Print Brochures Research Articles

Development of a Strategy Model for Promotion of New Student Admissions at Lumajang Muhammadiyah Vocational High School

Vocational High Schools (SMK) are required to promote schools to the maximum, because no matter how good a school is, if it is not supported it will have an impact on the popularity of the school and the minimum number of students. The Private School Admissions Strategy for New Students (PPDB) is something that requires serious planning and implementation. PPDB activities cannot be separated from improving school performance in the community. In the digital era, sales promotion actions no longer depend on traditional sales promotions and communication strategies, but on digital marketing via the internet. Based on this description, research is needed with the aims of: (1) analyzing the PPDB promotion strategy implemented at SMK Muhammadiyah Lumajang so far; (2) developing a PPDB promotion strategy at SMK Muhammadiyah Lumajang; (3) analyze the feasibility of developing a PPDB promotion strategy at SMK Muhammadiyah Lumajang. The type of research is Research and Development (R&D) to develop new products or improve existing products. Research and development uses the ADDIE model which consists of five stages, namely Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation. Data collection techniques through interviews, observation, documentation and questionnaires. Test the validity of research instruments by experts in the relevant field (expert judgment). Quantitative data analysis and qualitative data analysis are used as data analysis techniques. This research was carried out at Muhammadiyah Vocational School, Lumajang. The results of the research show that promotional activities for PPDB SMK Muhammadiyah Lumajang so far include: (1) presentations to SMP or MTs; (2) print brochures, posters and billboards; (3) holding junior high school or MTs level competitions. The promotional strategy model for PPDB SMK Muhammadiyah Lumajang in the 2023-2024 academic year is implemented conventionally and digitally. The digital marketing method is the development of a promotional strategy model to perfect the conventional promotional model. The results of the feasibility test for developing a promotional strategy model using digital marketing were declared very feasible to implement. Promotions with digital marketing have a 62% influence on interest in registering, conventional promotions have a 10% influence on interest in registering, and the remaining 28% is influenced by other variables not researched.

Gamification development in virtual tour Cau Belayu tourism Village

The use of digital marketing is not only specifically for business processes but can also be utilized in the tourism sector. Tourist information, especially tourist villages, can be easily searched via the internet and social media. There is no need to use conventional promotional media, print brochures or advertisements in the mass media, which will cost a lot, especially for tourism village managers. Virtual tour is an example of digital promotional media that is currently developing because it can display real tourist destinations without having to come to the location in person. However, virtual tours only display static images or videos and do not interact with users or tourists other than information, this causes the virtual tour to not have a significant effect on tourist interest to visit in person. There is a need for further development of virtual tours to make it more attractive to tourists to visit, one way is by combining it with other technologies, namely gamification. This research develops a gamification application on a virtual tour for Cau Belayu Tabanan Tourism Village. By applying gamification to the virtual tourist village tour, it is hoped that tourists will be able to experience a more enjoyable and significant impact on tourist interest in visiting the Cau Belayu Tabanan tourist village directly. The research method used refers to the MDLC (Multimedia Development Life Cycle). The research method consists of the stages of concept, design, material collecting, assembly, testing and distribution. The results of this study are in the form of a gamification application in the virtual tour of the Cau Belayu Tabanan Tourism Village which has the main features, namely games, gamescores and game finishes.

Analisis Misregister Cetak Brosur Pada Mesin Ofset Heidelberg GTO 2 Warna

This study aims to determine the results of the print brochure by students during the Competency Test at SMK Grafika Mardi Yuana Bogor. The offset print system is very dominating for the amount of printed with moderate to small quantity, in the printing process requires skills and techniques in the printing process. Many problems that often arise from paper material and printing techniques, efforts to control the print problem of Misegister on the Heidelberg GTO 2 color of the paper are derived from non -elbow paper, the anleg adjustment is not precise and from the engine factor because the engine is not maintained, the machine is old and due to the number of molds a little so that the operator ignores the data printing process procedure taken from the Pareto analysis tool in the printing process. From the factors causing problems in the printing process of 4 colors in the Heidelberg GTO 2 color offset, it is due to the incorrect plate installation problem so that the print register is dificult to achieve and often changes. How to control the print in the brochure printing process by changing the clamping clamping clamp and mastered printing theory and following print operational standards.

OLDER VETERANS’ PREFERENCES FOR FORMAT AND DESIGN OF EDUCATIONAL MENTAL HEALTH BROCHURES

Abstract Older Veterans may have lower mental health literacy and education than younger Veterans. The Veterans Affairs Healthcare System (VA) has created many educational brochures on mental health to facilitate service utilization by Veterans, however few studies have solicited Veteran stakeholder feedback pertaining to their design and effectiveness. The present qualitative pilot study aimed to develop a brief general mental health educational brochure for older Veterans seen in VA medical settings. The brochure aims to provide information on mental health symptoms and VA mental health resources. Participants (Nf5, mean age=67.2) were older adult White male Veterans. An iterative design process was used to develop and refine the educational brochure which consisted of qualitative interviews with Veteran stakeholders on their mental health needs and their feedback on the brochure. The brochure was then modified based on prior Veteran feedback before being tested with subsequent Veteran participants. The brochure received high ratings on clarity (8.8/10), conciseness (8.6/10), and importance (8.6/10). Qualitative interviews revealed that Veterans appreciated the simplistic presentation of the content (“It’s very informative for being so simple, it caught my attention”), the generality of the content (“it is encouraging because it is a broad approach to a spectrum of mental health concerns”), and contact number content (“Direct lines, that’s really nice”). These findings support the use of user-centered design methods to develop educational materials. The findings indicated that a brief educational mental health print brochure was an acceptable method to promote mental health literacy and use of VA mental health services.

Understanding cancer genetic risk assessment motivations in a remote tailored risk communication and navigation intervention randomized controlled trial

ABSTRACT Background National guidelines recommend cancer genetic risk assessment (CGRA) (i.e. genetic counseling prior to genetic testing) for women at increased risk for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC). Less than one-half of eligible women obtain CGRA, leaving thousands of women and their family members without access to potentially life-saving cancer prevention interventions. Purpose The Genetic Risk Assessment for Cancer Education and Empowerment Project (GRACE) addressed this translational gap, testing the efficacy of a tailored counseling and navigation (TCN) intervention vs. a targeted print brochure vs. usual care on CGRA intentions. Selected behavioral variables were theorized to mediate CGRA intentions. Methods Breast and ovarian cancer survivors meeting criteria for guideline-based CGRA were recruited from three state cancer registries (N = 654), completed a baseline survey, and were randomized. TCN and targeted print arms received the brochure; TCN also participated in a tailored, telephone-based decision coaching and navigation session grounded in the Extended Parallel Process Model and Ottawa Decision Support Framework. Participants completed a one-month assessment. Logistic regression was used to compare the rate of CGRA intentions. CGRA intentions and theorized mediator scores (continuous level variables) were calculated using mixed model analysis. Results CGRA intentions increased for TCN (53.2%) vs. targeted print (26.7%) (OR = 3.129; 95% CI: 2.028, 4.827, p < .0001) and TCN vs. usual care (23.1%) (OR = 3.778, CI: 2.422, 5.894, p < .0001). Perceived risk (p = 0.023) and self-efficacy (p = 0.035) mediated CGRA intentions in TCN. Conclusions Improvements in CGRA intentions and theorized mediators support the use of a tailored communication intervention among women at increased HBOC risk. (Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03326713.) Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03326713.

Understanding Cancer Genetic Risk Assessment Intentions in a Tailored Risk Communication Intervention Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: Pathogenic variants in cancer predisposition genes increase second, hereditary cancer risk among women with breast and/or ovarian cancer, and primary cancers in their relatives. National guidelines recommend cancer genetic risk assessment (CGRA) (genetic counseling and/or genetic testing) for women at increased hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) risk. Yet, less than half of high risk women, including rural dwellers and racial minorities have accessed CGRA. Purpose: The Genetic Risk Assessment for Cancer Education and Empowerment Project (GRACE), a superiority trial, addressed this translational gap, testing the efficacy of a targeted print brochure (TP) vs tailored counseling and navigation (TCN) vs usual care (UC) on CGRA intentions. TCN targeted behavioral variables theorized to mediate CGRA intentions. We believe GRACE is the first study of its kind promoting guideline-based CGRA to women at increased HBOC risk. Methods: CGRA-eligible women were recruited from three state cancer registries (N=641), completed a baseline survey, and randomized to TCN, TP or UC. TP and TCN received the mailed educational brochure. TCN also engaged in a telephone-based decision coaching and navigation session using motivational interviewing and tailored materials based on the Extended Parallel Process Model and Health Action Process Approach. Participants completed a follow-up survey at one month. Results: TCN improved CGRA intentions compared to TP (0.64, p&amp;lt;0.001, CI 0.32, 0.97) and UC (0.69, p&amp;lt;0.001, CI 0.37, 1.02). Theoretical targets, perceived risk (0.77, p=0.02, CI 0.11, 1.44) and self-efficacy (0.67, p=0.04, CI 0.05, 1.28) mediated CGRA intentions in TCN. Stratification showed increases in CGRA intentions for TCN vs TP among non-Hispanic Whites, Hispanics, urban dwellers, and women with low health literacy and no family history of breast and/or ovarian cancer (FBOC). In TCN, perceived self-efficacy improved in women with no FBOC. Conclusions: Improvements in CGRA intentions and theorized mediators support use of tailored risk communication interventions in Hispanics and women with low health literacy and no FBOC. Further tailoring may improve CGRA intentions in Blacks, other minorities, rural dwellers, and women with high health literacy and FBOC.

The application of the theory of social influence on the recruitment of Division I male basketball players

ABSTRACT The theory of social influence reveals how people may be influenced by others. The theory categorizes two general mechanisms: (a) informational social influence and (b) normative social influence. Friends and family members represent normative social influences, while informational influences may be gleaned from the broadcast and print media, Internet, or brochures. The results represented a departure from other studies as informational social aspects exerted more weight on the choice of schools by male basketball players than normative social items in this study. The authors posit the combination of information readily accessed on phones and computers, as well as the recruit’s technological savviness from a young age, require recruiters to devote more time to providing relevant and recent information about their program and school on the Internet and other informational outlets to be successful.

Using Serious Games for Antismoking Health Campaigns: Experimental Study.

BackgroundSerious games for health have been gaining in popularity among scholars and practitioners. However, there remain a few questions to be addressed.ObjectiveThis study tests the effects of a serious game and fear appeals on smoking-related outcomes. More specifically, this research aims to understand how serious games function as a more effective vehicle for a health campaign than a traditional medium, such as a print-based pamphlet. Further, while serious games utilize a variety of persuasive strategies in the game’s content, it is not clear whether fear appeals, which are widely used persuasive-message strategies for health, can be an effective strategy in serious games. Thus, we are testing the effect of fear appeals in a serious game.MethodsWe created a computer game and a print brochure to educate participants about the risks of smoking. More specifically, a flash-based single-player game was developed in which players were asked to avoid cigarettes in the gameplay context. We also developed an online brochure based on existing smoking-related brochures at a university health center; antismoking messages on the computer game and in the brochure were comparable. Then, an experiment using a 2 (media type: game vs. print) x 2 (fearful image: fear vs. no-fear) between-subjects design was conducted. The study recruitment was announced to undergraduate students enrolled in a large, public Midwestern university in the United States. After a screening test, a total of 72 smokers, who reported smoking in the past 30 days, participated in the experiment.ResultsOverall, gameplay, when compared to print-based pamphlets, had greater impacts on attitudes toward smoking and the intention to quit smoking. Further, the game’s persuasive effects were especially pronounced when messages contained fear appeals. When fearful images were presented, participants in the game condition reported significantly more negative attitudes toward social smoking than those in the print condition [F(1,67)=7.28; P=.009; ηp2=0.10]. However, in the no-fear condition, there was no significant difference between the conditions [F(1,67)=0.25; P=.620]. Similarly, the intention to quit smoking [F(1,67)=4.64; P=.035; ηp2=0.07] and susceptibility [F(1,67)=6.92; P=.011; ηp2=0.09] were also significantly different between the conditions, but only when fear appeals were used.ConclusionsThis study extends fear appeal research by investigating the effects of different media types. It offers empirical evidence that a serious game can be an effective vehicle for fear appeals.

A cultural-economic examination of public relations measurement in the 1920s and its implications for contemporary practice

PurposeWhat gets measured gets done” goes the cliché. Therefore, it is imperative for corporate communicators to understand the measurement of persuasive communication, starting with its antecedents. This paper will highlight the link between audience awareness/behavior and persuasive communication through an examination of how 1920s practitioners studied the effect their communications materials (specifically film and print brochures) had on key audiences.Design/methodology/approachThe author used the cultural-economic model (CEM) of public relations (PR) as a framework to examine the various socio-cultural organizational factors that affected the production and the consumption of communication materials and messages.FindingsThe intent and techniques of PR measurement have not changed much in 100 years. A contemporary practitioner might conduct a study of communications materials in a similar manner as the 1920s social hygienists, and this study adds the concept of human agency to the discussion of PR measurement. This is not to engage in historical presentism and judge past practitioners on current standards. Instead, it is a call for contemporary practitioners to take a deeper look at the moment of consumption and all the variables that go into meaning making.Originality/valueMost of the field's historical case studies focus on the production of communication messages and materials, while this paper examines those facets as well as audience consumption. Implications for contemporary practitioners are discussed.

PERANCANGAN MOBILE AR DAN 3D VR WALKTHROUGH SEBAGAI MEDIA INFORMASI KAMPUS STEKOM SEMARANG BERBASIS ANDROID

Abstract The development of technology has entered the digital era of mobile, which required information media is more than just print brochures and official website, because it offered a solution for the design of a medium that can be run through mobile devices based on Android that are engaging, interactive, and follow the latest technology that augmented reality and virtual reality. The method used in this design is the System Development Life Cycle or SDLC, while supporting software used is Unity3D and Vuforia. Results from this study is the successful mobile AR and 3D-VR Walkthrough to implement and complete the on-campus media STEKOM information which has been used.

Message Framing and Physical Activity Promotion in Colorectal Cancer Survivors.

To test effects of gain-framed versus loss-framed mailed brochures on increasing physical activity (PA) among colorectal cancer (CRC) survivors. . Randomized trial with repeated measures at baseline, 1 month, and 12 months postintervention. . Mail recruitment from tumor registries. . 148 inactive CRC survivors who had completed primary therapy. . PA and constructs from the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) were assessed at baseline, 1 month, and 12 months. Participants were randomized to receive pamphlets describing PA benefits (gain framed) or disadvantages of not being physically active (loss framed). Baseline characteristics were compared using descriptive statistics. Repeated measures linear models were used to test PA changes. . Minutes of PA and TPB constructs. . Significant PA increases were observed in both study arms. Results did not differ by message frame. At one month, about 25% of previously inactive participants increased activity to national recommendations. Those who increased PA compared to those who did not had higher baseline scores on subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and PA intentions. . Independent of message framing, mailed brochures are highly effective in producing within-subject short- and long-term increases in PA. . CRC survivors may increase short- and long-term levels of PA by receiving inexpensive print brochures.

PETERNAKAN KAMBING ETAWA DI KABUPATEN TANAH DATAR

Most of Community of Kenagarian Barulak, District Tanjung Baru, Tanah Datar livelihood is farming crops, horticulture and animal husbandry Etawa goat. Waste food crops such as rice, maize, cassava and sweet potatoes are materials forages for goats and waste goat manure can be organic fertilizer on their farms, thus increasing the efficiency of production costs both areas, but the potential is not used optimally in accordance with good farming practice model. One group of farmers in this area are farmers group Boncah Saiyo cooperation with SME Top Boncah in the marketing of milk. The main objective of this IbM activity was Income generating or increased revenues of Boncah group farmers through the introduction of knowledge as good breeding management, knowledge of fodder, knowledge of reproduction, post-harvest technology and marketing management. It is also necessary knowledge of the factors of the marketing mix such as a) the diversification of products into pasteurized milk, yoghurt, ice cream, soap and other products, so that products can be accepted by consumers in the broader market, b) the determination of the selling price which is affordable for consumers, c) the expansion of marketing network both locally and outside the region, even outside the province to increase sales volume, d) the introduction of ways of promotion to farmers in order to introduce processed products to the public by opening outlets in several strategic places of interest and print brochures. The results of IbM's activities for coaching, training and mentoring the breeders group effort to increase the population, milk production, post harvest and marketing their product including : 1) improve the entrepreneurship spirit of breeders as an effort to support the development of the group; 2) business group has the ability of business planning, 3) improve the ability of the breeders group in conducting business operations; 4) enhance cooperation networks business.

Promoting mammography screening among Chinese American women using a message-framing intervention

ObjectivesThis study examined the role of women's perceptions about the relative pros versus cons (decisional balance) of mammography in moderating Chinese American women's responses to gain- and loss-framed messages that promote mammography. MethodsOne hundred and forty-three Chinese American women who were currently nonadherent to guidelines for receiving annual screening mammograms were randomly assigned to read either a gain- or loss-framed culturally appropriate print brochure about mammography screening. Mammography screening was self-reported at a 2-month follow-up. ResultsAlthough there was not a main effect for message frame, the hypothesized interaction between message frame and decisional balance was significant, indicating that women who received a framed message that matched their decisional balance were significantly more likely to have obtained a mammogram by the follow-up than women who received a mismatched message. ConclusionsResults suggest that decisional balance, and more generally, perceptions about mammography, may be an important moderator of framing effects for mammography among Chinese American women. Practice implicationsThe match between message frame and decisional balance should be considered when attempting to encourage Chinese American women to receive mammography screening, as a match between the two may be most persuasive.

Librarians in the Outpatient Clinic, a Five-Year Retrospective

This article is a retrospective review of a patient resource library in a busy urban outpatient clinic, which resulted from a unique collaboration among the clinic administration, a comprehensive cancer center, and an academic health sciences library. During the first five years, the library has seen 27,134 visitors and answered 7,635 information requests. Internet resources were used in more than 50% of the transactions, followed by print brochures (34%). The results of a three-year Institutional Review Board-approved study analyzing information requests are presented. Ongoing experiences and future initiatives that support the clinic's mission and patient satisfaction are also discussed.

Don’t forget the distributor! The importance of field testing draft educational materials with key gatekeepers before production and dissemination

Objective: This article presents the results of testing draft folic acid educational materials with key gatekeepers, leading to the development of a Spanish-language print advertisement, poster, and radio public service announcement (PSA) aimed at promoting folic acid consumption among 18- to 25-year-old young Latina adults, as well as a Spanish-language print advertisement, poster, brochure, and radio PSA for 26- to 34-year-old Latina mothers. Design: Individual in-person interviews yielded both qualitative and quantitative data. Method: In-person interviews with key gatekeepers who work closely with Spanish-speaking Latinas. Setting: Interviews were conducted in Miami, Florida; Chicago, Illionis; Los Angeles, California; New York, New York; Denver, Colorado; and San Antonio, Texas, USA. Results: Overall, the gatekeepers’ ratings of the materials were high. Important concerns that emerged helped guide changes that were made to the materials to ultimately enhance their reach and effectiveness. Conclusion: Testing draft educational materials with key gatekeepers who work closely with Spanish-speaking Latinas before final development and dissemination is a critical component of an educational outreach effort. Incorporating feedback from these professionals can help enhance the quality of the end product; such feedback can also help researchers assess whether and how the materials will be disseminated.

The verbal numeric pain scale: Effects of patient education on self-reports of pain

Background: Emergency department (ED) patients are frequently asked to provide a self-report of the level of pain experienced using a verbal numeric rating scale. Objectives: To determine the effects of patient education regarding the verbal numeric rating scale on self-reports of pain among ED patients. Methods: In this prospective, interventional study, 310 eligible ED patients with pain, aged 18 years and older, were randomized to view either a novel educational video (n= 155) or a novel print brochure (n= 155) as an educational intervention, both developed to deliver educational information about the verbal numeric pain scale and its use. Participants initially rated their pain on a scale from 0 to 10 and then were administered the educational intervention. Following the educational intervention, participants completed a survey that included demographic information, postinterventional pain score, prior pain experience, and subjective rating of the helpfulness of the educational intervention. Fifty-five consecutive participants were enrolled as controls and received no educational intervention but gave a self-reported triage pain score and a second pain score at an equivalent time interval. Clinical significance was defined as a decrease in pain of 2 or more points following the education. Results: Following the educational interventions, there were statistically significant, although not clinically significant, decreases in mean pain scores within each intervention group (video: mean change, 1 point [95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.7 to 1.2]; printed brochure: mean change, 0.6 points [95% CI = 0.4 to 0.8]). For participants in the control group (no intervention), there was no significant change (mean change, 0.2 points [95% CI =−0.2 to 0.5]). A clinically significant decrease in pain was seen in 28% of the video group, 23% of the brochure group, and 5% of controls. Most patients had no change (71% of the video group, 73% of the brochure group, and 89% of controls). Participants rated the helpfulness of the video educational intervention as 7.1 (95% CI = 6.7 to 7.5) and the print educational intervention as 6.7 (95% CI = 6.2 to 7.1) on a scale from 0 (least effective) to 10 (most helpful). Conclusions: Among ED participants with pain, both educational interventions (video and printed brochure) resulted in statistically and clinically significant decreased self-reported pain scores by 2 or more points in 26% of participants compared with 5% of controls. The educational interventions were rated as helpful by participants, with no appreciable difference between the two intervention groups.

The Verbal Numeric Pain Scale: Effects of Patient Education on Self-reports of Pain

Background: Emergency department (ED) patients are frequently asked to provide a self-report of the level of pain experienced using a verbal numeric rating scale. Objectives: To determine the effects of patient education regarding the verbal numeric rating scale on self-reports of pain among ED patients. Methods: In this prospective, interventional study, 310 eligible ED patients with pain, aged 18 years and older, were randomized to view either a novel educational video (n= 155) or a novel print brochure (n= 155) as an educational intervention, both developed to deliver educational information about the verbal numeric pain scale and its use. Participants initially rated their pain on a scale from 0 to 10 and then were administered the educational intervention. Following the educational intervention, participants completed a survey that included demographic information, postinterventional pain score, prior pain experience, and subjective rating of the helpfulness of the educational intervention. Fifty-five consecutive participants were enrolled as controls and received no educational intervention but gave a self-reported triage pain score and a second pain score at an equivalent time interval. Clinical significance was defined as a decrease in pain of 2 or more points following the education. Results: Following the educational interventions, there were statistically significant, although not clinically significant, decreases in mean pain scores within each intervention group (video: mean change, 1 point [95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.7 to 1.2]; printed brochure: mean change, 0.6 points [95% CI = 0.4 to 0.8]). For participants in the control group (no intervention), there was no significant change (mean change, 0.2 points [95% CI =−0.2 to 0.5]). A clinically significant decrease in pain was seen in 28% of the video group, 23% of the brochure group, and 5% of controls. Most patients had no change (71% of the video group, 73% of the brochure group, and 89% of controls). Participants rated the helpfulness of the video educational intervention as 7.1 (95% CI = 6.7 to 7.5) and the print educational intervention as 6.7 (95% CI = 6.2 to 7.1) on a scale from 0 (least effective) to 10 (most helpful). Conclusions: Among ED participants with pain, both educational interventions (video and printed brochure) resulted in statistically and clinically significant decreased self-reported pain scores by 2 or more points in 26% of participants compared with 5% of controls. The educational interventions were rated as helpful by participants, with no appreciable difference between the two intervention groups.

The Verbal Numeric Pain Scale: Effects of Patient Education on Self‐reports of Pain

Emergency department (ED) patients are frequently asked to provide a self-report of the level of pain experienced using a verbal numeric rating scale. To determine the effects of patient education regarding the verbal numeric rating scale on self-reports of pain among ED patients. In this prospective, interventional study, 310 eligible ED patients with pain, aged 18 years and older, were randomized to view either a novel educational video (n = 155) or a novel print brochure (n = 155) as an educational intervention, both developed to deliver educational information about the verbal numeric pain scale and its use. Participants initially rated their pain on a scale from 0 to 10 and then were administered the educational intervention. Following the educational intervention, participants completed a survey that included demographic information, postinterventional pain score, prior pain experience, and subjective rating of the helpfulness of the educational intervention. Fifty-five consecutive participants were enrolled as controls and received no educational intervention but gave a self-reported triage pain score and a second pain score at an equivalent time interval. Clinical significance was defined as a decrease in pain of 2 or more points following the education. Following the educational interventions, there were statistically significant, although not clinically significant, decreases in mean pain scores within each intervention group (video: mean change, 1 point [95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.7 to 1.2]; printed brochure: mean change, 0.6 points [95% CI = 0.4 to 0.8]). For participants in the control group (no intervention), there was no significant change (mean change, 0.2 points [95% CI = -0.2 to 0.5]). A clinically significant decrease in pain was seen in 28% of the video group, 23% of the brochure group, and 5% of controls. Most patients had no change (71% of the video group, 73% of the brochure group, and 89% of controls). Participants rated the helpfulness of the video educational intervention as 7.1 (95% CI = 6.7 to 7.5) and the print educational intervention as 6.7 (95% CI = 6.2 to 7.1) on a scale from 0 (least effective) to 10 (most helpful). Among ED participants with pain, both educational interventions (video and printed brochure) resulted in statistically and clinically significant decreased self-reported pain scores by 2 or more points in 26% of participants compared with 5% of controls. The educational interventions were rated as helpful by participants, with no appreciable difference between the two intervention groups.

Etiology of Blindness

Focusing on one area of medical concern, blindness, this article serves as a guide for print and electronic resources emphasizing the causes, signs, symptoms, treatment, prognosis, and prevention of specific eye diseases and disorders. Following a bibliography format, the selected resources include: (1) medical dictionaries, (2) medical and consumer health print resources, (3) medical journals, (4) brochures, (5) professional organizations, and (6) Web sites. This paper concludes with the abbreviated definitions of the predominant eye diseases leading to visual impairment and blindness.