Principles Of Training Research Articles

Systematic Analysis of Low-Precision Training in Deep Neural Networks: Factors Influencing Matrix Computations

As Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) continue to increase in complexity, the computational demands of their training have become a significant bottleneck. Low-precision training has emerged as a crucial strategy, wherein full-precision values are quantized to lower precisions, reducing computational overhead while aiming to maintain model accuracy. While prior research has primarily focused on minimizing quantization noise and optimizing performance for specific models and tasks, a comprehensive understanding of the general principles governing low-precision computations across diverse DNN architectures has been lacking. In this paper, we address this gap by systematically analyzing the factors that influence low-precision matrix computations, which are fundamental to DNN training. We investigate three critical factors—accumulation in matrix calculations, the frequency of element usage, and the depth of matrices within the model—and their impact on low-precision training. Through controlled experiments on standard models, as well as customized experiments designed to isolate individual factors, we derive several key insights: layers with higher accumulation and matrices with lower usage frequencies demonstrate greater tolerance to low-precision noise, without significantly compromising the stability of model training. Additionally, while the depth of matrices influences the stability of matrix operations to some extent, it does not have a noticeable effect on the overall training outcomes. Our findings contribute to the development of generalizable principles for low-precision training, offering a systematic framework applicable across various DNN architectures. We provide empirical evidence supporting the strategic allocation of training bit-widths based on the analyzed factors, thereby enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of DNN training in resource-constrained environments.

Neural Vector Fields for Implicit Surface Representation and Inference

AbstractNeural implicit fields have recently shown increasing success in representing, learning and analysis of 3D shapes. Signed distance fields and occupancy fields are still the preferred choice of implicit representations with well-studied properties, despite their restriction to closed surfaces. With neural networks, unsigned distance fields as well as several other variations and training principles have been proposed with the goal to represent all classes of shapes. In this paper, we develop a novel and yet a fundamental representation considering unit vectors in 3D space and call it Vector Field (VF). At each point in $$\mathbb {R}^3$$ R 3 , VF is directed to the closest point on the surface. We theoretically demonstrate that VF can be easily transformed to surface density by computing the flux density. Unlike other standard representations, VF directly encodes an important physical property of the surface, its normal. We further show the advantages of VF representation, in learning open, closed, or multi-layered surfaces. We show that, thanks to the continuity property of the neural optimization with VF, a separate distance field becomes unnecessary for extracting surfaces from the implicit field via Marching Cubes. We compare our method on several datasets including ShapeNet where the proposed new neural implicit field shows superior accuracy in representing any type of shape, outperforming other standard methods. Codes are available at https://github.com/edomel/ImplicitVF.

Hybrid wind speed optimization forecasting system based on linear and nonlinear deep neural network structure and data preprocessing fusion

Wind speed time series forecasting has been widely used in wind power generation. However, the nonlinear and non-stationary characteristics of wind speed make accurate wind speed forecasting a difficult task. In recent years, the rapid development of artificial intelligence and machine learning technology provides a new solution to the problem of wind speed forecasting. Combining the advance of artificial intelligence and data analysis strategy, this paper proposes a wind speed forecasting system based on multi-model fusion and integrated learning. Considering the differences in data observation and training principles of various algorithms and exploiting the advantages of each model, a wind speed forecasting system with multiple machine learning algorithms embedded in integrated learning is constructed, which includes three modules: data preprocessing, optimization and forecasting. The data preprocessing module can conduct quantitative analysis through input data decomposition and feature extraction, and the combination of multi-objective intelligent optimization algorithm and combined forecasting method can effectively forecast the wind speed time series. The validity of the algorithm is verified using the data of Shandong wind farm in China. The forecasting results show that compared with the traditional single model forecasting, the proposed integrated wind speed forecasting system based on the fusion of multiple models has higher forecasting accuracy.

Lubrication optimization of high-speed train drive gearbox

The gears in the high-speed heavy-duty gearbox of the high-speed train are typical high-speed heavy-duty gears. Combined with the transmission principle and structural characteristics of the high-speed train drive gearbox, to ensure adequate lubrication of meshing gears and bearings, an optimization of the lubricating oil flow inside the gearbox was conducted. The oil and gas two-phase flow model inside the gearbox adopts the VOF model, and the turbulence model adopts the standard κ-ε model. Fluent is used for simulation calculation. The results show that the exhaust port position of the gearbox has little effect on the flow of lubricating oil inside the gearbox; the overall pressure distribution inside the gearbox is relatively uniform, with higher pressure only at the meshing gears; the distribution of lubricating oil inside the gearbox is related to the rotation of the gears, and the flow velocity of lubricating oil is mainly affected by the rotation of the gears, with the maximum flow velocity appearing around the gears; the flow of lubricating oil inside the gearbox meets the lubrication requirements of the gearbox. These results provide support for the lubrication design, flow channel structure improvement, and effectiveness evaluation of high-speed train transmission gearboxes.

Design and analysis of exoskeleton devices for rehabilitation of distal radius fracture.

In this work, the mechanical principles of external fixation and resistance training for the wrist affected by a distal radius fracture (DRF) are revealed. Based on the biomechanical analysis, two wearable exoskeleton devices are proposed to facilitate the DRF rehabilitation progress. Chronologically, the adjustable fixation device (AFD) provides fixed protection and limited mobilization of the fractured wrist in the early stage, while the functional recovery of relevant muscles is achieved by the resistance training device (RTD) in the later stage. According to the designed mechatronic systems of AFD and RTD, the experimental prototypes for these two apparatuses are established. By experiments, the actual motion ranges of AFD are investigated, and the feasibility in monitoring joint angles are validated. Meanwhile, the resistant influences of RTD are analyzed based on the surface electromyography (sEMG) signal features, the results demonstrate that the training-induced muscle strength enhancement is generally increased with the increment in external resistance. The exoskeleton devices presented in this work would be beneficial for the active rehabilitation of patients with DRF.

THE FORMATION OF PROFESSIONALLY IMPORTANT MOBILE QUALITIES IN THE PROFESSIONAL AND APPLIED TRAINING OF STUDENTS NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF UKRAINE “IGOR SIKORSKY KYIV POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE”

Vocational applied physical training is a specialized pedagogical process of targeted training that promotes the development and improvement of motor functions and skills in accordance with professional requirements and the nature of the educational process. The importance of professional-applied physical training in promoting health is to increase the nonspecific resistance of the body, expand the adaptive potential, increase the functional capabilities of the body and prevent diseases. The block (development of functions) determines the improvement of muscle-joint sensitivity and coordination of movements, the increase in muscle strength and endurance, the development of tactile sensitivity and dexterity, improving the reaction to a moving object and sensorimotor reactions. The essence of the block (increasing the efficiency of professional activity) lies in the fact that physical labor sports are based on a general motor stereotype that helps improve the functions and systems necessary to acquire professional qualifications. Special exercises determine the level of professional suitability, the strength of mastery of professional skills, the development of professional abilities, the improvement of professionally significant functions, and the increase in the level of professional performance. The leading principles of professional-applied physical training are: professional-applied orientation of physical education classes; the use of professionally applied physical training against the background of high physical activity; stages in the formation of professionally significant functions; coincidence of the functional orientation of sports and the requirements of professional activity; adequacy of forms and methods of physical education to the nature of work in professional activities; the complexity of the use of physical education means; improvement of individual psychophysiological properties that ensure the success of training for a specific professional activity; transfer of trainability of motor qualities from sports to professional activities.

50 years after the Securing Educational Personnel Act (1974): Why Japan faces teacher shortage

ABSTRACT This article examines the paradoxical teacher shortage in Japan 50 years after the enactment of the 1974 Securing Educational Personnel Act, which aimed to attract talented individuals to the teaching profession. It analyses how teacher education policies, administrative reforms, and fiscal measures have contributed to the current situation. The study traces the evolution of post-war teacher training principles, the recommendations of the 1971 Central Council for Education report, and subsequent policy implementations. Through a critical lens, it explores how neoliberal reforms since the 1990s, including deregulation, decentralisation, and market-oriented approaches, have impacted teacher supply, working conditions, and the profession’s attractiveness. The paper argues that while quantitative teacher shortages may not exist, qualitative issues stemming from increased temporary appointments, excessive workloads, and diminished job security have created a perceived shortage. It concludes by discussing potential strategies to revitalise the teaching profession and ensure a sustainable supply of qualified educators in Japan’s changing socioeconomic landscape.

Research and Analysis in the Cognitive Principles of Vocational Education and Training in Greece at the Beginning of the 21st Century

Research and Analysis in the Cognitive Principles of Vocational Education and Training in Greece at the Beginning of the 21st Century

New Skills and Knowledge for Digital Entrepreneurs in the Age of Artificial Intelligence

Digital technologies are becoming increasingly complex and integrated, leading to significant transformations in society and the economy. The article aims to explore and summarize the new opportunities and potential risks of the widespread use of artificial intelligence (AI) in all aspects of life, to define the new skills and necessary knowledge of digital entrepreneurs and to highlight the need for transformation in modern education. Recognizing that the relationship between technology and business is two-way and becoming stronger, revealing that well-prepared employees are a guarantee of success and prosperity of companies in various fields, we try to focus on the main groups of qualities, skills and basic knowledge of students in the age of artificial intelligence. The development of the Internet, expansion of connectivity through social networks, the advent of AI, 3D printing, and immersive technologies like Augmented Reality, and Virtual Reality, require new knowledge and skills, leading to new challenges in education. Qualified personnel in this modern world must have solid professional training and systemic thinking (knowledge, skills, accumulated information), developed cognitive abilities, and personal skills based on collecting and analyzing large amounts of diverse information from heterogeneous sources. Questions arise: how can multiple information sources be combined effectively, and how can the fusion of multiple sources provide additional information to support decision-making processes? Combining information obtained from the real world makes the results heterogeneous and more informative. It follows the need to develop machine learning methods to extract relevant information from increasingly complex data sets. The goal is to improve the accuracy of the applied classification algorithms by combining predictions from multiple models, as well as obtaining a more stable final classification evaluation, effective handling of noisy data, adaptation to changing conditions, and improving stability when solving problems. On the other hand, how to ensure that the enormous potential of artificial intelligence, virtual reality, connection with the physical world, machine learning, and pervasive networks of people and machines will be fully used to improve the quality of life and contribute to the building of stable societies. Changes must be subordinated to policy and investments for reliable artificial intelligence and based on an ethical and human-centered approach. All of these should be established as a fundamental principle of training in Higher education which imposes the need for transformation in modern education.

Coach Competences and Their Impact on Athlete Performance in Discus and Shot Put

This study investigated the relationship between coach competencies and athlete performance in discus and shot put, focusing on technical skills, communication, and training principles. It aimed to assess differences based on athlete profiles and develop a coach development program based on the findings. The methodology for this study uses a descriptive, comparison, and correlational method and used 325 respondents from Bengbu Medical University, Anhui University, Bengbu University, Anhui University of Science and Technology, and Anhui Normal University. The study found that coach competencies in Chinese universities' discus and shot-put programs moderately influence athlete performance, with no significant differences based on athlete profiles. A strong positive relationship between coach competencies and athlete success highlights the need for an enhanced coach development program to optimize performance. The recommendations focus on enhancing coach development programs by improving key competencies such as technical expertise, biomechanics, communication, and personalized coaching strategies. By providing targeted training and fostering collaboration across universities, the aim is to improve athlete performance in discus and shot put, ensuring equal support for all athletes.

Have changes in colorectal surgery training impacted on mortality in cancer patients? A retrospective cohort study of 51,562 procedures.

The aim of this study was to explore whether there were any differences in consultant colorectal surgeon training and adjusted 90-day postoperative colorectal cancer mortality rates (AMR). We undertook a retrospective analysis of outcomes data published on the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland (ACPGBI) website. A total of 51,562 procedures for patients in England diagnosed with large bowel cancer between 2010 and 2015, registered under 551 consultants were included. Consultants were split into two cohorts. The first group were the pre-Calman Trained Consultants (pre-CTr), who completed their training before 1998. The second group-the post-Calman Trained Consultants (post-CTr)-included those who received their Certificate of Completion of Training (CCT) under the Calman Training Principles (CTC, 1998-2007) and the Modernising Medical Careers Curriculum (MMC, 2008 and onwards). The outcome measure was an AMR. The pre-CTr cohort (n=84) consisted of 3.6% female colorectal consultants (n=3/84), whereas the post-CTr cohort (n=467) consisted of 14.3% female colorectal consultants (n=67/467) (p=0.006). In this cross-sectional analysis over 5 years, the average pre-CTr undertook a greater number of colorectal resections than their post-CTr peers: median procedures (interquartile range, IQR): 104 (59) vs 89 (57) respectively, p=0.008. The median AMR was significantly greater among pre-CTrs compared with post-CTrs, median AMR (IQR): 2.7% (2.0) vs 2.1% (2.9), p=0.022. These data indicate that the implementation of the MMC and Calman training principles for colorectal training is associated with a statistically lower AMR compared with other historical training periods. This merits further exploration.

Exchanges and Mutual Learning among Civilization: the Fundamental Principle of Postgraduate Training of International Chinese Education

The important discussion of civilization exchange and mutual learning is not only an important way to build a community with a shared future for mankind, an important driving force to promote the common progress of human civilization and world peace and development, but also provides a theoretical basis for the construction of international Chinese education, and effectively solves the academic debate on the nature of international Chinese education. Build human destiny community, civilization exchange mutual learning and international Chinese education constitutes the complete system of the world, build human destiny community is civilization exchange mutual learning and the ultimate goal and fundamental task of international Chinese education, civilization exchange mutual learning and international Chinese education is the concept of building human destiny community guarantee and implementation path, civilization exchange mutual learning is the fundamental follow the international Chinese education, international Chinese education is an important support to promote communication between Chinese and foreign civilizations. Therefore, the international Chinese education should take the important discourse of civilization exchange and mutual learning as the fundamental adherence of the professional construction and the guiding ideology of the curriculum setting, and list it as an important professional course or an important content of the professional course

PRINCIPLES OF TEACHER TRAINING IN THE FINNISH EDUCATION SYSTEM

The article presents in detail the principles of the Finnish educational policy, which are the basis of the principles of school management and teacher training. It presents the principles that are widely used in the process of teacher training in developed European countries and the principles that are characteristic mainly of the Finnish education system. We reveal the peculiarities of the principles of Finnish teacher training by presenting the theories of adaptation of education and masterful learning based on them. The paper analyzes the principles of equality, continuity, teaching evaluation, teaching research, and trust at the same time. It presents the current stage of the teacher training process in the education system in Finland, as well as the factors that form the principles of teacher training, in particular the innovative policy of Finland in the field of education. The article analyzes the principles of systematization, consistency of state policy, strategic direction of reforms, taking into account the socio-economic goals of the country, correction and modernization of programs. It analyses as a special feature, adaptive learning theories, examines in the context of which evaluation approaches and standards. It singles out the principle of individual development of Finnish teacher training. It is noted that it acts as an alternative principle. The idea is emphasized that any principles of Finnish teacher training are based on the principles of educational reforms, which are the starting point in educational policy. The novelty of the research is that, as a result of historical comparative analysis, trends and features of the formation and development of Finnish teacher training principles were revealed.

The Effect of Going Up and Down the Stairs to the Explosive Power of Leg Muscles in Pencak Silat Catching Snake Rolls

The problem in this research is the lack of explosive power of the leg muscles of pencak silat leg pencak silat catch snake roll in Lintau. For this reason, pencak silat leg pencak silat catch snake roll in Lintau needs to be trained programmatically through training principles that can be carried out both theoretically and practically in achieving maximum explosive power. There are several forms of exercise that can increase leg muscle explosive power, including an exercise program by going up and down stairs. This type of research is a quasi-experimental research. The population is the Pencak Silat College of tungkai pencak silat tangkap gulung ular in Lintau. Samples were taken by total sampling technique so that the sample amounted to 15 people. The research instrument uses a vertical jump test and the data analysis technique used is the t test hypothesis testing. As a result of research and hypothesis testing, it can be concluded that "There is an effect of going up and down stairs on the explosiveness of leg muscles in Pencak Silat Tangkap Snake Roll, which is evidenced by the tcount > ttable with a value of (3,310> 1,761).

Load Management Among Professional Hockey Goalies: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Load management is a sports science concept describing the execution of well-established training principles to measure athletic workloads and enhance performance. The term 'load management' has become common in sports media to refer to a much wider range of scenarios, including the idea that by limiting regular season workload for athletes, their health and playoff performance will improve. Varying links between load and performance have been demonstrated in baseball and soccer. The purpose of this study was to objectively assess the impact of regular season workload on postseason performance among National Hockey League (NHL) goalies. NHL goalies with lighter regular season workloads will perform better in postseason appearances. Retrospective cohort. Level 3. NHL goalies with a minimum of 20 regular season games played and 3 playoff game appearances in the same season since 2013-2014 were eligible for inclusion. All regular season and postseason workload and performance metrics were collected from publicly available statistical databases. Workload outcomes included games started, minutes played, and shots faced. Performance outcomes included goals against average, save percentage, goals saved above average, and quality start percentage. Multivariable linear regression was used to determine whether regular season workload predicted postseason performance, when controlling for age and injury status. A total of 51 goalies contributed 111 goalie-seasons to the analysis. The results of the primary model indicated that regular season workload explained only 6.8% of the variance in postseason performance, and that this relationship was not significant (R2 = 0.068; F(5,92) = 1.335; P = 0.26). Based on data from 6 full seasons, there is no evidence to support a specific regular season game limit among NHL goalies with the aim of improved performance. Individualized workload plans may be more appropriate than a single league-wide standard.

Effect of Gender-Sensitive Training on Police Response to Domestic Violence in Colombia

Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze the effect of gender-sensitive training on police response to domestic violence in Colombia. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The study on the effect of gender-sensitive training on police response to domestic violence in Colombia found that such training significantly improved police officers' attitudes and responses towards domestic violence cases. Officers who underwent gender-sensitive training demonstrated enhanced empathy, understanding, and commitment to addressing domestic violence more effectively. The training led to a marked increase in the quality of police interventions, including better handling of sensitive situations and more appropriate legal actions. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Feminist theory, social learning theory & organizational change theory may be used to anchor future studies on effect of gender-sensitive training on police response to domestic violence in Colombia. Implement regular refresher courses to reinforce the principles of gender-sensitive training. Make gender-sensitive training a mandatory component of police education and professional development. Policies should ensure that all police officers, regardless of their rank or role, receive this essential training to create a uniform standard of response to domestic violence.

Enactive Design-Based Research in Vocational and Continuing Education and Training

The purpose of this article is to introduce a design-based research (DBR) approach developed in the field of vocational and continuing education, which is grounded in a pragmatic and phenomenologically inspired enactivist approach to activity. As a design-based methodology, our activity-centered and enactive DBR approach aims to generate knowledge related to design and to identify relevant design principles. After detailing the particularities of an activity-centered and enactive DBR approach, we focus on the results pertaining to design knowledge by identifying two broad design principles for vocational education and training, and five enactivist inspired principles for training design. A significant practical implication for researchers and practitioners in vocational and continuing education and training is that these enactivist inspired design principles provide promising pathways to enhance the connectivity between (i) work experiences, (ii) work and training practices, and (iii) learning contexts.

Bidirectional Efficient Attention Parallel Network for Segmentation of 3D Medical Imaging

Currently, although semi-supervised image segmentation has achieved significant success in many aspects, further improvement in segmentation accuracy is necessary for practical applications. Additionally, there are fewer networks specifically designed for segmenting 3D images compared to those for 2D images, and their performance is notably inferior. To enhance the efficiency of network training, various attention mechanisms have been integrated into network models. However, these networks have not effectively extracted all the useful spatial or channel information. Particularly for 3D medical images, which contain rich spatial and channel information with tightly interconnected relationships between them, there remains a wealth of spatial and channel-specific information waiting to be explored and utilized. This paper proposes a bidirectional and efficient attention parallel network (BEAP-Net). Specifically, we introduce two modules: Supreme Channel Attention (SCA) and Parallel Spatial Attention (PSA). These modules aim to extract more spatial and channel-specific feature information and effectively utilize it. We combine the principles of consistency training and entropy regularization to enable mutual learning among sub-models. We evaluate the proposed BEAP-Net on two public 3D medical datasets, LA and Pancreas. The network outperforms the current state of the art in eight algorithms and is better suited for 3D medical images. It achieves the new best semi-supervised segmentation performance on the LA database. Ablation studies further validate the effectiveness of each component of the proposed model. Moreover, the SCA and PSA modules proposed can be seamlessly integrated into other 3D medical image segmentation networks to yield significant performance gains.

Developing culturally competent physicians: Empathy, inclusivity, moral distress training and ethical reflections during the Medicine Clerkship

Purpose We aimed to develop a tool that would allow assessment of ethics competency and moral distress during the Internal Medicine Clerkship and to introduce curricular changes that could empower students to better address ethical dilemmas and challenges encountered during the clerkship. Materials and Methods A structured ethics assignment was introduced where students could reflect on impactful stressful scenarios and address questions related to emotional responses, identified ethical issues, management themes, and professional obligations. A 4-tiered grading rubric and individual narrative feedback was provided for each assignment, and small-group debriefing sessions were introduced for reflective thought and future planning. De-identified assignments were analyzed and classified into subgroups according to 5 main ethical issue subgroups and 10 specific management themes. Assignments were also analyzed for the presence of moral distress. Results 357 students completed the reflective ethics activities. The most commonly identified ethical issues were related to Shared Medical Decision Making (>40%), Primary of Patient Welfare challenges, (>20%), and Social/Organizational dilemmas. Management themes often pertained to Patient Wishes/Legal Obligations, Professional Behaviors, and Limited Resources. 87% of assignments demonstrated moral distress. Conclusion Medical school is a stressful time and challenges are augmented during clinical years. Our reflective activity demonstrated significant exposures to ethical dilemmas, reviewed earlier principles of ethics training, and provided a safe forum in which to discuss these important aspects of healthcare. We captured powerful images of challenging situations eliciting moral distress, and students greatly appreciated the activity. We encourage future investigations that support student well-being and enable smooth transitions into residency training.

Inclusion of Game-Based Stimulus During Flywheel Resistance Training Positively Influences Physical Performance in Handball Players

ABSTRACT Handball is a body-contact Olympic ball sport that is characterized by fast-paced defensive and offensive actions. Players must coordinate explosive movements (e.g. changing of direction) and handball-specific skills (e.g. passing). Maximizing performance requires a systematic approach to training that includes physical, psychological, technical, and tactical preparation. Purpose: The aim of this study is to determine the effects of movement-based (MOV; unspecific sport stimulus) or game-based (GAM; sport-specific stimulus) flywheel resistance training intervention in highly trained youth handball players. Method:Twenty-five highly trained youth male handball players completed two sessions per week of flywheel resistance training (MOV, n = 12; GAM, n = 13) over the 7-week intervention period. Change-of-direction tests (180º change-of-direction speed test of both legs and test) and handball-throwing test were conducted before and after the intervention. Results: Both groups significantly improved V-cut, and 180º Change-of-direction speed test performance (p < .05; d = 0.79–2.05). Notwithstanding, the GAM group demonstrated greater improvements in V-cut and COD180ASY compared with the MOV group (p < .05) with small effect. Handball throwing speed performance remained unchanged independently of training condition (p > .05). Conclusions: These findings provide further support for the training principle of “specificity” and highlight the importance of including a game-based training stimulus during resistance training. This is a key consideration for coaches wanting to enhance physical performance in youth handball players.