Safety Principles Research Articles

Limitations and Principles of Safety in the 3D Bioprinting Process

The importance of biological printing is in tissue structures that imitate the micro and real environment of human tissues and organs. This is very important in medicinal tests and clinical tests. In biological printing, cells or molecules are printed directly on a substrate in a particular pattern so that the cells can be kept together and formed the required 3D structure. This technology is widely used in medical science, including tissue regeneration, diagnosis of drugs, tissue transplantation, cosmetic surgery, and more. In this study, we have tried to point out existing damage and safety tips in this technology. Studies show the challenges facing this technology, such as high clarity in cell construction, lack of mechanical resistance and adequate integration of bio -printing structures made with soft hydrogel, material printing speed, recurreability and cell preservation. Also, work safety instructions with bio -printers including personal hygiene, printer cleaning, work room cleaning, ventilation system, periodic medical tests for operators are provided. Bioprinting technology is developing and requires further research to remove restrictions and reduce risk management

Competency in trauma-informed care: Empowering advanced practice registered nursing students to adopt a trauma-informed approach during routine health assessment

BackgroundNurses need competency in trauma-informed care (TIC) to create supportive environments that encourage patient engagement and treatment adherence. Increased demand for TIC in nursing practice requires improved approaches to competency evaluation. AimThis study aimed to evaluate the competency of advanced practice registered nursing (APRN) students in implementing TIC principles, utilizing a rubric tailored for simulation-based learning within an advanced health assessment course. DesignEmploying a non-experimental, observational approach, this project utilized a quantitative, rubric-based assessment to analyze video-recorded simulations and rate competency in implementation of TIC principles. Setting and participantsThe study included 64 graduate-level APRN students enrolled in a mandatory advanced health assessment course at a large midwestern university in the United States. MethodsThe study assessed student competency in implementing seven TIC principles within a simulation-based experience (SBE), using a scale ranging from 1 (novice) to 5 (expert). ResultsWhile a few students demonstrated competency at, or above, level 3 in certain TIC principles, the overall average competency rating remained below 3. This outcome aligns with expectations for novice APRN students. Notably, the principles of communication and safety showed the highest average competency levels. ConclusionsFindings revealed that most students were at a novice competency level, struggling with implementation of TIC principles. This highlights the imperative for nurse educators to incorporate a variety of educational activities into the curriculum. Integrating TIC content into didactic lectures, providing formative assessment opportunities, and conducting post-lecture SBEs are recommended strategies to enhance TIC competency among APRN students, thereby equipping them with the essential skills to deliver exemplary care to trauma survivors.

Application of systems safety principles for O&M of floating offshore wind

Abstract The offshore wind industry is growing rapidly and is also a high risk industry with unique safety challenges. As the industry grows, more research is needed to make sure it operates safely and provides a workplace in which all involved can go home free of injury. The adoption of floating wind turbines brings new hazards and increased complexity to offshore wind operations and maintenance. Floating wind operations will involve the development of new deepwater sites and require the adoption of new strategies such as floating to floating transfers and towing operations. As the complexity of offshore operations increases it is important that the understanding of the hazards involved are developed. Floating wind is a new branch of the offshore wind industry and as technologies and systems have yet to become established there is the opportunity to do things differently and embed safety improvements in the industry from the outset. This study has looked at the potential application of systems safety theories to floating wind operations and maintenance. The application of systems engineering to improve safety performance has been growing across many industries in recent years. Systems safety considers that safety is an emergent property of a complex system that is a result of many interacting factors. This study looks at how systems safety could be applied to the emerging floating wind industry to build safety into the industry at the earliest stages. This study reviewed the applications of systems safety across similar industries and the offshore wind industry. It then looks at existing hazards of floating wind that have already been identified in the literature and completed a systems theory hazard analysis of floating wind O&M activities. This involved the mapping of the safety control structure for floating wind operations and the identification of potential gaps between the safety controls and safety requirements. It then explores how systems safety processes could be applied to floating wind and makes recommendations for how these could be implemented to the emergent industry. The study found existing research of systems safety applied to the offshore wind industry is currently very limited. Its application has been successful in similar industries and there is potential for a systems safety approach to be used in the development of floating wind operations and maintenance. The systems theory hazard analysis can help identify potential systemic risks arising as a result of the interaction of multiple systems. It can be used to develop appropriate control structures to manage safety and could also be used for the identification of leading indicators to manage safety performance.

Legal Efforts for Owners to Regain Their Certificates Related to the Criminal Case of Embezzlement of Land Certificates by Notaries

In Indonesia, every land right, management right, waqf land and ownership right to a condominium unit are registered by recording them in a land book, which contains physical data and legal data of the land area in question and as long as there is a measurement letter, which is also recorded in the measurement letter. Normative research method. Civil Code (KUHPerdata) Article 1866 KUHPerdata: States that the legal owner of a land right has the right to prove his ownership. In cases of embezzlement, the owner can use legal proof of ownership to file a claim. Article 197: Regulates the restoration of lost rights, which can be used as a basis for filing an application for restoration of rights to embezzled certificates. Law No. 5 of 1960 concerning Basic Agrarian Principles (UUPA): Article 1 Paragraph (1), Article 37, Article 672. Government Regulation No. 24 of 1997 concerning Land Registration: Article 1 Paragraph (1). PP NO. 18 OF 2021: a series of activities carried out by the Government continuously, continuously and regularly including the collection, processing, bookkeeping and presentation as well as maintenance of physical and legal data from each plot of land owned by the community, legal entities and government agencies. In its implementation, the definition above is carried out based on the principles of simplicity, safety, affordability, up-to-date and openness. Basically, the issuance and cancellation of land title certificates can be done in two ways, namely cancellation due to a court decision and cancellation carried out by the BPN itself. because the court decision only assesses the validity / does not have legal force, while the cancellation of the certificate is the authority of the BPN, are two different things.

Integration of Personal Safety in Students Training on the Specialty “Civil Safety” at Technical Institutions of Higher Education

Security is considered a legitimate goal of every society. In recent years of the pandemic and then the war in Ukraine, the issue of the security paradigm has become particularly relevant. It prompts a revision of conceptual approaches to the formation of human personal security competencies and especially the mechanisms and ways of ensuring it in society and the state in the present conditions. Therefore, in theory, national and international security concepts are being developed, and more recently, individual, social, and global security. This indicates, among other things, a significant expansion of new dimensions of security when political independence, territorial integrity, and viability of the country, as well as the survival and development of its inhabitants, are at stake. Security in itself should have the status of a fundamental human right. Many publicly discussed security issues are related to technical solutions. Debates are underway not only about society's attitude to security, but also about what research and for what purpose it is conducting or has conducted in this direction. This also applies to the educational environment. The article defines and substantiates the principles of the formation of personal safety of students, provides an essential characteristic of the pedagogical process of formation of personal safety of students, considers the technology of formation of personal safety of students based on the competence approach, reveals the content of the competences of the individual in the sphere of life safety. The purpose of this article is to study the process of forming the personal safety of students in the system of professional education in higher technical institutions of a technical profile. The methodology on which the research is grounded is based on the methodological principles of systematicity and an interdisciplinary approach and includes the use of a complex of general scientific methods, namely explanation, comparison, classification, generalization, and systematization. Based on them, a model of forming students' competencies in the life safety field was built. Within the framework of our research, the following results were achieved: the views of scientists on the issue of the formation of security competencies among students in the new context of the construction of Ukrainian society in conditions of war were summarized; the principles of forming students' personal safety based on the competence approach are substantiated; tasks for the development of students' competencies in the field of life safety are formulated; a structural model of students' competencies and the process of their formation in the field of life safety was built. The conclusions allow us to state that the problem of security is complex and multifaceted, since conflicts, wars or unstable state structures often have not only local significance, but also global consequences due to a closely interconnected and globalized world. The formation of personal safety competencies in students as future specialists is important as a basis for self-preservation, self-development and self-improvement. For this purpose, educational professional programs of technical universities should include fundamental educational disciplines that will ensure the development of worldview principles of life safety and determine generally accepted safety needs and generally recognized safety mechanisms.

Guideline for rehabilitation assessment and treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (2024 edition)

Scoliosis is a complex three-dimensional deformity of the spine that affects the growth of the spine in adolescent, leading to a heavy burden on families and society. According to the guidelines for the treatment of scoliosis, most adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) requires rehabilitative intervention. So far there has been a lack of scientific, evidence-based, and standardized rehabilitation assessment and treatment for AIS in China. Therefore, in order to promote the standardization of rehabilitation assessment and treatment for AIS, Chinese Society of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation organized the domestic experts in multiple disciplines such as rehabilitation medicine, orthopedics, pediatric surgery, radiology, evidence-based medicine, etc., who has conformed to the principles of scientificity, safety, efficacy and advancement to propose the 19 recommendations of 8 categories using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) and Reporting Items for Practice Guidelines in Healthcare (RIGHT). Through the steps of literature search, evaluation, and establishment of direction and intensity of recommendation opinions, 19 recommendations were formed, involving AIS screening, assessment and treatment.

Safety principles for medical summarization using generative AI.

Safety principles for medical summarization using generative AI.

Effectiveness of Educational Interventions to Develop Patient Safety Competencies in Undergraduate Nursing Students: A Systematic Review.

Nursing professionals are key to providing safe care that improves patient outcomes. Hence, it is essential to focus on developing nurses' patient safety competencies and principles. This review examined the effectiveness of educational interventions in developing patient safety knowledge, skills, behaviors, and attitudes in undergraduate nursing students. The search strategy aimed to identify published and unpublished studies in databases and grey literature. Studies were assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools. A total of 36 studies met the inclusion criteria. The teaching methods employed single or combined interventions and the educational interventions suggested either improvements in outcomes or no impact. The effectiveness of educational interventions to develop patient safety competencies in undergraduate nursing students, either as a single or combined strategy, was mixed. Further research is needed to provide more robust evidence on which teaching method for patient safety is most effective.

ELSMOR - towards European Licensing of Small Modular Reactors:Methodology recommendations for light-water small modular reactors safety assessment.

Decarbonization of energy production is key in today's societies and nuclear energy holds an essential place in this prospect. Besides heavy-duty electricity production, other industrial and communal needs could be served by integrating novel nuclear energy production systems, among which are low-power nuclear devices, like small modular reactors (SMRs). The ELSMOR (towards European Licensing of Small Modular Reactors) European project addresses this topic as an answer to the Horizon 2020 Euratom NFRP-2018-3 call. The consortium includes 15 partners from eight European countries, involving research institutes, major European nuclear companies and technical support organizations. The 3.5-year project, launched in September 2019, investigates selected safety features of light-water (LW) SMRs with focus on licensing aspects. Providing a comprehensive compliance framework that regulators can adopt and operate, the licensing process of such SMRs could be optimized, helping their deployment. In this prospect, as a result of ELSMOR's work, this article gives an overview of the specific issues that LW-SMRs may bring about in the different domains of nuclear safety, in terms of: •Methodological standpoints: safety goals, safety requirements, safety principles (defence-in-depth implementation);•Main safety functions of reactivity control, decay heat removal and confinement management;•Severe accident management;•Other safety issues particular to SMRs: use of shared systems; performing of multi-unit probabilistic safety assessment (PSA); spent fuel management, transport and disposal management. In this article, adequate methodologies are developed to deal with these issues and to help assess the safety of LW-SMRs. This work gives a precious synthesis of the safety assessment issues of LW-SMRs and of the associated methodologies developed in the context of the ELSMOR European project.

Research on Multi-Objective Optimization Methods of Urban Rail Train Automatic Driving Based on NSGA-II

In order to improve the control performance of automatic train operation (ATO) in urban rail trains, five typical operating sequences of urban rail trains were studied. Under the condition of meeting the safety and comfort principles of train operation, a train dynamics model was established to achieve the goals of low energy consumption, short running time, and high stopping accuracy in urban rail transit trains. In the process of finding a multi-objective solution to this problem, the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) was used with an elite retention strategy, and the optimal Pareto multi-objective solution set was sought. In the process of optimal solution weight assignment, the hierarchical analysis Mahalanobis distance method, which combines subjective and objective analysis, was used. Finally, taking the Beijing Yizhuang subway line as the background design example, the simulation verified the effectiveness and feasibility of the algorithm and obtained high-quality automatic train driving curves under various working conditions. This research has important reference significance for the actual operation of automatic driving in urban rail trains.

Removal of acetyl-rich impurities from chitosan using liquefied dimethyl ether

Chitosan, recognized for its excellent biodegradability, biocompatibility, and antibacterial properties, has several potential applications, particularly in the biomedical field. However, its widespread use is hindered by inherent limitations such as low mechanical strength and safety concerns arising from a low degree of deacetylation and the presence of impurities. This study aimed to introduce an innovative purification method for chitosan via liquefied dimethyl ether (DME) extraction. The proposed technique effectively addresses the challenges associated with chitosan by facilitating deacetylation and impurity removal. Liquefied DME is emerging as the extraction solvent of choice owing to its advantages, such as low boiling point, safety, and environmental sustainability. The degree of deacetylation of chitosan was extensively evaluated using thermogravimetric–differential thermal analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, intrinsic viscosity measurements, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The solubility of chitosan in liquefied DME was investigated using Hansen solubility parameters. This study contributes to the improvement of the safety profile of chitosan, thereby expanding its potential applications in various fields. The use of liquefied DME as an extraction solvent proved to be efficient in addressing the existing challenges and is consistent with the principles of safety and environmental sustainability.

Best Patient Care Practices for Administering PSMA-Targeted Radiopharmaceutical Therapy.

Optimal patient management protocols for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) are poorly defined and even further complexified with new therapy approvals, such as radiopharmaceuticals. The prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted agent 177Lu vipivotide tetraxetan ([177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617), approved after the phase III VISION study, presents physicians with additional aspects of patient management, including specific adverse event (AE) monitoring and management, as well as radiation safety. Drawing on our experience as VISION study investigators, here we provide guidance on best practices for delivering PSMA-targeted radiopharmaceutical therapy (RPT) to patients with mCRPC. After a comprehensive review of published evidence and guidelines on RPT management in prostate cancer, we identified educational gaps in managing the radiation safety and AEs associated with [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617. Our results showed that providing sufficient education on AEs (e.g., fatigue and dry mouth) and radiation safety principles is key to effective delivery and management of patient expectations. Patient counseling by health care professionals, across disciplines, is a cornerstone of optimal patient management during PSMA-targeted RPT. Multidisciplinary collaboration is crucial, and physicians must adhere to radiation safety protocols and counsel patients on radiation safety considerations. Treatment with [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 is generally well tolerated; however, additional interventions may be required, such as dosing modification, medications, or transfusions. Urinary incontinence can be challenging in the context of radiation safety. Multidisciplinary collaboration between medical oncologists and nuclear medicine teams ensures that patients are monitored and managed safely and efficiently. In clinical practice, the benefit-to-risk ratio should always be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.

SAFETY EVALUATION ON THE USE OF HIGH ALERT DRUGS IN RSUD ARIFIN ACHMAD RIAU PROVINCE

High alert drugs are drugs that have a high percentage of causing risk of harm to patients. To avoid errors, high alert drugs must be used properly, including storage and marking. The objective of this study was determine the safe use of high alert drugs at Arifin Achmad Hospital in Riau Province. This was a descriptive study that included 68 pharmacy officers. A questionnaire was used to collect data, which was the univariately analysed on a computer system. The result showed that the accuracy of the use of high alert drugs based on the 5 principles was in the good category. As many as 65 people (95.6%) were good at the right patient, 67 people (98.5%) were good at the right drug, 66 people (97.1%) were good at the right time of administration, 65 people (95.6%) were good at the right dose, and 66 people (97.1%) were good at the right route of administration. As many as 67 (98.5%) rated the storage safety and labelling of high alert drugs as good. The conclusion of this study is that the implementation of the five rights principle of medication, storage safety and labelling of high alert drugs at Arifin Achmad Hospital in Riau Province has reached a good level.

Molecular Identification of Normal and Adulterated Meat Samples of Local Markets and Restaurants in Kerbala Province

Background: Species specification of the meat is a highly important field of quality control management in meat consumption and industry. Meat forgery with undeclared sources has become a crucial trouble in many countries as well as in Iraq. It means that raw consumed meat or meat derivatives may include different meat genus; so, the components of meat are not regular like the known marker. The diet has sever effect on public health, religious factor, food safety principles, fair-trades and consumers desire. Aim of the study: The current study was aimed to analysis the species of adulterated meat using molecular technique that targets Mitochondrial Cytochrome cyt b gene by Multiplex PCR for detection of meat species and authentication that provide many forensic and judicial applications for several populations throughout the world. Materials and Methods: The following seventy (70) typical meat and meat derivatives were gathered from neighborhood super markets and eateries in the province of Kerbala: 25 cow, 10 buffalo, 25 sheep, and 10 goats. For meat samples, DNA extraction was done. Next, using species-specific primers of the Mitochondrial Cytochrome cyt b gene for cattle, sheep, goats, and buffalo, the collected DNA was amplified using the Multiplex PCR method. Additionally, the presence of Staphylococcus aureus, one of the microorganisms most commonly linked to food illness, was typically examined in all of the meat samples. Results: Multiplex PCR technique resulting in species-specific products of the amplicon sizes for the DNA prepared samples with the lengths 472bp., 124bp., 585bp., and 330bp. for the flesh of cow, buffalo, sheep, and goats, in that order. In addition to this analysis technique indicated that8 (44.4) % of examined cattle meat samples were mixed with buffalo meat and10 (55.6) % of examined sheep meat samples were mixed with goat meat. As well as, most of examined (normal and mixed) meat samples were contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Discussion: It has been demonstrated that the highly conserved Mitochondrial Cytochrome cyt b gene primers, when used in the multiplex PCR methodology, provide a sensitive, straightforward, adaptable, and dependable method for the investigation of meat samples and meat products. Conclusions: The current study's conclusions state that the “mitochondrial cytochrome cyt b gene” is a useful marker for differentiating between normal and adulterated meat. It also states that Staphylococcus aureus was found in 16/52 (30.76%) of the normal meat samples and 12/18 (66.7%) of the adulterated meat samples, with a significant importance of P=0.046.

Legal regulation of education in Ukraine. Part 3: equal rights, security and dignity of students and language requirements for admission to an educational institution under the conditions of military emergency

The purpose of this article is to continue the analysis of Ukrainian legislation and international acts that regulate or affect the process of regulating basic human rights and freedoms in Ukraine’s education field. The conduct of this study is due to the activities of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine and the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine in 2024, which intervened directly during the admission process of students to higher educational institutions during the 2024 admission campaign. The mentioned aspects especially affected the education seekers who declared their desire to study full-time and on a paid basis in graduate school to obtain the third (educational and scientific) level of higher education. Regarding the above, it became necessary to legally examine the observance of basic human rights and freedoms when conducting the admission process under martial law along with implementing and regulating educational activities. In particular, the article examines the main conditions and guarantees of equality of rights of education seekers when enrolling in educational institutions. Additionally, the study underlines the main legal provisions on the human right to safety and dignity, which shall be observed during the admission campaign and when carrying out educational activities in conditions of military emergency as well as in conditions of economic crisis. At the same time, special attention is focused on the need to establish different admission conditions and study conditions for free education and paid education recipients. In addition, the authors analyze the legislation of Ukraine regarding the possibility of using the factor of knowledge of foreign languages as a condition for admission to institutions of higher education, both in the general context and taking into account the specifics of the education received by the student. Thus, this article is the third article from the cycle of research and contains the results of a legal study of the principle of equal rights in the field of education, the principle of safety and human dignity in education, in particular, during the period of military emergency in Ukraine, as well as the principle of Ukrainian-language education in Ukraine.

PROTECTION OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR AND AIRSPACE OF UKRAINE: LEGAL, REGULATORY, ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS

The study uses general scientific and special methods, the main of which are: abstract-logical, deductive, inductive, historical, modelling and forecasting, methods of system-structural, system-functional analysis, economic and statistical (grouping, comparison, etc.). The use of system analysis methods made it possible to structure the constituent elements of the regulatory and legal support of public administration in the field of protection of atmospheric air and airspace of Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to characterise the protection of atmospheric air and airspace of Ukraine in the regulatory, legal, environmental and economic aspects. It is determined that the regulatory framework for regulating the principles of atmospheric air safety is a component of the mechanism for ensuring environmental safety. The article emphasises that for the first time the principles of environmental safety were enshrined in the Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine, where the principles of environmental safety were established at the level of a separate section. It is emphasised that the functional content of the administrative and legal protection of atmospheric air includes: ensuring air pollution within the limits of the maximum permissible emission standards in order to ensure the right of a person to a safe and quality environment; greening of production; introduction of ecological fuel quality standards; greening of the energy cluster of the economy, including through the introduction of the principles of decentralisation of the country's energy system; establishment of information interaction between the participants of legal relations in order to ensure the transparency of economic activities related to environmental pollution; formation of a high level of environmental legal awareness, etc. The article draws a conclusion that ensuring proper quality of atmospheric air is a component of the mechanism for ensuring environmental safety. The authors underline that the understanding of the system of regulatory and legal regulation of atmospheric air and airspace protection should be functionally aimed at ensuring compliance with environmental standards for the operation of such facilities in accordance with economic feasibility and social justification. The paper concludes that atmospheric air safety and airspace safety are part of the national security system, where the former is a component of environmental safety and the latter is a component of state security, and should be understood as the state of atmospheric air and the integrity of the air environment, for which physical, chemical and biological properties are established which create favourable and sufficient conditions for the vital activity of people and settlements.

Postural analysis and ergonomic intervention of unorganized workers in indian construction sectors.

In India's fast-growing economy, the construction sector offers significant developments with huge employment opportunities but poses risks due to poor working environments and uncomfortable postures. Traditional methods, such as manual material handling, can lead to health hazards and musculoskeletal disorders such as overexertion, low back pain, etc. The purpose of this study was to analyze the working postures of unorganized employees engaged in residential buildings using Ergofellow software and to recommend changes in their unsafe working postures. Participants' working positions were video recorded and the postures were analyzed using Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA), Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) and Ovako Working Posture Analysis (OWAS). Paired sample t-tests were used to analyze significant differences between the RULA and REBA scores after the ergonomic interventions were implemented. From the analysis of RULA, REBA and OWAS, the working postures showed a high risk of potential injury and required an immediate change in employees' working postures. The RULA and REBA scores were subsequently lower after the ergonomic interventions, which were based on ergonomic and safety principles. The paired sample t-tests with p-values of less than 0.05 demonstrated decreased risks after ergonomic interventions. Working postures of the construction workers exposed to musculoskeletal disorders were examined and the ergonomic interventions were implemented. According to the recommendations, working positions were changed, and employee well-being was enhanced by reduced operational risks.

Imagining Future Human-centred AI

The rapid growth in the development of AI-enabled and intelligent systems and services calls for more serious and urgent attention to human-focused and human-centred principles, methods, and approaches. This paper reports on a study of recent human-centred AI research literature to examine the extent to which the three principles of safety, trustworthiness, and reliability have been addressed in recent AI publications.

Food safety knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of street vendors: a cross-sectional study in Jordan

PurposeThis study examined the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) regarding food safety and hygiene among street food vendors (SFVs) in Jordan, along with associated factors.Design/methodology/approachThis study utilized a cross-sectional design and targeted a sample of 405 SFVs in Jordan's two most densely populated cities. Data were collected through in-person interviews using a validated and reliable structured questionnaire. Descriptive analysis and linear regression were conducted using SPSS v.25 software to examine associations and predict outcomes.FindingsThe findings reveal that SFVs possess a moderate level of knowledge but exhibit negative attitudes and inadequate practices regarding food safety. Significant associations were identified between age, education level, work experience, marital status, gender and the vendors' KAP. Older SFVs tend to exhibit lower knowledge and attitudes, whereas those with more experience and higher education levels demonstrate better KAP. Marital status and gender also influence knowledge and attitudes.Originality/valueThis study fills a critical gap in the research landscape by comprehensively examining the knowledge, attitudes and practices of street food vendors regarding food safety, with a focus on Jordan. Its findings shed light on the challenges facing the street food vending industry and offer actionable recommendations for enhancing food safety practices. As such, the study's originality and significance lie in its potential to drive positive change within this vital culinary tradition, safeguarding public health and economic livelihoods.Highlights -The study's novelty lies in its exploration of street food vendors' knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to food safety, a facet critical to understanding and addressing the challenges facing this industry. It offers an in-depth examination of factors such as education, experience, age, and marital status that influence vendors' adherence to food safety measures. By focusing on the two most populous cities in Jordan, the study not only provides a comprehensive picture of the situation but also sets the groundwork for policy recommendations and interventions.-The research highlights a series of concerning findings. Street food vendors exhibit a moderate level of knowledge regarding food safety, with substantial gaps in understanding specific pathogens and transmission routes. Negative attitudes towards food safety are prevalent, translating into suboptimal hygiene practices. The study's results underscore the urgent need for tailored interventions to address these challenges and improve overall food safety practices within the street food vending sector.-The findings offer actionable insights for policymakers, public health authorities, and local governments. They suggest targeted educational initiatives to enhance vendors' understanding of food safety principles and their significance in preventing foodborne illnesses. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the need for improved infrastructure, access to clean water, and proper sanitation facilities to support vendors in implementing safer practices. By highlighting the associations between socio-demographic factors and food safety KAP, the study offers a blueprint for crafting interventions that address the unique needs of different subgroups of street food vendors.

Design of a Six-Story Teaching Building: A Comprehensive Approach to Safety and Structural Efficiency

This paper describes teaching building design. The project, designed for the teaching building, prioritizes safety in its main structure, a reinforced concrete frame with six floors above ground. The story heights are 4.2m, 3.9m, 3.9m, 3.9m, 3.9m and 3.9m, respectively, and the building's total height is 27.6m. The construction site category is classified as type II, and the first group's seismic fortification intensity is 7 degrees. The process includes architectural design, structural design, and PKPM checking calculation. Architectural design mainly consists of a general description. The plan, elevation, section, and draft of the corresponding building are drawn according to the relevant information and requirements provided by the design task book. Structural design mainly includes load statistics, calculation of internal force and displacement of the frame, a combination of internal force, and calculation of staircase, slab roof, floor slab and frame structure. The calculation of displacement, internal force, and reinforcement of the whole frame structure is carried. Out using PKPM. In the course of architectural design, safety is a paramount consideration, in line with the principles of safety, applicability, beauty, economy, and energy-saving requirements, referring to national standards and relevant materials, and strictly following the requirements of relevant architectural design standards, the design of each link is not only a comprehensive scientific consideration of its own but also a related discussion with teachers, as detailed in the construction plan. The frame structure is adopted,in this structural type. It mainly includes structure layout and calculation sketch determination, load calculation, internal force calculation, internal force combination, main beam section design, and reinforcement calculation, frame column section design and reinforcement calculation, secondary beam section design and reinforcement calculation, floor and roof design, staircase design etc. Among them, the D-value method is used to calculate the internal force of the structure under horizontal load, and the distribution method is used to calculate the internal force of the structure under vertical load (dead load and live load).