) under varying land-use scenarios is critical for advancing the sustainable development of social–ecological systems. This study analyzed the Chaohu Lake Basin (CLB), focusing on four scenarios: natural development (ND), economic priority (ED), ecological protection (EP), and sustainable development (SD). Using the PLUS model and multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA), land-use changes for 2030 were simulated, and their effects on ESs were assessed quantitatively and qualitatively. The ND scenario led to significant declines in cropland (3.73%) and forest areas (0.18%), primarily due to construction land expansion. The EP scenario curbed construction land growth, promoted ecosystem recovery, and slightly increased cropland by 0.05%. The SD scenario achieved a balance between ecological and economic goals, maintaining relative stability in ES provision. Between 2010 and 2020, construction land expansion, mainly concentrated in central Hefei City, led to a marked decline in habitat quality (HQ) and landscape aesthetics (LA), whereas water yield (WY) and soil retention (SR) improved. K-means clustering analysis identified seven ecosystem service bundles (ESBs), revealing significant spatial heterogeneity. Bundles 4 through 7, concentrated in mountainous and water regions, offered high biodiversity maintenance and ecological regulation. In contrast, critical ES areas in the ND and ED scenarios faced significant encroachment, resulting in diminished ecological functions. The SD scenario effectively mitigated these impacts, maintaining stable ES provision and ESB distribution. This study highlights the profound effects of different land-use scenarios on ESs, offering insights into sustainable planning and ecological restoration strategies in the CLB and comparable regions.

Target indicators of strategic planning for the macroregion’s development: Investment and social aspects

Subject. This article discusses the priorities of social and investment development of the Ural regions. Objectives. The article aims to analyze the investment and social aspects of strategic planning at the level of macroregion. Methods. For the study, we used the methods of statistical and graphical analyses. Results. Based on the analysis of the current strategies of socio-economic development of the subjects of the Ural macroregion, the article presents the calculated expected values of indicators of investment and social development of the macroregion. For the regions considered, the article offers unified target indicators of social development and investment support. Relevance. The results of the study can be taken into account when designing regional programmes for the development of the social sphere.

Multi-method research in the digital age: A methodological case study of a broad-scale rapid rural appraisal

ABSTRACT This article presents a methodological case conceptualized de novo during the pandemic to identify priorities for investment in rural community development. To achieve project objectives, traditional research approaches were adapted to an entirely virtual setting. The project was a two-stage, mixed-methods rapid appraisal process, with data analyzed using the Community Capitals Framework. First, an online survey was conducted, collecting responses from rural community development practitioners across the U.S. Second, quantitative and qualitative analyses were conducted to identify rural development priority areas. Results were used to design and facilitate virtual dialogue sessions with key informants to inventory assets, challenges, and opportunities in rural communities. Dialogue outcomes contributed to identifying priority areas for national and regional investments in rural development. This article opens dialogue within the field on community-engaged research in the digital age. Lessons learned include challenges of institutional trust, broadband access, and methodological modifications to accommodate virtual settings.

Improving the industrial development management system of the Donetsk People's Republic

Subject. This article discusses the economic development priority areas of the Donetsk People's Republic as a new subject of the Russian Federation. Objectives. The article aims to develop recommendations and proposals for improving the management system for the development of the Donetsk People's Republic's industry. Methods. For the study, we used logical and structural analyses. Results. The article reads of the need to improve the management system for the development of the Donetsk People's Republic's industry and the creation of a specialized ministry for the development of new territories of the Russian Federation. Conclusions. The article confirms the hypothesis that the effective development of industry in the new regions of the Russian Federation can be ensured on the basis of the creation of a centralized State structure that implements a systematic approach to the coordination of the activities of economic entities.

К вопросу о формировании промышленной политики на уровне региона

The article deals with the development of industrial policy on the level of the region. In the course of the study, the basic principles were formed on the basis of which it is possible to build the development of various elements of both investment and innovation infrastructure for the interaction of administrative resources at the federal and regional levels. The priorities of the industrial development of the region are formulated. Recommendations in the field of structural and investment policy are given. The necessity of clustering the industrial potential of the region is proved. The necessity of developing regional support based on an individual regional approach in the field of industrial potential development is substantiated. The main tasks of regional development in the field of industrial policy implementation are formulated.

STATUS KELEMBAGAAN KELOMPOK MASYARAKAT PENGAWAS BIDANG PERIKANAN DI NEGERI HUKURILA KECAMATAN LEITIMUR SELATAN KOTA AMBON

One of the Fisheries Supervisory Community Groups in Ambon City is the "Tihulessy" Community Supervisory Group in Hukurila Village, South Leitimur District. The fisheries supervisory community group has carried out its duties/obligations for 2 years, but there is a main obstacle, namely that there are no adequate monitoring facilities and infrastructure so that monitoring activities are limited to the nearest sea and coastal areas. For this reason, an evaluation of the level of institutional development of fisheries supervisory community groups needs to be carried out, so this research aims to analyze the level of development and determine priorities for institutional development of fisheries supervisory community groups in Hukurila State. Primary data obtained through structured interviews using a questionnaire with 10 respondents was then analyzed qualitatively using an institutional development framework approach. The research results show that the institutional status is low or does not have sufficient institutional resources to ensure its continuity. Institutional development priorities are divided into: 1). The short-term priority scale is increasing the quality and quantity of roles, namely the task of monitoring fisheries resources; 2). The medium-term priority scale is organizational development, improving leadership, improving management systems, building relationships/communication/and coordination, budget management, and procurement of work support facilities and tools; and 3). The long-term priority scale is increasing skills and developing members, as well as developing products or the economic value of fisheries resources in Hukurila Village.

Defining a core set of research and development priorities for virtual care in the post-pandemic environment: a call to action.

To identify research and development priorities for virtual care following the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic from the perspective of key stakeholders (patients, clinicians, informaticians and academics). Qualitative study using a modified nominal group technique. Online semi-structured interviews and workshops held in November 2022 and February 2023. Health workers involved in delivering virtual care in two metropolitan local health districts and one specialty statewide network, and people who had received care from these sites, were recruited using passive snowball sampling. Research and academic staff from a tertiary institution were also invited to participate. Priorities to support a translational research agenda for virtual care. Twenty-five individuals participated including 18 innovation deliverers, two innovation recipients and five implementation facilitators. Stakeholders identified several key priorities for developing virtual care models and for sustaining and scaling virtual care services. These included demonstrating the economic and societal value of virtual care, developing a common framework to support evaluation and comparison of virtual care services, ensuring virtual care services integrate acute and primary care, and defining which models of care are most appropriate for virtual care delivery. As the health system recalibrates with the return of in-person care, there is a growing need to demonstrate the value of virtual care models to patients, the health system, and society at large. Demonstrating this value while also demonstrating improvements to health outcomes will future-proof virtual care, enabling it to be used to address broader challenges of health care delivery. In addition, sustaining virtual care will depend on robust operational structures and workforce training and education. As services evolve, research and development priorities must be revisited to ensure that translational research aligns with stakeholder interests.

Patent Activity of Countries and Sectors in Graphene-Based Technologies

Purpose: The aim of this article is to analyse the patent activity of various countries, regions, and sectors (academic, private, governmental) from 2000 to 2018, identifying global leaders in graphene-based technologies. Design/methodology/approach: The study is based on an analysis of patent filings from the PATSTAT (EPO) database covering the years 2000-2018. Bibliometric techniques were employed to quantify trends in patent filings, combined with statistical analysis to identify areas with the highest growth dynamics. The data was segmented by countries and sectors, enabling a statistical examination of regional and sectoral diversity. Findings: The findings reveal a diverse level of development in graphene technologies across different regions and sectors, influenced by local innovation strategies and varying levels of research and development engagement. Initially, the provision of essential research resources and infrastructure played a crucial role in enabling the growth of graphene-based technologies. As research progressed, there was a notable increase in patent activity, reflecting the intensification of research and development efforts and the gradual implementation of new technologies across various industrial sectors. Research limitations: The research limitations stem from the quality of patent data, which does not always reflect the full scope of research and development activity. Issues may arise from classification errors, inconsistencies in name standardization, transcription errors, and data incompleteness, all of which may affect the accuracy of the analysis results. Research implications: This study provides valuable insights into the development and commercialization of graphene technologies, which can support innovation strategies across various sectors. The findings can assist policymakers in making decisions regarding resource allocation and setting research and development priorities, as well as understanding the dynamics of activity and collaboration between sectors. Originality/value: The article contributes to the literature on innovation management, particularly in the context of breakthrough technologies represented by graphene-based technologies. The study provides detailed insights into the leaders in this field, highlighting the importance of cross-sector collaboration in the effective implementation of new technologies and fostering innovation dynamics.

The implementation of ijarah muntahiyah bittamlik in infrastructure project financing within the public-private partnership models: A collaborative governance perspective

This paper investigates the implementation of ijarah muntahiyah bittamlik (IMBT) as an infrastructure project financing scheme within the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) models from a collaborative governance perspective. This paper follows a case study methodology. It focuses on two Indonesian non-toll road infrastructure projects, i.e., the preservation of the East Sumatra Highway projects, each in South Sumatra province and Riau province. The findings revealed that Indonesia’s infrastructure development priorities and its vision to become a global leader in Islamic finance characterized the system context that shaped the implementation of IMBT as an infrastructure project financing scheme within the PPP-AP model. Key drivers include leadership from the government, stakeholder interdependence, and financial incentives for the partnering business entity to adopt off-balance sheet solutions. Principled engagement, shared motivation, and the capacity for joint action characterized the collaboration dynamics, leading to detailed collaborative actions crucial for implementing IMBT as a financing scheme.

Why a challenge-oriented approach is a good match for the needs and challenges of EU Cohesion Policy

The policy brief discusses how a challenge-oriented approach to place-based innovation policies can bring added value to EU Cohesion Policy. In so doing, it looks at the potential implications of a challenge-led logic on three dimensions: the rationale of Cohesion Policy, its operational aspects as well as its challenges in terms of governance and coordination. Three areas are explored: how a challenge-driven logic can offer a deliberative approach to formulate challenge-oriented territorial development priorities in the context of Cohesion Policy; how the challenge-oriented approach can provide an optimal coordination framework to consolidate and streamline public investments from across policy areas and governance levels; how it can reinforce stakeholders engagement in Cohesion Policy around localised challenges and help build challenge-oriented partnerships.

Identifying opportunities to reduce imaging overuse in hospitalized children.

Radiologic imaging is routinely performed to aid in diagnosis for hospitalized children. Identifying and reducing variability in imaging practices can improve care while reducing harms and costs. To identify common inpatient pediatric conditions with high prevalence of imaging and variation in imaging practices and imaging-related costs across hospitals. We conducted a cross-sectional study of children 0-18 years old admitted to 50 children's hospitals in the Pediatric Health Information Systems database between 2017 and 2019. We excluded patients with complex chronic conditions, pregnancy, newborn, or neonatal intensive care charges, and those who died or who were discharged to hospice or rehabilitation facilities. Conditions with at least 2500 discharges and in which ≥30% of patients received imaging were included. Outcomes included imaging frequency, standardized imaging-related costs (including all modalities across all encounters), and hospital-level variation in imaging costs using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Of the 56 included conditions, imaging was most frequently conducted in patients with pectus excavatum (97.8%), scoliosis (96.2%), and intestinal obstruction (96%). Fracture ($21.4 million), trauma ($15.7 million), and appendicitis ($8.6 million) had the highest total imaging-related costs. Conditions with the highest geometric mean standardized imaging costs were nervous system disorders ($507), osteomyelitis ($494), vesicoureteral reflux/hydronephrosis ($468). Scoliosis (ICC = 0.49) and preseptal cellulitis (ICC = 0.48) had the highest variation in imaging-related costs. To reduce imaging overuse in hospitalized children, conditions with frequent imaging, high imaging-related costs, and high hospital-level variation in imaging practices should serve as priorities for future evidence generation, guideline development, and/or improvement initiatives.

Earthquake risk assessment for Kuwait City, Kuwait

Estimating the expected losses from a seismic disaster, whether economic or human is considered one of the most important priorities for urban development in countries, especially those with continually expanding urban areas, high-rise buildings, and skyscraper construction as is the case in Kuwait City. It is necessary to conduct an earthquake risk assessment study due to Kuwait’s geographical location which makes it close to the most important global seismic belt, the Zagros Seismic Belt, and its proximity to local seismic sources. To conduct such a study, three inputs including seismic hazard, exposure, and vulnerability modules were incorporated, considering the inputs’ uncertainty. To assess the seismic hazard module, a unified earthquake catalog was compiled, a seismotectonic model of 27 seismic sources was designed, the recurrence parameters of seismicity and the strongest predictable earthquake were calculated for each source, and the unified hazard spectrums were obtained. Earthquake scenarios were generated to create a seismic hazard module. The exposure module is performed using data from the Kuwaiti Public Authority for Civil Information including coordinates of 33,066 facilities and buildings, area, height, shape, and type of buildings, the materials used in their construction, their occupancy, and replacement cost. The vulnerability module was implemented using mean damage ratio curves by choosing the most appropriate equations that describe the condition of buildings in Kuwait, the vast majority of which are modern multi-story concrete buildings. The final results including the economic losses of the exposures were calculated using probabilistic metrics (predicted annual losses, loss exceedance curve, and probable maximum loss). The results showed that the annual average loss is $12,793,319.52 and that seismic source No.27 to the north of Kuwait has a significant value to the losses, but the frequent occurrence of losses from seismic source No.15 to the east of Kuwait, in the Zagros region, gave the most danger to Kuwait. Seismic risk results can be used to create emergency response scenarios and risk mitigation strategies.

Ecological analysis and multi-scenario simulation of Yellow River Delta wetland under clearing of Spartina alterniflora

In 2022, China released the Special Action Plan for the Control of Spartina alterniflora (2022-2025) with the goal of completely clearing S. alterniflora from China's coastal wetlands. It is crucial to conduct a thorough analysis of wetlands under artificial intervention and obtain reliable future wetland simulation results. The Yellow River Delta wetland is one of China's important wetland reserves, has faced severe impacts from S. alterniflora invasion over the past decade. This study focuses on the Yellow River Delta wetland, utilizing Landsat imagery and a combined object-oriented and pixel-based approach to achieve wetland mapping from 2013 to 2023. Through wetland analysis, we designed scenarios for natural development, ecological priority, farmland protection, and combined development. The patch generating land use simulation model was used to simulate wetland scenarios for 2030 and analyze factors influencing wetland use cover change and future conversion patterns. The results indicate that between 2013 and 2022, native vegetation was impacted by the invasion of S. alterniflora, with Suaeda glauca being the most affected. In 2023, the removal of S. alterniflora was effective, reducing its area by 42.37km2 compared to pre-removal conditions. In all three scenarios, the area of Phragmites australis increased and is expected to dominate the wetlands, while the live space of other native salt marsh vegetation has also been restored. However, the predictions indicate that S. alterniflora still poses a potential threat of expansion in the future, necessitating continuous monitoring of its dynamics. We recommend implementing zoned management of the wetland, balancing ecological restoration in coastal areas with agricultural development in the western regions.

Distribution characteristics of soil Selenium and exogenous Selenium fertilizer enrich Selenium on soybean seeds in Nenjiang City

Abstract To study the background value selenium (Se) content in soil and the effect of exogenous Se application on increasing Se content of soybean seeds, 124 soil samples of different soil types were collected in Nenjiang city, Heilongjiang province, which is the primary soybean-producing area of China. The results showed that the soil Se content in Nenjiang city exhibited a range from 0.032 to 0.519 mg/kg, with an average of 0.206 mg/kg, which was lower than the average national Se content of 0.290 mg/kg. It indicated that the soil Se content in Nenjiang city belonged to low Se or Se deficiency level. Further more, the different soil types also showed different results on soil Se content, such as the meadow black soil was the lowest one (0.186 mg/kg) in Nenjiang City. To enhance the Se content of crop by spraying inorganic Se and organic Se fertilizers on leaves at different growth stages of soybean, the best effect on Se-rich soybean seed was spraying Se fertilizer at flowering stage, and the Se content in soybean seeds reached 0.260 mg/kg. It also promoted the yield by the range 2.4%-15.0%. Se-rich by exogenous application was the important way to increase Se content in soybean seeds, which provided theoretical support for the priority development of Se-rich soybean industry and special soybean planting in Nenjiang City.

Need and struggles of homeless people: A study based on Nepalese context

Homeless are these people who are unable to manage their basic needs and live under the sympathy of others. Nepal experienced an increasing trend of homeless people. This study highlights the daily challenges and necessities of homeless people in Nepal. A cross-sectional study with a Qual-Quan method applied in the Nepalese context, the data were collected Province-wise during 2023. The study further shows that the basic requirements like regular food are somehow managed from the helping hand but the cloths and shelters are very challenging to manage nowadays. The challenges are the different types of homeless age groups peoples and genders in a same care center. The health issue is a critical to manage of homeless center due to the lack of facilities and services. Government and development priorities are minimal for the homeless and nowadays homeless issue are increasing. The settlement arrangement with basic privileges is very difficult to manage through the local administration and homeless-center as lack of resources and paper documentation are too hectic and prolonged. The study further concluded as the homeless needs are hardly meet and additional supports from the multi-sectoral are in demand but the government priorities are less. However, the local community supports from the self-levels benefiting homeless centers but this is not enough to manage for long time and special care and services are essential and skill-based program and additional budget from the Government sectors to the poorer is the future requirement.

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS OF POVERTY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH FOR ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT TARGETS IN EAST JAVA PROVINCE

<p>Poverty and economic growth are still indicators of a country's success in managing its resources and population. Countries in the world have agreed to make poverty alleviation the first sustainable development priority. This article aims to look at the spatial distribution pattern of poverty and regional characteristics, as well as the pattern and structure of economic growth in city districts in East Java Province. The methods used include spatial autocorrelation analysis, regional financial capability analysis, Klassen typology, and regional characteristics analysis. Based on the pattern of poverty distribution for the period 2014 – 2023, poverty in East Java Province tends to change with the dominance of class 2 poverty. Sampang, Pamekasan and Sumenep regencies tend to experience a stable poverty pattern in Class 3. Pockets of poverty are clustered on Madura Island with a percentage poverty is above 18% and the characteristics of a low Human Development Index (HDI) value, low number of (people’s business credit (KUR) recipients, inadequate sanitation, not very high economic growth, and frequent flood disasters. As many as 65.78% of areas in East Java Province have high financial capacity, so that policy direction can be focused on poverty pocket areas with a high percentage of poverty, through increasing HDI, optimizing KUR, fulfilling adequate sanitation, increasing disaster response, and developing leading sectors. for increasing Original Regional Income (PAD) and economic growth.</p>

Poverty Alleviation Through Education: China's Concrete Actions, Historical Achievements and Successful Experiences

Poverty has been a global challenge since ancient times, which has seriously hindered the process of modernization and the cause of fairness in the world. Education is widely regarded as an effective tool to eliminate poverty, so in recent years, countries have paid special attention to education poverty alleviation. China has taken a number of practical and effective measures in education poverty alleviation. Through these efforts, China has made four historic achievements in education poverty alleviation: first, it has realized the comprehensive popularization and consolidation of compulsory education in poor areas, and completely solved the problem of "learning"; second, the linkage between education poverty alleviation and vocational education, the establishment of an effective mechanism to block the intergenerational transmission of poverty; third, the optimal allocation of educational resources, narrowing the gap between urban and rural areas and regions; the fourth is to establish a full-coverage precision funding system, eliminating the phenomenon of " out of school due to poverty " in education. These historic achievements are inseparable from adhering to the priority development of education and the organic coordination of the national system. China's specific actions, achievements and experience in the field of education poverty alleviation have contributed Chinese wisdom and Chinese programs to the cause of education poverty alleviation worldwide.

Development of Food Products Export from the Regions of the Far Eastern Federal District as Part of the Implementation of the Principles of Food Security

The article presents the rationale for solving certain issues of developing food exports from the Far Eastern Federal District regions in the context of ensuring food security in Russia. Based on the analysis of current scientifi c, methodological and analytical literature, as well as statistical and regulatory information, the paper examines the concepts of agricultural exports and food security in relation to the development of agriculture and rural areas in the Far East. The article outlines the need to change the entire range of indicators of self-sufficiency in agricultural products to solve food security problems in Russia at the systemic level. It is noted that import ahead and self-sufficiency of the Far Eastern Federal District regions in basic food products are of significant importance. The paper also substantiates the proposal to take into account as an indicator of the population’s need for food products, based on the standard diet based on the necessary human consumption of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and drinking water based on the principles of regular, suffi cient and balanced nutrition. The paper analyzes measures to support the agro-industrial complex and agricultural exports in terms of developing preferential regimes in the Far Eastern Federal District, in particular, creating international territories of advanced development (TOR). The article presents a number of recommendations for the transformation of the food security system in relation to the development of export sectors of the agroindustrial complex and food industry in the Far Eastern Federal District. In particular, the ideological principles of the existence and development of international priority development areas in the Far Eastern Federal District are substantiated, based on the priority of supporting enterprises of the agro-industrial complex and food industry that use technologies for deep processing of raw materials and production of high-processed food products for export to friendly countries of the world.

Публічне управління транспортною галуззю в Україні: сучасна характеристика

The article provides a contemporary overview of public administration in the transportation sector in Ukraine. The current reality convincingly demonstrates to all participants in the public administration system and civil society in Ukraine in particular, that a developed transportation sector is crucial for the country's successful economic and social development, especially in the post-war period. Thus, the article explores the current state of public administration in the transportation sector in Ukraine: it examines the current situation in the transportation sphere in Ukraine, including existing problems, challenges, and opportunities for improvement and development of the sector. It delves into the legal framework and current initiatives of public administration in the transportation sector in Ukraine: analyzing specific strategies and programs aimed at improving the management of the transportation sector in Ukraine, particularly in the post-war period, involving the review of various legislative initiatives, reforms, and innovative projects. It establishes the role of modern technologies in public administration in the transportation sector in Ukraine: determining the impact of modern technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and data analytics, on the efficiency and transparency of public administration in the transportation sector in Ukraine. It also identifies the advantages and challenges of implementing technologies in this sphere. The study of the current state of the transport industry in Ukraine shows the presence of negative trends and the lack of correlation with the country's sustainable development priorities. Among the modern challenges and threats for Ukraine, there are obviously events that have taken place in the country in recent years, starting with the annexation of the Republic of Crimea, the coronavirus pandemic, as well as the Russian military invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022. These events make it necessary to review the role and importance of the transport industry in Ukraine, which require an assessment of the effectiveness and efficiency of the state policy for the development of the transport industry in Ukraine. Ukraine has a wide range of regulatory and legal support for the transport industry, which includes laws, regulations, normative acts and regulatory mechanisms. This regulation is aimed at regulating, first of all, the activities of transport enterprises, ensuring road traffic safety, infrastructure development and other aspects of the transport system. Prospects for further research may relate to the further analysis of the effectiveness of programs and projects in the field of public management of the transport industry, the study of the impact of innovative technologies on the development of the industry, as well as the assessment of the stability of the transport system of Ukraine to environmental and socio-economic changes in the post-war and post-war period in particular

Fostering Workforce Readiness for the Green Hydrogen Economy through People-Centric Training Programs

One of the most important ways to cut carbon emissions and fight climate change is to switch to green hydrogen, a clean energy source made by electrolysis using renewable resources. A significant obstacle to this shift, nevertheless, is the lack of a trained labor force that can handle the complexity of hydrogen technologies. In addition to addressing technical skills, this study highlights the importance of a people-centric approach to workforce training that promotes flexibility, creativity, and lifelong learning. Organizations can bridge the skills gap and promote sustainable growth in the green hydrogen economy by giving individual learning needs and career development priority. This study examines the important connections between training accessibility, skills acquisition, institutional support, and workforce preparation using both theoretical and empirical data. The findings reveal that fostering familiarity with green hydrogen concepts significantly enhances skill acquisition and readiness to transition into this evolving sector. Furthermore, the study identifies major barriers to training—namely cost, inaccessibility, and time constraints—and suggests that hybrid and online training models, supported by strong institutional partnerships, offer the most effective solutions. This paper concludes by proposing a people-centric training framework that can empower the workforce to meet the demands of the green hydrogen economy, ultimately contributing to a just and efficient energy transition.