Print Size Research Articles

Reading Performance Following Contralateral Implantation of an Extended Depth of Focus (EDOF) IOL and a Hybrid EDOF Multifocal IOL

Purpose To assess objective reading performance at intermediate and near distances using the Salzberg Reading Desk (SRD) (SRD Vision) in patients with cataract who underwent the implantation of a diffractive extended depth of focus intraocular lens (EDOF IOL) in the dominant eye and a hybrid multifocal EDOF IOL in the non-dominant eye. Methods This prospective, non-comparative, interventional study included 46 eyes of 23 patients with cataract who underwent bilateral cataract surgery with implantation of the DFR00V Tecnis Synergy IOL (Johnson & Johnson Surgical Vision) in the non-dominant eye and the DXR00V Tecnis Symfony OptiBlue IOL (Johnson & Johnson Surgical Vision) in the dominant eye. At postoperative 6 months, the Salzburg Reading Desk was used to assess distance-corrected reading performance at near and intermediate distances. Results Although the monocular reading acuity at the preferred intermediate distance was statistically significantly better in the eyes implanted with the DXR00V IOL, it was better with the DFR00V IOL at preferred near distances. The mean binocular distance-corrected preferred intermediate and near reading acuity was 0.07 ± 0.09 (20/23) and 0.13 ± 0.09 (20/27) logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution, respectively. Other parameters of reading performance, such as reading speed, reading distance, reading time, and smallest scale log print size, were similar between the two IOL groups when assessed monocularly. Conclusions Implanting a DFR00V IOL in the non-dominant eye and a diffractive DXR00V IOL in the dominant eye resulted in excellent binocular reading acuity and speed at intermediate and near distances. [ J Refract Surg . 2024;40(11):e778–e782.]

Development and validation of the Thai version of MNREAD acuity charts.

To develop and validate MNREAD acuity charts in the Thai language (MNREAD-TH). In total, 180 Thai sentences were generated using words specific to the primary 1-3 students. Each sentence contained 60 characters divided into three lines with even left and right margins and was evaluated by instructors in the education program in Thai. The selected 118 sentences were tested in 20 adults and 20 children by measuring reading time and recording the errors. Sentences with extremely high or low mean reading speeds were excluded. The remaining sentences were selected for contributing to the MNREAD-TH charts. For validation, the charts were tested in another 20 normal-sighted adult groups. In total, 118 sentences were tested on 20 adults (range: 23-58 years) and 20 primary school students (age: 8-9 years). The mean (SD) reading speeds in adult and children's groups were 134.09 (12.45) and 71.33 (10.77) words/min (wpm), respectively. After removing the sentences that deviated by ±1 SD from the mean reading speed, repeatedly had difficulty words, and had low subjective scoring, 60 matched sentences between the groups were selected to develop three versions of the MNREAD-TH chart. The intraclass correlation coefficients between charts were 0.85 for reading acuity, 0.94 for maximum reading speed, and 0.79 for critical print size. The MNREAD-TH charts can be reliably used for evaluating reading performance in Thai people for both children and adults with either normal sight or low vision. These charts are standardized and helpful in clinical trials involving reading.

Scanning‐Laser‐Based Microstereolithography of Microfluidic Chips with Micron Resolution

AbstractThe constant improvement of stereolithography (SL) in terms of achievable resolution and printing time has sparked high expectations that SL will enable the rapid prototyping of truly microfluidic chips with features below 100 µm. However, most commercial high‐resolution stereolithography devices are based on Digital Light Processing (DLP) and thus sacrifice lateral printing size for resolution. Consequently, even 10 years after the advent of microstereolithography there is no commercialized 3D printing system that can effectively fulfill all the demands to replace soft lithography for microfluidic prototyping. In this work, for the first time, This study demonstrates that a commercial laser‐based stereolithography device is capable of manufacturing microfluidic chips with embedded channels smaller than 100 µm with a footprint of 7.24 × 0.3 cm2. A chip fabricated in poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) that can readily be used for fluid mixing, is presented in this study. This research shows that the accessibility of high‐resolution chips with footprints of several cm2, using laser‐based stereolithography, enables the manufacturing of truly microfluidic systems with high impact on prototyping and manufacturing.

The impact of using reverse polarity text for children with vision impairment assessed using light-adapted flicker electroretinogram

ABSTRACT Clinical Relevance Children with vision impairment can have difficulty accessing classroom reading material and knowledge of which students are likely to have improved performance reading performance with reverse polarity would be of value to educators. Background Printed material is typically presented as black text on a white background; however, reversing the polarity to white text on a black background may improve the reading speed for children with vision impairment. This study sought to identify the visual function or pathological features of children with vision impairment where reversing the polarity of text would improve their reading performance. Methods Forty-eight vision-impaired participants (27 male), aged 5–18 years with binocular visual acuities between 0.18–1.52 logMAR, were included. Reading performance was assessed by changes in Critical Print Size (ΔCPS), Maximum Reading Speed (ΔMRS) in normal and reverse polarity digital print, and numeric reading speed (ΔNRS) with normal and reverse polarity fonts. Correlations were made with 30 Hz flicker electroretinogram amplitude and high/low contrast acuity. Paired nonparametric tests evaluated significance in pathological condition groups. Results Significant negative correlations were only found between the 30 Hz flicker amplitude and ΔMRS (r = −.42, p = .028) and ΔNRS (r = −.46, p = .027). Follow-up pairwise comparisons based on pathology group only showed a significant effect of the retinal dystrophy group and CPS (n = 12, z = −2.24, p = .025). All other pairwise comparisons based on group were non-significant (p > .05). Conclusions This study did not identify a specific pathological group or visual functional measure that could be used as a clinical marker to predict the impact of reversing polarity. However, significant improvements could be made in reading performance for some children and so a reading performance assessment is recommended for all children with vision impairment.

Comparative study between JAWS® And NVDA® in academic performance of students with visual impairment

Assistive technology (AT) plays a significant role in improving academic activities of visually impaired students. Through these ATs, visually impaired students can be empowered to engage actively in academic activities. To investigate the impact of JAWS® (job access with speech) and NVDA® (nonvisual desktop access) on the academic performance of visually impaired students. This study employed a prospective analytical design. Age-matched groups of severely visually impaired students were enrolled and divided into two groups: Group A ( N = 25) received NVDA® and Group B ( N = 25) received JAWS®. The MNREAD acuity chart was used to measure the reading acuity, maximum reading speed, and critical print size. In addition, a self-designed questionnaire was employed to gather qualitative data on the features of the software and the students’ experiences while using it. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) was used for data tabulation and analysis. An independent samples t-test was conducted to analyze the differences between variables. Furthermore, a qualitative assessment was performed using Pearson’s chi-square association test to determine the association between software usage and student experience. Statistical significance was set at p < .05. The results revealed that NVDA® exhibited better outcomes than JAWS® in terms of improved academic activity among visually impaired students. These findings contribute to the existing literature on AT and underscore the potential of NVDA® in supporting the educational experiences of visually impaired students. Use of screen reader software not only enhanced the reading and learning experience but also promoted independence in the classroom. NVDA is the superior choice for several reasons. It caters to the individual needs of students, effectively supports their learning processes, and demonstrates a high level of appreciation among the users.

Evaluating Text Reading Speed in VR Scenes and 3D Particle Visualizations.

This work reports how text size and other rendering conditions affect reading speeds in a virtual reality environment and a scientific data analysis application. Displaying text legibly yet space-efficiently is a challenging problem in immersive displays. Effective text displays that enable users to read at their maximum speed must consider the variety of virtual reality (VR) display hardware and possible visual exploration tasks. We investigate how text size and display parameters affect reading speed and legibility in three state-of-the-art VR displays: two head-mounted displays and one CAVE. In our perception experiments, we establish limits where reading speed declines as the text size approaches the so-called critical print sizes (CPS) of individual displays, which can inform the design of uniform reading experiences across different VR systems. We observe an inverse correlation between display resolution and CPS. Yet, even in high-fidelity VR systems, the measured CPS was larger than in comparable physical text displays, highlighting the value of increased VR display resolutions in certain visualization scenarios. Our findings indicate that CPS can be an effective metric for evaluating VR display usability. Additionally, we evaluate the effects of text panel placement, orientation, and occlusion-reducing rendering methods on reading speeds in generic volumetric particle visualizations. Our study provides insights into the trade-off between text representation and legibility in cluttered immersive environments with specific suggestions for visualization designers and highlight areas for further research.

Visual cortex anodal transcranial direct current stimulation does not alter reading performance for Chinese presented character-by-character to normal peripheral vision in older adults.

Visual cortex anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) has been shown to reduce crowding in normal peripheral vision and may improve the reading of English words in patients with macular degeneration. Given the different visual requirements of reading English words and Chinese characters, the effect of a-tDCS on peripheral reading performance in English might differ from Chinese. This study recruited 20 participants (59-73 years of age) with normal vision and tested the hypothesis that a-tDCS would improve the reading of Chinese characters presented at 10° eccentricity compared with sham stimulation. Chinese sentences of different print sizes and exposure durations were presented one character at a time, 10° below or to the left of fixation. The individual critical print size (CPS) - the smallest print size eliciting the maximum reading speed (MRS) - was determined. Reading accuracies for characters presented 0.2 logMAR smaller than the individually fitted CPS were measured at four time points: before, during, 5 min after, and 30 min after receiving active or sham visual cortex a-tDCS. Participants completed both the active and sham sessions in a random order following a double-blind, within-subject design. No effect of active a-tDCS on reading accuracy was observed, implying that a single session of a-tDCS did not improve Chinese character reading in normal peripheral vision. This may suggest that a-tDCS does not significantly reduce the crowding elicited within a single Chinese character. However, the effect of a-tDCS on between-character crowding is yet to be determined.

Real-World Performance Benchmarks in the Reading Ability of Prescription Drug Labels by Community-Dwelling Older Adults

Background: Despite known recommendations regarding standards for print size and the intuitive importance of vision in reading prescription labels, the predictive nature of vision and prescription label readability remains largely undefined. Furthermore, while the importance of vision is recognized, various demographic factors associated with the ability to read prescription labels have not been fully elucidated. Objective: Describe relationships between visual acuity, point size, and readability of prescription labels and provide insight into demographic factors associated with prescription label readability. Methods: Cross-sectional examination of prescription label readability by older, community-dwelling adults. Subjects were evaluated as to demographics, visual acuity, and ability to read test instruments consisting of unaltered prescription label features of five medications dispensed by community pharmacies and two drug samples. Descriptive statistics in conjunction with a logit predictive model were employed for data analysis. Results: Instructions for medication use were most recognizable, identified and correctly read by 95.60% of the study cohort while directions for the use of drug samples were lowest (34.91%). Among prescription label features, auxiliary labels consistently demonstrated poor readability. Level of visual acuity was statistically related to the ability to read prescription labels while identifying prescription label components increased proportionally with point size. Race, gender, and history of a recent eye examination were statistically significant predictors of prescription label reading ability. Visual acuity alone was found to explain approximately 26% of the variablity in ability to read Rx labels. Conclusion: Visual acuity is predictive of the ability to access Rx label information and should be considered a modifiable variable for improving prescription label reading ability amenable by appropriate eye care and spectacle correction.

Retinal OCT biomarkers associated with reading performance in patients with persistent vs. resolved diabetic macular edema.

Recent advancements in imaging technologies, particularly structural optical coherence tomography (OCT), have improved the understanding of diabetic macular edema (DME) pathophysiology and provided valuable biomarkers for disease progression and visual outcomes. This prospective study aimed to investigate the association between specific retinal biomarkers identified through OCT imaging and reading performance metrics in patients with previously treated persistent versus resolved DME and good visual acuity. Forty-nine eyes from 35 patients with a history of DME were enrolled. Reading performance was assessed using the Radner reading charts, which include standardized sentences with geometrically progressing print sizes. Structural alterations in the inner and outer retina, as well as the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), were graded based on OCT images. Reading performance, measured as maximum reading speed, was associated with specific retinal biomarkers. The disruption of the ellipsoid zone (EZ) in the parafoveal region and the presence of disorganization of the inner retinal layers (DRIL) in the parafovea were correlated with reduced reading speed. These associations were independent of the presence of intraretinal or subretinal fluid. Understanding the relationship between retinal biomarkers and reading performance could contribute to a comprehensive evaluation of visual function and quality of life in patients with DME, leading to better management strategies and treatment outcomes.

Age-related changes in reading performance in normally sighted Arabic-speaking adults

ABSTRACT Clinical relevance Reading performance is important for evaluating near vision and predicting and prescribing near-vision correction. There is a significant gap in the literature on Arabic reading performance and its associated effects. Background Normative data from control participants serve as the baseline for future studies involving groups with specific characteristics. This study aimed to assess baseline measures of Arabic reading performance. Methods In total, 428 normally sighted adults aged 19–83 years read the Balsam Alabdulkader – Leat chart to measure their reading performance. The participants were divided into five age groups. The outcome measures were the maximum reading speed in standard-length words per minute, critical print size, reading acuity, and reading accessibility index. Results The average reading performance measures were as follows: 171 ± 27 standard-length words per minute for maximum reading speed, 0.01 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution for critical print size, −0.17 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution for reading acuity, and 1.02 for the accessibility index. There were significant differences among the age groups, indicating a dependency on age and showing a plateau for the young adult group and a decline with age. The accessibility index had an almost perfect correlation with maximum reading speed and a weak but significant relationship with reading acuity and critical print size. Conclusion Arabic exhibits an age-dependent trend in reading speed. However, owing to differences in orthography, visual demands, and reading strategies, the magnitude of the decrease and increase differs, potentially accounting for the variations between languages, especially when compared to English. This study serves as a foundation for future studies on Arabic reading performance. Future studies should examine the reading performance in patients with low vision, study the effects of common diseases on reading ability, evaluate the effectiveness of reading devices, and assess improvements in vision rehabilitation.

INTERSESSION REPEATABILITY OF READING PERFORMANCE MEASURES IN PATIENTS WITH NEOVASCULAR AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION.

To assess the intersession repeatability of reading performance measures in patients with previously treated neovascular age-related macular degeneration and good best-corrected visual acuity (≥20/40 Snellen). Ninety-one patients (91 eyes) with a diagnosis of previously treated neovascular age-related macular degeneration and good best-corrected visual acuity (≥20/40 Snellen) were prospectively enrolled. Reading performance metrics were assessed using Radner charts, and these measurements were repeated after 7 days to obtain the intersession repeatability. To test repeatability, we calculated the intraclass correlation coefficient, the 95% coefficient of repeatability, and the coefficient of variation for each reading parameter: 1) reading acuity (RA-LogRAD); 2) maximal reading speed-words per minute; 3) RA score (RA score-LogRAD); and 4) critical print size-LogRAD. Mean ± standard deviation best-corrected visual acuity was 0.13 ± 0.01 logMAR [range: 0.00-0.30 logMAR]. The intraclass correlation coefficient values indicated a good reliability for all the analyzed metrics (0.901 for RA; 0.859 for max reading speed; 0.906 for RA score; and 0.868 for critical print size). The coefficient of repeatability was 0.2 LogRAD for RA, 63.2 words per minute for max reading speed, 0.2 LogRAD for RA score, and 0.2 LogRAD for critical print size. Coefficient of variation was 5.5% for RA, 8.9% for max reading speed, 5.8% for RA score, and 6.9% for critical print size. Reading performance metrics are characterized by good values of intersession repeatability in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration with good best-corrected visual acuity. Our findings may grant the employment of such measures in trials assessing the visual outcome in these patients.

Korean version of the MNREAD acuity chart

To investigate the efficacy of the Korean version of the Minnesota low vision reading chart. A Korean version consisting of 38 items was prepared based on the MNREAD acuity chart developed by the University of Minnesota. A linguist composed the representative sentences, each containing nine words from second and third grade levels of elementary school. Reading ability was measured for 20–35-year-old subjects with normal visual acuity (corrected visual acuity of logMAR 0.0 or better). The maximum reading speed (words per minute [wpm]) for healthy participants, reading acuity (smallest detectable font size), and critical print size (smallest font size without reduction of reading speed) were analyzed. The average age of the subjects was 28.3 ± 2.6 years (male:female ratio, 4:16). The average reading time for 38 sentences was 3.66 ± 0.69 s, with no differences in the average maximum reading speed between sentences (p = 0.836). The maximum reading speed was 174.2 ± 29.3 and 175.4 ± 27.8 in the right and left eye, respectively. Reading acuity was measured as logMAR 0.0 or better in 80% of the cases. All subjects showed a critical print size of 0.2 logMAR or better. The overall reading ability can be measured using the Korean version of the MNREAD acuity chart, thereby making it useful in measuring the reading ability of those with Korean as their native language.

Validation of a computerized version of the MNREAD chart for children.

We aimed the develop and validate a computerized version of the MNREAD for the assessment of reading speed for children. A computerized version of the MNREAD was built in Psykinematix software using the same parameters as the physical chart. We measured the reading velocity of 104 children (n = 44 of the 3rd grade; n = 60 of the 5th grade). Bland-Altaman analysis was used to quantify agreement between two chart measurements. Comparison between the 3rd and 5th-grade children for physical and computerized MNREAD versions showed statistical differences in Maximum Reading Speed (F = 2669.6; p < 0.001), Critical Print Size (F = 17.49; p < 0.001), and Reading Acuity (F = 14.19; p = 0.002) with huge effect size (η2 = 0.930). No differences were found between the versions within grades. Bland-Altman analysis showed 95% of the data points within ± 2s of the mean difference, suggesting a similarity between versions of the MNREAD parameters. Our reading speed values for children in the 5th grade were higher than previous studies, suggesting a better quality of the assessment in the computerized version. Tolerance Limits were calculated as normality references for clinical purposes.

Standardized Russian reading chart for assessing reading parameters

BACKGROUND: A number of charts based on checking reading parameters are increasingly being used to assess visual functions. These charts are standardized, translated into many languages. The development of a Russian chart based on international standards and the determination of age norms of clinical reading parameters will allow it to be used for a more accurate assessment of the dynamics of diseases and treatment results. AIM: The aim is to determine the normal reading parameters in patients of different age groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Based on international standards, two Russian charts have been developed to study reading parameters. Reading parameters were determined during one session in 135 subjects, divided into 3 groups: I — 18–39 years, II — 40–59 years, and III — 60–81 years. Three main parameters were studied: maximum reading speed, critical print size, and reading acuity (RA). RESULTS: As a result of the study, age norms for basic reading parameters were determined. Maximum reading speed in group I was 192.5 ± 1.2, in group II — 180.6 ± 1.1 and in group III — 168.9 ± 0.8 words/min. Critical print size in group I was 0.14 ± 0.01, in group II — 0.24 ± 0.01, and in group III — 0.36 ± 0.01 logMAR. The reading acuity in group I was 0.009 ± 0.006, in group II — 0.075 ± 0.04, in group III — 0.143 ± 0.005 logMAR. The differences between the studied parameters in groups I/II, I/III and II/III were statistically significant (p 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The indicators of reading parameters obtained during the study can be used as approximate age norms.

Optimization of printing precision and mechanical property for powder-based 3D printed magnesium phosphate cement using fly ash

Fly ash (FA) is employed to optimize the hydration process of powder-based (inkjet) 3D printed magnesium phosphate cement (MPC), aiming to enhance the printing precision and mechanical properties of powder-based 3D printed structures. This paper systematically evaluates the effects of FA on the printability, printing precision, and mechanical properties of printed MPC. In addition, SEM, XRD, and X-CT are used to analyze the hydration morphology, products, and pore structure of printed MPC, respectively. The test results reveal that the proper addition of FA can effectively optimize the penetration process between the binder and powder bed to improve the printing precision of powder-based 3D printed MPC with the minimum printing size error controlled within 1%, which also achieves the maximum compressive strength of 10.1 MPa at 28d under room environment curing. Due to the pozzolanic and micro-aggregate effects, FA can significantly improve the hydration degree and optimize the pore structure of printed MPC with the total porosity decreased by 24%. The high precision of the printed complicated electromagnetic metasurface models further demonstrates the applicability of powder-based 3D printing with FA-optimized MPC.

Structure-function relationship of reading performance in patients with early to moderate glaucoma.

To assess reading performance in patients with mild to moderate primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), and to determine the relationship between reading ability and visual field (VF), microperimetry, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) parameters. Reading performance of 30 POAG patients examined by the Minnesota Reading Acuity Chart (MNREAD) was compared to that of 21 age-matched controls collected from Ankara University in Turkey. Humphrey Field Analyzer (HFA) 24-2 SITA Standard and 10-2 patterns, and microperimetry were used for VF measurements. All subjects underwent OCT analysis for retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT), optic nerve head (ONH) measurements, and ganglion cell inner plexiform layer thickness (GCIPLT). The linear relationship between reading parameters and VF, microperimetry, and OCT parameters was investigated. Univariate and multiple logistic regression models were used to identify the risk factors for glaucoma. In POAG patients, maximum reading speed (MRS) had a significant association with average rim area, mean cup-to-disc ratio (CDR), and cup volume (p < 0.05, for all). Decreased MRS was associated with thinner average GCIPLT and inferotemporal, superior, and inferior GCIPLT quadrants (p < 0.05, for all). Global index values for the HFA 24-2/10-2 tests, microperimetry, and ONH/RNFLT parameters had no correlation with reading performance. After accounting for the better and worse eyes, gender, education, age, and visual acuity of the glaucoma patients, MRS score was 23 units lower in the worse eye (p = 0.009), critical print size (CPS) was 0.21 units larger in the better eye (p = 0.03) and 0.25 units larger in the worse eye (p < 0.001), reading accesibility index (ACC) was 0.11 units lower in the better eye (p = 0.02) and 0.13 units lower in the worse eye (p = 0.002), and RA was 0.13 units higher in the worse eye (p = 0.003) of POAG patients. POAG had significantly lower reading performance when compared to healthy subjects. Reading speed was associated with decreased macular GCIPLT indicating that reading performance may be affected in the earlier stages of the disease.

«Гайдар и сегодня в строю…» (о каноне советского детского чтения и его ресайклинге)

The article is devoted to the problem of demand and concomitant reinterpretation of the Soviet literary heritage in the 2000s. The work of Arkady Gaidar, recognized as the best Soviet children’s writer during his lifetime and as an author who fully expressed Soviet values — heroism in the struggle for the establishment of Soviet power and collectivism — in the Soviet period was widely available to readers-children. Both the print runs of his works and the number of reprints (including in school anthologies) were very significant: he was in the top ten in terms of the size of print runs and the regularity of reprints. Based on a study of the history of the publication of Gaidar’s texts from 1926 to 1984, publishing and pedagogical preferences in the selection of works for reprinting have been identified: most often, “The Tale of a Military Secret” was reprinted in impressive numbers, as its ideological content glorified heroic sacrifice in the name of establishing Soviet power. The story “Timur and His Gang” had the same number of reissues as “Military Secret”. In the 1990s, reprinting of Gaidar’s works was sharply reduced, and the choice of what was published also changed: the first place is occupied by “Chuk and Gek”, which depicted everyday family life. In 2000–2022, the story “Timur and His Gang”, which emphasizes the values of class mutual assistance and collectivism, becomes the most reprinted. Publication of other works by Gaidar also demonstrates a noticeable change in emphasis: there is a sharp drop in reissues of the stories “School” and “R. V. S.”, which have temporal contextualization in the historical events of the October Revolution and the Civil War. This allows us to say that the mobilization narrative, which is generally characteristic of Gaidar’s works, is losing its historical conditionality (the Revolution and the Civil War). At the same time, the reprinting of works about peacetime, which takes place in the immediate vicinity of hostilities that require mobilization efforts by both adults and children, have been renewed in the current book offerings for young readers. Recent initiatives to bring Gaidar’s works back into the school curriculum also testify to the reactualization.

Visual Performance in Myopic Adolescents Fitted with Pupil-Optimised Multifocal Soft Contact Lenses

Objective: This study aims to assess the influence of a newly developed pupil-optimized multifocal soft contact lens (MFSCL) in comparison to single-vision contact lenses (SVCL) on visual performance among adolescent myopes. Materials and Methods: Myopic adolescents, aged 14 to 18 years, who were habitual SVCL users, were subjected to a trial involving MFSCL with a mid-addition power. Various visual parameters including distance and near visual acuity (VA), maximum reading speed (MRS), reading acuity, contrast sensitivity, and stereoacuity under photopic conditions were measured for MFSCL and compared to SVCL. Results: No statistically significant differences were observed between SVCL and MFSCL in terms of near VA, MRS, contrast sensitivity, and stereoacuity (p &gt; 0.05 for all). However, a decrease in distance VA was noted with MFSCL (p = 0.021). Moreover, reading acuity, which denotes the smallest print size comprehensible without significant errors, was found to be smaller when using MFSCL (p &lt; 0.001). Conclusion: In adolescent myopic patients, mid-add power in MFSCL did not significantly impact near VA and contrast sensitivity when compared to SVCL, while a decrease in distance VA was observed. Moreover, MFSCL did not affect reading speed but did enable the reading of smaller font sizes.

Design And Construction Of A Web-Based Information System For Ordering Printing Services On Cv Multigraph

Designing a Web-Based Printing Service Ordering Information System for CV Multigraph is a project aimed at developing an efficient and practical information system for online printing service orders. CV Multigraph is a printing company that offers a variety of printing services to its customers. In this research, the author designed and implemented an information system that enables customers to easily place orders through the web platform. Utilizing modern web technology, the system harnesses the power of the internet to expedite and streamline the ordering process. The system allows customers to choose their desired printing services, upload design files, select print quantities and sizes, and provide specific instructions. Upon completion of the order, customers receive real-time order status updates and confirmations. Additionally, the system facilitates CV Multigraph in managing incoming orders. Printing staff can view the list of ongoing orders, schedule production, and send confirmation messages to customers, enhancing service effectiveness and responsiveness to customer needs. The methodology used is Extreme Programming, which encompasses analysis, planning, design, coding, and testing. The system development utilizes web technologies such as HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and PHP. The result is an efficient, practical, and user-friendly printing service ordering information system for CV Multigraph customers. The system is expected to enhance customer experience, expedite the ordering process, and improve operational efficiency and customer satisfaction for CV Multigraph. Keywords: information system, ordering, printing service, CV Multigraph, web- based.

MNREAD Reading Vision in Adults With Glaucoma Under Mesopic and Photopic Conditions.

Despite good photopic visual acuity, glaucoma patients report difficulty performing daily activities under dim light such as reading. Here we investigated the impact of mesopic lighting conditions on reading vision of glaucoma patients. The study design included 39 patients with glaucoma and 40 healthy controls. Reading vision was assessed with MNREAD charts under mesopic (2 cd/m2) and photopic (220 cd/m2) conditions. Four reading indexes: maximum reading speed (MRS), critical print size (CPS), reading acuity (RA), and reading accessibility index (ACC) were obtained from the MNREAD test yielding a plot of reading speed versus print size. Compared to photopic conditions, reading vision of both healthy controls and glaucoma patients significantly decreased under mesopic conditions (P < 0.05). For glaucoma patients (85% with mild or moderate glaucoma), MRS and ACC decreased by six words per minute and 0.1, respectively under mesopic conditions; CPS and RA increased by 0.25 and 0.18 logMAR, respectively. Moreover, under both photopic and mesopic conditions, reading vision of glaucoma patients was significantly worse than that of healthy controls, but the difference was greater under mesopic conditions (P < 0.05) even after controlling for age and visual acuity. Mesopic conditions make reading more challenging for both healthy controls and glaucoma patients. However, reading in dim light appears to be more burdensome for glaucoma patients. Mesopic reading tests mediated by both cone and rod photoreceptor systems likely provide a more sensitive and comprehensive assessment of a patient's reading impairment than testing under photopic conditions.