Principles Of Self-organization Research Articles

Spontaneity and Control: Friedrich Hayek, Stafford Beer, and the Principles of Self-Organization

Friedrich Hayek, the Austrian economist, and Stafford Beer, best known for engineering socialist Chile's CYBERSYN project, met exactly once, at the 1960 Symposium on the Principles of Self-Organization, hosted by the Biological Computer Laboratory at the University of Illinois. Independently, in the decade that followed, Beer and Hayek each sought to apply the principles of self-organization to the design of economic institutions. They were joined in the belief that the full enjoyment of human liberty would require a self-organizing world economy. To understand why, this article delves into the explanatory logic and intellectual history of “self-organization.” I use points of convergence between Beer's thought and Hayek's to reframe a key moment in the history of neoliberalism.

Research issues of the region as an adaptive socio-economic system

Aim. To consider the issues of regional management in the modern conditions of the country’s economic development, which are characterized, on the one hand, by objective factors of the world economy development, such as dynamism, complexity, instability of the foreign economic environment, on the other hand, by the unfriendly attitude of a number of Western countries, which is expressed primarily in the application of economic sanctions to Russia.Objectives. To identify the main directions and peculiarities of the positions of various domestic and foreign authors regarding the issues of the study of the region as an adaptive socio[1]economic system; to formulate the functions and properties of the region as a system.Methods. The authors used empirical and analytical methods of research, defined the region from the position of the system approach.Results. The author’s vision of key properties of the region as a socio-economic system is presented, their description from the position of regional management is given. The existing approaches are analyzed and the peculiarities of the organizational and economic structure of management of the region as a system are defined, and the directions of its development in the conditions of unstable market environment are highlighted.Conclusions. There is an obvious need to form a new methodology of regional management on the basis of the system approach, taking into account the peculiarities of modern economic realities. The first step to this is the substantiation of the region as an open socio-economic system. The idea of expediency of further improvement of the mechanism of regional management on the basis of the principles of adaptation and self-organization is put forward.

THE ENTROPIC EFFECT OF GLOBALIZATION AND THE SUSTAINABILITY CHALLENGE: TOWARDS A BIFURCATION

The entropic effect of globalisation and the challenge of sustainability provide an opportunity for a critical exploration of the interplay between life, order and social change. Drawing on the principles of self-organisation observed in living beings, we delve into the continuous exchange of energy and resources, the general connectedness of all that is alive. Organisms, through their interaction with the environment, renew themselves by dissipating entropy, a process essential to maintaining internal order. Life (physical, biological, psychic or social) is a (dynamic) balance between entropic and neghentropic forces and tends towards greater complexity and organisation. Conversely, when entropy grows and prevails, life moves towards disorganisation, fragmentation, de-differentiation, chaos and death. Human beings are able to extend their reach through technology and socio-political institutions. These exosomatic extensions redefine their relationship with the environment, expanding the possibilities of life. Industrialisation has further catalysed this process, liberating individual desire and increasing productive capacity. As a result, billions of people have witnessed unprecedented improvements in their life possibilities. But all this has greatly increased entropy. To improve neghentropy beyond the individualisation/totalisation model favoured by digitisation, towards true sustainability, a paradigm shift from individualism to interdependence (based on scientific, rather than ethical, evidence) is required. In sum, our exploration reveals how the inherent interconnectedness of life can be a starting point for addressing the unexpected consequences of globalisation, challenging entropy and promoting resilience in the face of new global challenges.

Development of a mechanism for strategic management of sustainable development of regional enterprises

The successful implementation of innovation strategies of regional enterprises is determined by the parameters of sustainability of the enterprise as a mini-system and the parameters of sustainability of macro-, meso- and microeconomic systems of which it is an element. The study of economic development trends that determine the possibilities of transition to an innovative model and the peculiarities of the regional innovation system has shown that in order to intensify innovation processes and increase the sustainability of innovation systems, it is necessary to create a mechanism for strategic management of sustainable development of regional enterprises. In an unstable environment, it should be based on the principles of self-organization of complex systems in the process of their adaptation to the changes taking place. First of all, the principle of dynamic equilibrium, a prerequisite for compliance with which is the performance of the main functions in the innovation system by different subjects of innovation activity, which change at the stages of the innovation process. The range of research on strategic management of regional development is quite extensive, but given the current economic situation, the consequences of the pandemic and martial law, this issue needs to be given even more attention, because most regions of Ukraine are unstable and economically unprofitable, so it is necessary to consider special levers, directions that will help to strategically effectively manage regional enterprises and ensure their economic security. The methodological basis of the article is a set of methods and principles of scientific knowledge, general and special methods and techniques used in the study. The theoretical basis of the study is the scientific works of foreign and domestic scholars on sustainable development, economic security, and innovation. The information base is based on official statistics, reporting and accounting information of enterprises, resources and publications of the Internet, and the results of the author's own research. A mechanism for strategic management of sustainable development of regional enterprises has been formed, which includes a system of resources, methods and tools for influencing innovation processes and is based on the principles of selforganization of complex systems in the process of their adaptation to changes in an unstable environment and ensuring economic security, which will allow to coordinate the goals and directions of management of investment, operational and financial activities of enterprises in the region to ensure its sustainable development.

Simulation modeling of a synergetic chemical reactor control system

One of the promising ways to solve the problem of synthesizing control systems for nonlinear dynamic objects operating under conditions of exogenous uncertainties is the use of methods based on the synergetic principle of target self-organization for control purposes. The paper examines the problem of synthesizing effective control algorithms for a chemical reactor, which is the main element of petrochemical production, subject to the influence of various uncertain factors, when implementing a series-parallel reaction. The goal of the synthesized control system is to ensure a stable concentration of the target component at the output of the reactor under the influence of uncertain disturbances on the object, as well as to transfer the apparatus from one productivity to another (specified) while maintaining the required quality of the target component.

Quantum Dissipative Adaptation with Cascaded Photons

Classical dissipative adaptation is a hypothetical non-equilibrium thermodynamic principle of self-organization in driven matter, and it relates transition probabilities with the non-equilibrium work performed by an external drive on dissipative matter. Recently, the dissipative adaptation hypothesis was extended to a quantum regime with a theoretical model where only one single-photon pulse drives each atom of an ensemble. Here, we further generalize that quantum model by analytically showing that N cascaded single-photon pulses driving each atom still fulfill a quantum dissipative adaptation. Interestingly, we find that the level of self-organization achieved with two pulses can be matched with a single effective pulse only up to a threshold, above which the presence of more photons provides unparalleled degrees of self-organization.

APPLICATION OF A SYSTEM-SYNERGISTIC APPROACH TO MANAGING THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF REGIONAL ENTERPRISES WHILE ENSURING THEIR ECONOMIC SECURITY

The formation of an effective economic system on an innovative basis is one of the most important tasks of the current stage of socio-economic development, since the systemic interaction of all elements of the economic system, forming a single economic space, allows for the most effective realisation of the benefits of the division of labour and specialisation in innovative forms. At the same time, the ability of production and economic entities to maintain the ability to expand the reproduction of innovations (while maintaining the scale and pace of innovation reproduction) in the event of disturbing internal and external actions – innovation sustainability – is becoming increasingly important. This is particularly important in the formation of integrated associations and integral economic complexes as sustainable systems to increase the dynamics and balance of the proportions of the innovation reproduction process. In the context of continuity and heterogeneity of innovations, it is extremely important to consider their innovation sustainability from the perspective of a systemic approach to the management of an economic system. Purpose of the article. The scope of research on strategic management of regional development is quite wide, but given the current economic situation, the consequences of the pandemic and martial law, this issue needs even more attention, as most regions of Ukraine are unstable and economically unprofitable, so it is necessary to consider special levers and directions that will help strategically effective management of regional enterprises and ensure their economic security. Methodology. The methodological basis of the article is a set of methods and principles of scientific knowledge, general and special methods and techniques used in the study. The theoretical basis of the study is the scientific work of domestic and foreign scientists on sustainable development, economic security and innovation. The information base is based on official statistics, reports and accounting information of enterprises, resources and publications of the Internet, and the results of the author's own research. Practical implications. The results obtained and the recommendations developed form the basis for improving the strategic management of the sustainable development of regional enterprises while ensuring their economic security. Value/originality. A mechanism of strategic management of sustainable development of regional enterprises was created using a system-synergistic approach, which includes a system of resources, methods and tools for influencing innovation processes and is based on the principles of self-organisation of complex systems in the process of their adaptation to changes in an unstable environment and ensuring economic security, which will allow to coordinate the goals and directions of management of investment, operational and financial activities of regional enterprises to ensure their sustainable development.

Идеи и идеалы открытого образования

This article examines the phenomenon of open education, its infl uence, and prospects within the context of contemporary education. An in-depth exploration of this pedagogical approach offers invaluable insights for educators, researchers, policymakers, and other stakeholders intrigued by advanced methodologies and ideas in the educational realm. The primary objective of the research is to ascertain how the principles of open education facilitate the transformation of traditional educational frameworks and how they can promote educational equity. To achieve this aim, the author employs a method of analyzing diverse sources and practical examples. It is posited that open education represents a signifi cant stride towards creating a more inclusive and accessible educational milieu, anchored in the principles of democracy, self-organization, and knowledge equality. The article’s key fi ndings encompass the understanding that open education, rooted in principles of accessibility, inclusivity, self-organization, and knowledge democratization, offers novel opportunities for the transformation of conventional education and the realization of educational fairness. Challenges in implementing open education, including digital disparity, content quality, accreditation, and student motivation, are also illuminated. Open education introduces pedagogical innovations, infusing elements of fl exibility and individualization. Novelty contributions of the research encompass delineating the impact of open education on transforming educational frameworks, a profound comprehension of open education principles and their application for ensuring educational equity, and the formulation of new methodological approaches to studying the open education phenomenon. In conclusion, the study offers valuable perspectives on the role and position of open education in the current educational landscape and its potential for further exploration. This work will be of interest to those seeking to understand and probe the possibilities that open education presents for today’s educational environment.

The excitable nature of polymerizing actin and the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction.

The intricate regulatory processes behind actin polymerization play a crucial role in cellular biology, including essential mechanisms such as cell migration or cell division. However, the self-organizing principles governing actin polymerization are still poorly understood. In this perspective article, we compare the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction, a classic and well understood chemical oscillator known for its self-organizing spatiotemporal dynamics, with the excitable dynamics of polymerizing actin. While the BZ reaction originates from the domain of inorganic chemistry, it shares remarkable similarities with actin polymerization, including the characteristic propagating waves, which are influenced by geometry and external fields, and the emergent collective behavior. Starting with a general description of emerging patterns, we elaborate on single droplets or cell-level dynamics, the influence of geometric confinements and conclude with collective interactions. Comparing these two systems sheds light on the universal nature of self-organization principles in both living and inanimate systems.

Is immunology doing well? A look at 100 immune-mediated inflammatory diseases for 100 years of the Journal.

It is now 60 years since Ian Mackay and Macfarlane Burnet published their seminal text "The Autoimmune Diseases" in which they examined the full scope of human inflammatory pathology as a manifestation of the underlying structure and function of the immune system. Here I revisit this approach to ask to what extent has the promise of Mackay and Burnet's work been exploited in clinical medicine as currently practiced. In other words, is immunology doing well? Despite spectacular headline contributions of immunology in clinical medicine, I present evidence suggesting a performance ceiling in our capacity to answer the relatively straightforward questions that patients frequently ask about their own diseases and find that this ceiling exists across almost all of the 100 immune-mediated inflammatory diseases examined. I propose that these questions are difficult, not so much because the immune system is overwhelmingly complex but rather that we have more to learn about the relatively simple agents and rules that may underpin self-organizing complex interacting systems as revealed in studies from other disciplines. The way that the immune system has evolved to exploit the ancient machinery determining three independent cell fate timers as described in this Journal would be a great place to start to decode the self-organizing principles that underpin the emergent pathology that we observe in the clinic.

Review and Analysis of the Development of Artificial Neural Networks

Introduction. The creation of intelligent cyber-physical systems is impossible without knowledge of the analysis and process of development of scientific thought regarding artificial neural networks. The main task of this article is research and analysis of the concept of intelligent technologies based on artificial neural networks. Knowledge of the peculiarities of the creation, formation, and development of knowledge about artificial neural networks is of particular importance for scientists, developers, and design engineers. The article consists of the following parts: first, different approaches to the problem of building artificial functions of the brain are highlighted, the views of which are, in turn, divided into monotypic and genotypic models. The next part is the analysis of the development of artificial intelligence systems, some facts of the process of the development of the artificial intelligence system are also introduced and the peculiarities of scientific opinion on the issues of artificial neural networks are clarified. Various concepts and views are considered, with the help of which it is possible to reproduce the calculation process for a more detailed analysis and synthesis of algorithms of intelligent systems. In the part about the state of the theory, attention is focused on the fact that researchers who could not get accurate analytical answers add to the scientific toolkit methods of experimental modeling either on digital machines or on mechanical models. In addition, it is noted that the model is not the result of research, but only a starting point for analyzing its behavior. In the part of artificial neural networks, the author touches on the following concepts: the logic of McCulloch and Pitts calculations in neural networks, the problems of assigning confidence coefficients, the principle of self-organization, which were first illustrated with the help of computer simulations, the principle of competitive learning, the Kohonen Self-Organizing Maps, multilayer networks of direct propagation taking into account the radial basis functions, which became an alternative to the multilayer perceptron, the support vector machine. As conclusions and as a result, the author receives a complete picture of the genesis of intelligent systems and the technology of artificial neural networks. The processes of development of scientific thought give a clear understanding of the features of intellectual technologies built with the help of artificial neural networks, features of functioning and calculation. Keywords: artificial neural networks, perceptron, theories of McCulloch-Pitts, intelligent computer systems, cyber-physical agent, mobile robot, robotics.

Recent Advances in Cell Sheet-Based Tissue Engineering for Bone Regeneration.

In conventional bone tissue engineering, cells are seeded onto scaffolds to create three-dimensional (3D) tissues, but the cells on the scaffolds are unable to effectively perform their physiological functions due to their low density and viability. Cell sheet (CS) engineering is expected to be free from this limitation. CS engineering uses the principles of self-assembly and self-organization of endothelial and mesenchymal stem cells to prepare CSs as building blocks for engineering bone grafts. This process recapitulates the native tissue development, thus attracting significant attention in the field of bone regeneration. However, the method is still in the prebasic experimental stage in bone defect repair. To make the method clinically applicable and valuable in personalized and precision medicine, current research is focused on the preparation of multifunctionalized building blocks using CS technologies, such as 3D layered CSs containing microvascular structures. Considering the great potential of CS engineering in repairing bone defects, in this review, the types of cell technologies are first outlined. We then summarize the various types of CSs as building blocks for engineering bone grafts. Furthermore, the specific applications of CSs in bone repair are discussed. Finally, we present specific suggestions for accelerating the application of CS engineering in the clinical treatment of bone defects.

Introducing Self-Organization to Finnish Home Care Teams: Expectations and Outcomes

The purpose of this paper is to understand better what kinds of expectations Finnish home care workers have about self-organizing teams and what kinds of outcomes Finnish early adopters have experienced after self-organizing principles have been introduced to their organization. To this end, we share results from two research projects that have coached Finnish home care and assisted living teams towards self-organizing team practices. We will identify expectations about self-organization by interviewing and gathering information from home care workers who will soon be coached toward self-organizing practices. We will then evaluate outcomes of self-organization by comparing personnel survey results between teams working in home care and assisted living facilities that have and have not been coached towards self-organizing work practices. Our findings reveal that, although management and team members perceive their current organizational environment differently, both parties share the will to evolve towards self-organizing work practices. The early results of coaching home care teams towards self-organization suggest that achieving change is likely to be a slow process.

Patterning Complex Line Motifs in Thin Films Using Immersion Controlled Reaction-Diffusion.

The discovery of self-organization principles that enable scalable routes towards complex functional materials has proven to be a persistent challenge. Here reaction-diffusion driven, immersion controlled patterning (R-DIP) is introduced, a self-organization strategy using immersion controlled reaction-diffusion for targeted line patterning in thin films. By modulating immersion speeds, the movement of a reaction-diffusion front over gel films is controlled, which induces precipitation of highly uniform lines at the reaction front. A balance between the immersion speed and diffusion provides both hands-on tunability of the line spacing (d = 10 - 300 µm) as well as error-correction against defects. This immersion-driven patterning strategy is widely applicable, which is demonstrated by producing line patterns of silver/silver oxide nanoparticles, silver chromate, silver dichromate, and lead carbonate. Through combinatorial stacking of different line patterns, hybrid materials with multi-dimensional patterns such as square-, diamond-, rectangle- and triangle-shaped motifs are fabricated. The functionality potential and scalability is demonstrated by producing both wafer-scale diffraction gratings with user-defined features as well as an opto-mechanical sensor based on Moirépatterning. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Self-organization in Slovenian public spending.

Private businesses are often entrusted with public contracts, wherein public money is allocated to a private company. This process raises concerns about transparency, even in the most developed democracies. But are there any regularities guiding this process? Do all private companies benefit equally from the state budgets? Here, we tackle these questions focusing on the case of Slovenia, which keeps excellent records of this kind of public spending. We examine a dataset detailing every transfer of public money to the private sector from January 2003 to May 2020. During this time, Slovenia has conducted business with no less than 248 989 private companies. We find that the cumulative distribution of money received per company can be reasonably well explained by a power-law or lognormal fit. We also show evidence for the first-mover advantage, and determine that companies receive new funding in a way that is roughly linear over time. These results indicate that, despite all human factors involved, Slovenian public spending is at least to some extent regulated by emergent self-organizing principles.

Entropy by Neighbor Distance as a New Measure for Characterizing Spatiotemporal Orders in Microscopic Collective Systems.

Collective systems self-organize to form globally ordered spatiotemporal patterns. Finding appropriate measures to characterize the order in these patterns will contribute to our understanding of the principles of self-organization in all collective systems. Here we examine a new measure based on the entropy of the neighbor distance distributions in the characterization of collective patterns. We study three types of systems: a simulated self-propelled boid system, two active colloidal systems, and one centimeter-scale robotic swarm system. In all these systems, the new measure proves sensitive in revealing active phase transitions and in distinguishing steady states. We envision that the entropy by neighbor distance could be useful for characterizing biological swarms such as bird flocks and for designing robotic swarms.

Distributed Discrete Malware Detection Systems Based on Partial Centralization and Self-Organization

Malware detection remains an urgent task today. Various means for the development of information technology and providing users with useful applications are being transformed by attackers into tools for malicious influences and manifestations. A variety of countermeasures and detection tools have been developed to detect malware, but the problem of malware distribution remains relevant. It is especially important for enterprises and organizations. Their corporate networks and resources are becoming objects of interest to intruders. To counteract and prevent the effects of malware, they have various systems in place. In order to improve the counteraction to malicious influences and manifestations, the paper proposes the use of distributed discrete systems, in the architecture of which the principles of self-organization, adaptability and partial centralization are synthesized. Such tools and their functioning will be difficult to understand for attackers and, therefore, will be difficult to circumvent. The architecture of the proposed tools will integrate the implemented methods of malware detection for a holistic counteraction to malware. Such a system will be a single sensor that will detect malicious influences and anomalies. To organize its functioning, descriptions of characteristic indicators are needed. The paper presents the developed mathematical models for determining the values of characteristic indicators. According to obtained values the system architecture was formed. In order to evaluate the sustainability of the developed distributed discrete system a set of experiments were conducted. In addition, to study the accuracy of malware detection, the developed system was tested for the possibility of worm virus detection. Experimental studies have confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed solution, which makes it possible to use the obtained solutions for the development of such systems.

Two self-organizing principles in economics and a conflict between them

Two self-organizing principles in economics and a conflict between them

METHODS OF THE FRACTAL APPROACH IN SCIENCE EDUCATION: INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CONCEPTS OF COMPUTER MODELING

Formulation of the problem. At the present stage of the development of science education and information technology, their integration, complementarity, and implementation are essential. Therefore, the search for methods of teaching natural sciences, based on the principles of self-organization and computer modeling, corresponds to the immediate tasks of the present. Materials and methods. Methods of comparative analysis, computer modeling, and generalization strategy are used. The study is based on the physics course content and the use of the programming language. Results. An innovative fractal approach to the teaching of physical and mathematical disciplines is proposed as a method of improving independent and creative computer modeling of natural phenomena. The fundamental principles of object-oriented programming (encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism) have proven to be influential in shaping the physical and mathematical aspects of the information architecture of the perception of educational disciplines. The possibility of using this approach in other sections of physics is demonstrated. The developed iterations of the fractal structure are presented in the example of the study of the "Geometric Optics" and "Wave Optics" sections of physics. It is shown that each iteration is characterized by synergy: the addition of a new iteration provides a high-quality and in-depth perception of new information. Conclusions. The formation of the specified integrated fractal structure conditions the integrity of information perception and its formation happens intuitively. The analysis of the conducted studies confirmed the innovativeness and effectiveness of the fractal approach. This approach can be used to develop systems for the processing and transmission of information, intelligent information materials, and artificial intelligence.

Magnum: Tackling high-dimensional structures with self-organization

A big challenge in dealing with real-world problems is scalability. In fact, this is partially the reason behind the success of deep learning over other learning paradigms. Here, we tackle the scalability of a novel learning paradigm proposed in 2021 based solely on self-organizing principles. This paradigm consists of only dynamical equations which self-organize with the input to create attractor-repeller points that are related to the patterns found in data. To achieve scalability for such a system, we propose the Magnum algorithm, which utilizes many self-organizing subsystems (Inertia-SyncMap) each with subsets of the problem’s variables. The main idea is that by merging Inertia-SyncMaps, Magnum builds over time a variable correlation by consensus, capable of accurately predicting the structure of large groups of variables. Experiments show that Magnum surpasses or ties with other unsupervised algorithms in all of the high-dimensional chunking problems, each with distinct types of shapes and structural features. Moreover, Inertia-SyncMap alone outperforms or ties with other unsupervised algorithms in six out of seven basic chunking problems. Thus, this work sheds light on how self-organization learning paradigms can be scaled up to deal with high-dimensional structures and compete with current learning paradigms.