Printable Electrode Research Articles

A Comprehensive Guide to Fully Inkjet‐Printed IGZO Transistors

AbstractIn this concise review, the recent advancements in fully inkjet‐printed (IJP) indium‐gallium‐zinc‐oxide (IGZO) thin‐film transistors (TFTs) over the past years are discussed. IGZO has replaced hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a‐Si:H) as the primary channel material for liquid‐crystal display TFTs and has gained further attention due to the solution processability of IGZO inks. Despite the longstanding practice of printing IGZO for approximately fifteen years, the realization of fully inkjet‐printed devices, including both dielectric and electrode components, represents a recent milestone in research, potentially heralding a cost‐effective era for IGZO transistors. In this review, following an introductory exposition of IGZO, the focus is on the different ink formulations, currently deployed for solution‐processed IGZO devices, the intricacies of the printing procedure involved are delineated, and ongoing research endeavors pertaining to the printing of dielectrics and electrodes for such devices are expounded upon.

Co-Deposition of Bimetallic Au-Pt with L-Cysteine on Electrodes and Removal of Copper by Iron Powder for Trace Aqueous Arsenic Detection

Much progress has been made in the determination of As (III), while numerous electrochemical sensors based on metal nanomaterials with significant sensitivity and precision have been developed. However, further research is still required to achieve rapid detection and avoid interference from other metal ions (especially copper ions). In this study, bimetallic AuPt nanoparticles are electrochemically modified with screen printing electrodes. What’s more, L-cysteine also self-assembles with AuNPs through Au-S bond to enhance the electrochemical performance. To overcome the interference of Cu (II) in the sensing process, the reduced iron powder was chosen to remove Cu (II) and other oxidizing organics in aqueous solutions. The lowest detectable amount is 0.139 ppb, a linear range of 1~50 ppb with superlative stability by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry. Fortunately, the reduced iron powder could eliminate the Cu (II) with no effect on the As (III) signal.

Development and printing of three-dimensional electrodes for the high body adhesion of smart wear

Herein, we investigate the effects of 3D printed electrodes on electrophysiological signals and identify the important design elements required for manufacturing better electrodes for high body adhesion for smart wear. Ten electrodes of different shapes (plain, check, stripe, circular, radial cut-out) and thicknesses (0.5 mm and 1.0 mm) were manufactured. The electrodes were evaluated by testing on 20 healthy individuals (10 men and 10 women). To measure the electroencephalogram (EEG) of the participants, we used BIOS-S8 (BioBrain Inc., Korea), an 8-channel polygraph for multibody signal measurement. Data were analyzed using the SPSS 26.0 statistical program. The EEG values were significantly activated according to gender. For the male participants, relative alpha (RA), relative slow theta (RST), relative mid theta (RMT), and the ratio of SMR-mid beta to theta (RSMT) values were highly activated and for the female participants, RA, relative fast alpha (RFA), and relative slow theta (RSA) values were highly activated. There were no significant gendifferences in the EEG of both genders for the 10 types of electrodes. However, for the female participants, the ‘RA’ indices showed a significant difference based on electrode shape on the right temporal lobe (T4), but there was no significant difference based on the thickness. There was a significant difference in the subjective preference of the electrodes also. In the subjective evaluation, it was found that the differences based on the shape and thickness of the electrodes were sensitively recognized.

(Invited) 3D-Printed Bio-Inspired Electrophysiological Sensors

Miniaturized bioinspired architectures used in diagnostic and therapeutic devices have garnered considerable attention due to their ability to deliver enhanced performance coupled with excellent biocompatibility, breathability, flexibility, and minimized side effects. This is particularly significant for applications involving neonates, infants, or individuals with atopic dermatitis [1], where traditional glue-based adhesives pose risks of skin contamination, injury, and interference with biosignal monitoring near wet wound areas or wet skin.The imperative development of bioinspired, reusable, drainable, and contaminant-free transdermal patches, along with therapeutic systems or attachable devices featuring diagnostic sensing components, is crucial for patients necessitating specialized medical care. The rising demand for such adhesives is evident in their application for long-term diagnosis, therapy, or rehabilitation [2].Taking inspiration from aquatic creatures, which have evolved two primary underwater attachment strategies—pressure-driven (suction attachment) and glue-like (bioadhesive secretions)—bioinspired suction-based adhesives with diverse multiscale architectures have been reported. These designs mimic the attachment behavior of octopi, tree frogs, beetles, leeches, snails, and geckos, demonstrating impressive mechanical enhancements and accurate biosignal monitoring capabilities [3-5]. However, the microfabrication processes described in existing literature are often complex, labor-intensive, and costly.In response to this challenge, recent advancements in electrode and adhesive printing, particularly through three-dimensional (3D) printing, have gained favor among academics and researchers. 3D printing offers a viable alternative by providing high-quality signal measurements, optimal performance, cost-effectiveness, and customization. In this work, a simplified fabrication technique primarily based on Stereolithography (SLA) 3D printing is demonstrated. The technique aims to create a permeable skin patch featuring miniaturized octopus-like suckers, enhancing adhesion and facilitating precise biosignal monitoring across various skin conditions.1- S. Baik, H. J. Lee, D. W. Kim, J. W. Kim, Y. Lee, and C. Pang, “Bioinspired Adhesive Architectures: From Skin Patch to Integrated Bioelectronics,” Advanced Materials, vol. 31, no. 34, p. 1803309, Aug. 2019, doi: 10.1002/adma.201803309.2- S. Baik, J. Kim, H. J. Lee, T. H. Lee, and C. Pang, “Highly Adaptable and Biocompatible Octopus-Like Adhesive Patches with Meniscus-Controlled Unfoldable 3D Microtips for Underwater Surface and Hairy Skin,” Advanced Science, vol. 5, no. 8, Aug. 2018, doi: 10.1002/advs.201800100.3- S. Chun et al., “Conductive and Stretchable Adhesive Electronics with Miniaturized Octopus-Like Suckers against Dry/Wet Skin for Biosignal Monitoring,” Adv Funct Mater, vol. 28, no. 52, Dec. 2018, doi: 10.1002/adfm.201805224.4- D. W. Kim et al., “Highly Permeable Skin Patch with Conductive Hierarchical Architectures Inspired by Amphibians and Octopi for Omnidirectionally Enhanced Wet Adhesion,” Adv Funct Mater, vol. 29, no. 13, Mar. 2019, doi: 10.1002/adfm.201807614.5- S. Baik, D. W. Kim, Y. Park, T. J. Lee, S. Ho Bhang, and C. Pang, “A wet-tolerant adhesive patch inspired by protuberances in suction cups of octopi,” Nature, vol. 546, no. 7658, pp. 396–400, Jun. 2017, doi: 10.1038/nature22382.

Laser-Induced Graphene for Electrochemical Analysis of Food and Agricultural Contaminants

Carbon-nanomaterial sensors offer promising routes toward low-cost, high-throughput electrochemical sensors. Carbon nanomaterials, such as graphene and carbon nanotube (CNT), have been studied with various fabrication methods to produce sensors, including high-quality thin film graphene and CNT by chemical vapor deposition. However, the complexity and cost associated with their fabrication have hindered their implementation into single-use test strip sensors. Even high-yield mechanical and/or chemical exfoliation of graphene from graphite followed by solution phase printing of electrodes can be costly due to the complexity of ink formulation and the need for post-print annealing requirements. However, laser-induced graphene (LIG) avoids the need to exfoliate graphene from graphite or to create a solution-phase graphene ink by converting sp3 carbon found in carbon-rich substrates into conductive sp2-hybridized carbon found in graphene through a laser scribing technique. The resulting LIG also exhibits a high surface area and is porous with a high density of edge plane sites, which are beneficial for biofunctionalization and heterogeneous charge transport during electrochemical sensing. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that the surface area and wettability of the LIG can be tuned to greatly improve the sensitivity of electrochemical enzymatic biosensors (detection limits down to the picomolar range) and reduce the water layer buildup between the ion-selective membrane and the electrode, which improves the accuracy of the sensor readings. The fabricated LIG electrodes have been used in a wide variety of electrochemical sensing applications, including in food safety (foodborne pathogens and other contaminants), environmental monitoring (agrochemicals), and health monitoring sensors (salivary potassium and lactate, and urinary potassium and ammonium). Different electroanalytical methods are used, including amperometric, potentiometric, coulometric, and impedimetric, to quantify the analytes. We demonstrate how the ISE (ion-selective electrodes) can be functionalized with PVC-based ion-selective membranes for potassium, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, sodium, and pH in various biological solutions, including soil and water for nutrient/fertilizer monitoring in farm fields. Additionally, we demonstrate how the hydrophilic LIG graphene can be used to create other highly sensitive electrochemical biosensors including enzymatic pesticide biosensors and Salmonella spp. immunosensors. All these electroanalytical sensors were validated in real-world samples and demonstrated to have limits of detection and linear sensing ranges that are relevant to their sensing applications. Results demonstrate the utility of LIG-based sensors for rapid and sensitive electrochemical measurement of contaminants as a readily modified platform for scalable production of electroanalytical devices applied toward point-of-service environmental and food monitoring.

Architectural design and optimization of internal structures in 3D printed electrodes for superior supercapacitor performance

The architecture of electrodes plays a pivotal role in the transfer and transportation of charges during electrochemical reactions. Selecting optimal electrode materials and devising well-conceived electrode structures can substantially enhance the electrochemical performance of devices. This manuscript leverages 3D printing technology to fabricate asymmetric supercapacitor devices featuring regular layered configurations. By investigating the impact of various materials on the internal architecture of printed electrodes, we establish a stratified electrode structure with an orderly arrangement, thereby significantly improving asymmetric charge transfer between electrodes. The application of 3D printing technology to construct electrode structures effectively mitigates the agglomeration of electrode materials. The 3D-printed VCG//MXene devices demonstrate exceptional areal capacitance (205.57 mF cm−2) and energy density (60.03 μWh cm−2), with a power density of 0.174 W cm−2. Consequently, selecting appropriate materials for fabricating printable electrode structures and achieving efficient 3D printing is anticipated to offer novel insights into the construction and enhancement of miniature asymmetric micro-supercapacitor (MSCs) devices.

Design Principles for Architected Battery Electrodes

The properties of rechargeable lithium-ion batteries are determined by the electrochemical and kinetic properties of their constituent materials as well as by their underlying microstructure. The discovery of 2D and 3D mesoscale architectures tailored to diverse applications remain an open challenge and it cannot be approached empirically. In this work, we leverage the design flexibility offered by several additive manufacturing methods (e.g. direct ink write, projection micro-stereolithography, etc.) to engineer the architecture of device electrodes. To explore this vast design space, we employ theoretical analyses and topology optimization techniques to determine printable electrode shapes. Our analyses produce general design guidelines, and three-dimensional CAD representations that optimize the battery architecture over specific performance metrics. In this talk, we show examples of electrode design driven by extreme operating conditions (e.g., low temperature) or by mechanical resilience. We also demonstrate an integrated workflow for model validation and guided experiments. For Li-metal anodes, our objective is to identify regimes of morphologically stable growth--where deleterious effects of dendrite growth might be avoided by microstructural design. For manganese-oxide cathodes, we develop physical models that capturethe pseudocapacitive response of the material and use them in inverse analyses to optimize the cathode architectures.

Numerical analysis of electrohydrodynamic printing under electric field focusing mode

As an emerging micro/nanoscale 3D printing technology, Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing has undergone rapid development in recent years. However, in most EHD printing processes, voltage is directly applied to both the nozzle and the substrate, resulting in the electric field being influenced by the printing height. This poses challenges for printing three-dimensional curved surface structures. This study presents a comprehensive investigation into the EHD jetting process, utilizing a novel voltage loading method that separates electrodes from both the nozzle and the substrate. Through experimental setups and numerical simulations, this research was conducted to examine the effects of printing height, voltage, and electrode diameter on jetting behavior. The results show that compared to the traditional electrode form, the new voltage loading method will increase the electric field intensity of the liquid surface before ejection by 37.1% and is more conducive to the formation of Taylor cones. It can ensure that the printing fluctuation is less than 2.4% when the printing height varies between 1.5–2.5 times the nozzle diameter, which is more favorable for printing multi-layer structures. The threshold voltage for ejection is provided in this model. When the electrode is reduced, the efficiency of electric field utilization will be further improved, but the acceleration of the jet velocity will cause an increase in droplet size. The findings highlight the method’s capability to maintain consistent droplet sizes and electric field intensities across varying conditions, thereby enhancing printing stability and efficiency. The study’s innovations provide valuable insights for advancing micro/nano 3D printing technologies, emphasizing the potential for improved EHD printing processes in practical engineering applications.

A bulged-type enzyme-free recognition strategy designed for single nucleotide polymorphisms integrating with label-free electrochemical biosensor

Compared to conventional nucleic acid detection methods, label-free single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) detection presents challenging due to the necessity of discerning single base mismatches, especially in the field of enzyme-free detection. In this study, we introduce a novel bulged-type DNA duplex probe designed to significantly amplify single-base differences. This probe is integrated with programmable DNA-based nanostructures to develop a sensitive, label-free biosensor for nonenzymatic SNP detection. The duplex probe with one bulge could selectively identify wild-typed DNA (WT) and mutant-type DNA (MT) based on a competitive strand displacement reaction mechanism. The hyperbranched HCR (HHCR) by incorporating of hairpin DNA into the DNA tetrahedron and surface-tethering on the portable screen printing electrode (SPCE) significantly favor the formation of negatively charged DNA nanostructure. We harnessed strong repulsion of DNA nanostructure towards the electroactive [Fe(CN)₆]³⁻/⁴⁻ in combination with electrochemical technique to create a label-free biosensor. This simple, enzyme-free and label-free biosensor could detect MT with a detection limit of 56 aM, even in multiple sequence backgrounds. The study served as the proof-of-concept for the integration of enzyme-free competitive mechanism and label-free strategy, which can be extended as a powerful tool to various fields.

Construction of a microfluidic electrochemical sensor based on screen printing electrode for the detection of fluoxetine

Fluoxetine (FLX) is a widely-used antidepressant, and monitoring its blood drug concentration is crucial to ensure treatment effectiveness and prevent drug-related adverse reactions. This study constructed a microfluidic electrochemical sensor (COFTpTt@c-MWCNTs/SPCE) for the detection FLX in microliter-scale samples. Firstly, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to construct microfluidic chip, the internal microchannels and structures significantly reduced the necessary sample volume for detection. Subsequently, the covalent organic framework material (COFTpTt) was synthesized by the solvothermal reaction of 1,3,5-triformylphloroglucinol (Tp) and melamine (Tt). This material was then combined with carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (c-MWCNTs) to form COFTpTt@c-MWCNTs, serving as the electrode modification material. COFTpTt with strong loading capacity and a large specific surface area, forming hydrogen bonds with FLX molecules and enhanced sensor selectivity. c-MWCNTs have excellent electron transfer capability. COFTpTt@c-MWCNTs were drop-coated onto the screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE), integrated with the chip, forming the sensor. The inherent electrochemical activity of FLX enabled label-free detection. After optimizing the COFTpTt and c-MWCNTs ratio, the amount of COFTpTt@c-MWCNTs modification, and FLX solution pH, differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was used to detect FLX solutions. The sensor showed a good linear relationship of FLX in the range 62.5–2000 ng mL−1 with a low limit of detection (LOD) of 24.3 ng mL−1 (S/N = 3) and good reproducibility and selectivity. This sensor had been successfully used for FLX detection in spiked rat serum samples, offering the potential for point-of-care testing of FLX.

Stepwise Aggregation Control of PEDOT:PSS Enabled High-Conductivity, High-Resolution Printing of Polymer Electrodes for Transparent Organic Phototransistors.

Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) jet printing is a widely employed technology to create high-resolution patterns and thus has enormous potential for circuit production. However, achieving both high conductivity and high resolution in printed polymer electrodes is a challenging task. Here, by modulating the aggregation state of the conducting polymer in the solution and solid phases, a stable and continuous jetting of PEDOT:PSS is realized, and high-conductivity electrode arrays are prepared. The line width reaches less than 5 μm with a record-high conductivity of 1250 S/cm. Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) are further developed by combining printed source/drain electrodes with ultrathin organic semiconductor crystals. These OFETs show great light sensitivity, with a specific detectivity (D*) value of 2.86 × 1014 Jones. In addition, a proof-of-concept fully transparent phototransistor is demonstrated, which opens up new pathways to multidimensional optical imaging.

3D printed reticular manganese dioxide cathode with high areal capacity for aqueous zinc ion batteries

The integration of electronic devices has placed increasing demands on the low area occupancy, high areal capacity and safety of energy storage devices. Aqueous zinc ion batteries are expected to be used in highly integrated precision electronics due to their high safety, environmentally friendly and low cost advantages. However, the conventional coating method limits the structure and the areal capacity of electrodes. To address this issue, we design and fabricate a novel 3D printed reticular MnO2 self-supporting cathode. Ascribed to the high mass loading and reticular structure of the reticular MnO2 cathode, the AZIBs deliver a high areal capacity (3.43 mAh cm−2 at 2 mA cm−2). It is demonstrated that the reticular structure facilitates electrolyte storage and rapid diffusion of Zn2+ and reduces charge transfer impedance. Furthermore, the 3D printing technology can realize layer-by-layer printing of electrodes. The areal capacity of the two-layer 3D reticular MnO2 cathode is almost twice as high as that of 3D reticular MnO2. This work indicates the great potential of 3D printing technology in the design and fabrication of high-load electrodes with a high areal capacity and customized shapes.

Challenges faced with 3D-printed electrochemical sensors in analytical applications.

Prototyping analytical devices with three-dimensional (3D) printing techniques is becoming common in research laboratories. The attractiveness is associated with printers' price reduction and the possibility of creating customized objects that could form complete analytical systems. Even though 3D printing enables the rapid fabrication of electrochemical sensors, its wider adoption by research laboratories is hindered by the lack of reference material and the high "entry barrier" to the field, manifested by the need to learn how to use 3D design software and operate the printers. This review article provides insights into fused deposition modeling 3D printing, discussing key challenges in producing electrochemical sensors using currently available extrusion tools, which include desktop 3D printers and 3D printing pens. Further, we discuss the electrode processing steps, including designing, printing conditions, and post-treatment steps. Finally, this work shed some light on the current applications of such electrochemical devices that can be a reference material for new research involving 3D printing.

Upscaling laboratory organic electronic sensor devices to roll-to-roll printing: The effect of printable electrodes on device operation

The prospect of large-scale production of low-cost electronic devices is a driving factor behind the recent interest in printed organic electronics. However, the upscaling of laboratory organic electronic devices is extremely challenging since it requires the adaptation of materials and fabrication processes optimized for the small scale to industrial manufacturing techniques, such as roll-to-roll printing. Here, we demonstrate the fabrication of all-printed organic biosensors at the pilot production scale for use in the detection of glucose. By translating device architecture and operation, as well as electrode design and ink formulations of previously reported laboratory-scale glucose sensors to industrial printing and coating processes, we demonstrate sub-millimolar sensitivity to glucose in fully printed devices in a process which is now scalable to commercial production quantities. This Letter highlights the significant challenges associated with developing upscaled printed organic electronic biosensors and the approaches needed to address them.

Environmentally Friendly Water-Based Reduced Graphene Oxide/Cellulose Nanofiber Ink for Supercapacitor Electrode Applications.

The agglomeration of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) in water makes the development of rGO inks for supercapacitor printing challenging. Cellulose nanofiber (CNF), a biodegradable and renewable nanomaterial, can act as a nanospacer, preventing the agglomeration and restacking of rGO flakes. In this work, rGO/CNF films were fabricated using an environmentally friendly water-based rGO/CNF ink. In the absence of an additional binder/surfactant, the rGO/CNF films demonstrated remarkably enhanced hydrophilicity while retaining good electrical conductivity. The concentration of CNF was varied to observe the variation in the electrochemical performance. At a current density of 1 mA/cm2, the rGO/CNF-15 film exhibited a maximum areal capacitance of 98.61 mF/cm2, closely matching that of pure rGO films. Because of its excellent electrical performance, ease of manufacturing, and environmental friendliness, this water-based rGO/CNF ink may have promising applications in the printing of supercapacitor electrodes.

Direct Printing of Flexible Multilayer Composite Electrodes Based on Electrohydrodynamic Printing

Direct Printing of Flexible Multilayer Composite Electrodes Based on Electrohydrodynamic Printing

Light-Based 3D Multi-Material Printing of Micro-Structured Bio-Shaped, Conducting and Dry Adhesive Electrodes for Bioelectronics.

In this work, a new method of multi-material printing in one-go using a commercially available 3D printer is presented. The approach is simple and versatile, allowing the manufacturing of multi-material layered or multi-material printing in the same layer. To the best of the knowledge, it is the first time that 3D printed Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) micro-patterns combining different materials are reported, overcoming mechanical stability issues. Moreover, the conducting ink is engineered to obtain stable in-time materials while retaining sub-100µm resolution. Micro-structured bio-shaped protuberances are designed and 3D printed as electrodes for electrophysiology. Moreover, these microstructures are combined with polymerizable deep eutectic solvents (polyDES) as functional additives, gaining adhesion and ionic conductivity. As a result of the novel electrodes, low skin impedance values showed suitable performance for electromyography recording on the forearm. Finally, this concluded that the use of polyDES conferred stability over time, allowing the usability of the electrode 90 days after fabrication without losing its performance. All in all, this demonstrated a very easy-to-make procedure that allows printing PEDOT:PSS on soft, hard, and/or flexible functional substrates, opening up a new paradigm in the manufacturing of conducting multi-functional materials for the field of bioelectronics and wearables.

Nanomolar level electrochemical detection of glycine on a miniaturized modified screen-printed carbon-based electrode: a comparison of performance with glassy carbon electrode system.

In this work, we demonstrate the electrochemical (EC) sensing of glycine (GLY) on a gold-copper nanocluster on nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dot-modified (indigenously fabricated) screen-printed electrode (AuCuNC@N-GQD/SPE). SPE was fabricated by step-by-step printing of reference, working, and counter electrodes to develop an all-printed SPE. A comparison strategy between SPE and the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) towards the EC sensing of GLY was carried out. The sensing performance was enhanced while replacing GCE with SPE. The limit of detection (LOD) for GLY obtained by EC sensing with AuCuNC@N-GQD/GCE was 10 nM and that with AuCuNC@N-GQD/SPE was 10 times lower, 1 nM, and is the lowest LOD value reported hitherto. Compared with AuCuNC@N-GQD/GCE, the current response of AuCuNC@N-GQD/SPE exhibited a ∼2.6-times enhancement with a sensitivity of 0.206 μA μM-1 cm-2. Thus, the successful shift from GCE to SPE not only miniaturizes the sensor device but also enhances the electrochemical detection performance.

Construction of an electrochemical pH sensor using one-pot synthesis of a molybdenum diselenide/nitrogen doped graphene oxide screen-printed electrode.

In this study, a one-pot synthesis of a molybdenum diselenide/nitrogen-doped graphene oxide (MoSe2/NGO) composite was demonstrated and used for the fabrication of an electrochemical pH sensor. The MoSe2/NGO composite was characterized using powder X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis. The electrochemical behavior at different pH values was determined by recording the open-circuit potential. When applied for pH detection, the MoSe2/NGO modified screen-printed electrode (SPE) showed good linearity with a sensitivity of 61.3 mV pH-1 over a wide pH range of 2-14. In addition, the pH sensor exhibited a remarkably stable response, high reproducibility, and selectivity. The sensor was used to measure the acidity or alkalinity of real food and beverage samples. The results for these samples showed a relative error of less than 10% compared with the results obtained with the commercial pH meter. The portable sensor produced by screen printing electrodes paves the way for the development of simple, cost-effective, real-time, and robust pH sensors for the pH analysis of various sample matrices for clinical diagnostics, biosensing, and cost-effective applications.

Laser-Induced Printing of Next Generation Silicon-Graphite Anodes for the Development of Advanced Lithium-Ion Batteries

The expansion of renewable causing a rising demand for affordable and improved energy storage systems. Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) are one of the most promising technologies for this achievement, with further improvements to be made in terms of new materials and an advanced electrode architecture. As a new generation electrode material to be included in LIB, silicon is in the focus of the today’s investigations. Silicon offers one order of magnitude higher theoretical specific capacity (3579 mAh/g) compared to the state-of-the-art material graphite (372 mAh/g). However, during lithiation of silicon a volume expansion of up to 300 % takes place. Due to the huge volume expansion tremendous mechanical degradation of the anode occurs, resulting in a drop in capacity and a shorten lifetime.Laser induced forward transfer (LIFT) is applied in this study as printing technology to develop enhanced silicon-graphite electrode compositions and electrode architectures. LIFT was performed using a pulsed nanosecond UV-laser with a maximum power of 10 W and repetitions rate of up to 30 kHz. For the LIFT process of anodes, polyacrylic acid (PAA) is used as binder, in contrast to the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder commonly used for LIFT assisted printing of electrodes. PAA is a more appropriate binder for silicon-containing anodes than PVDF. In addition, also a customized architecture using subtractive and additive laser process techniques is introduced for an increase in lifetime of batteries containing silicon-based electrodes. For this purpose, graphite electrodes were structured with an ultrashort pulse laser with pattern widths of 100 µm. Subsequently, silicon rich slurry was printed into the patterns to increase the areal capacity. The as-prepared electrodes have spatially separated graphite and silicon regions. The respective electrodes were electrochemically cycled in half-cells and charged at different C-rates up to 5C to investigate their lithiation capability. After the rate capability analysis, the cells were cycled at C/2 to investigate the long-term degradation. The cells with the printed electrodes were cycled for more than 450 cycles with a capacity fade of 5 %. At their end-of-life, the cells were analyzed post-mortem. Finally, full-cells were assembled with cathodes containing NMC 622 as the active cathode material. Subsequently to the cell priming a lifetime analysis was performed at a C-rate of C/2 and cycle stability as well as lithium loss during cycling were evaluated.