Qualification Principles Research Articles

Systemic Sclerosis as a Challenge for Heart Transplantation: A Case Report

AimAssessment of the principles of qualification and the range of organ transplantation in a patient with diagnosis of system sclerosis with pulmonary manifestation and severe myocardial insufficiency. Methodswe present a 43-year-old patient with confirmed systemic sclerosis with pulmonary manifestation and biventricular heart insufficiency, after disease exacerbation and sudden cardiac arrest in the PEA mechanism with effective resuscitation, with the growing of shortness of breath and the need to use inotropes and levosimendan infusion without significantly improvement in general state. Due to the diagnosis of a systemic disease with no option of pharmacological or any other treatment of the heart failure he was re-evaluated and put on an urgent waiting list for isolated heart transplantation. After 7 days the patient was transplanted. Because of the risk of progression of the disease and possible lung transplantation in the future the pleural cavities remained untouched. The standard protocol of immunosuppression was induced with the induction of the therapy with rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin. ResultsPatient was extubated 24 hours after heart transplantation. The results of endomyocardial biopsy during the hospital stay and 6 months follow-up were negative. Patient was discharged home after 22 days of uneventful hospital stay. ConclusionsScleroderma as an autoimmunological disease still remains a challenge for transplant team as a possible progressive multiorgan insufficiency requiring organ transplantation qualification. The course of the disease varies depending on the form of systemic sclerosis. Careful assessment, qualification and determination of appropriate pre- and post-procedure immunosuppressive treatment determines the uncomplicated course of treatment.

Responsibility for corruption in the field of procurement for state or municipal needs: Novelties of criminal legislation

The article presents a doctrinal interpretation of norms of criminal law that establish responsibility for abuses in the procurement of goods, works, and services for state or municipal needs (Art. 2004 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) and bribery of a contract service employee, contract manager, or member of the procurement commission (Art. 2005 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). The purpose of the study was to help a law enforcement officer in understanding the criminal-legal characteristics of the elements and signs of the above-mentioned elements of corruption crimes, in their difference from related acts, such as abuse of official position, misappropriation of budgetary funds, embezzlement using official position, receiving and giving bribes. Special attention was paid to the distinctive features of the subjects of crimes in the field of procurement of goods, works, services for state or municipal needs. The principles of qualification are explained when a crime is committed by a group of persons by prior agreement if there are special subjects in the composition of the crime. Thanks to the use of such a research method as system-structural analysis, objective and subjective signs of the corpus delicti are presented in detail, criminal liability for which is fixed in Art. 2004 and 2005 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The conclusions point to the need for careful identification of the signs of the objective side, the subject and the subject of crimes, since they are crucial for the application of the qualification rules.

THEFT OF CASH FROM ATMS (QUALIFICATION ISSUES)

Purpose: it is substantiated that when qualifying the theft of money from an ATM with the use of someone else’s bank card, the person should be charged with such a qualifier as penetration. The methodological basis of the study was general scientific methods of cognition, with which the author creates the basic principles of qualification of crimes on the basis of penetration. Results: the author emphasizes the need to review the practice of courts on the use of qualifying features of theft and, in particular, such a feature as penetration. Discussion: the article considers specific court decisions on the qualification of theft from an ATM with the help of a stolen payment card, in which courts ambiguously use the qualifying sign of «penetration». It is necessary to understand the essence of theft with the use of a stolen payment card. Of course, it is clear that by stealing the card, the guilty person is already, practically, taking possession of the money that is on it. If the cardholder does not block it in time, his money will be stolen from his account and the bank in this case is not even obliged to reimburse this amount. But we believe that such actions should still be classified as burglary. In fact, the theft of a payment card in itself qualifies as an attempt to commit a crime - theft. The criminal only has to get into the safe - the ATM. What he does with a special tool - someone else’s payment card. The illegality of transactions with other people’s bank cards is obvious. Today, when under Ukrainian law theft without aggravating circumstances is not considered a crime but a misdemeanor and the punishment for this act does not entail even a criminal record, the responsibility for one of the most common crimes against another’s property - for theft - should be strengthened. After all, if the offender stole the keys and then broke into someone else’s apartment, there is no doubt that the act is qualified on the basis of breaking into a home or premises. Keys are a means of penetration, just like a stolen payment card.

Principles of qualification and surgical treatment of the nose and paranasal sinuses in the era of COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic is one of the greatest challenges in modern medicine. Despite the implemented social and economic restrictions, the epidemiological situation is still dynamic. Otolaryngologists (especially rhinologists), are a group of doctors particularly exposed to SARS-CoV-2 infection. In order to limit the spread of the virus, it is necessary to implement procedures that minimize the risk of infection of medical personnel and patients. Due to the location of the virus, it is very important in relation to rhinological procedures and operations. The authors reviewed the literature on this topic and presented effective methods to reduce the likelihood of virus transmission during nasal and paranasal sinus surgery used in our center. It is important that pandemic limitations do not affect the duration of diagnosis and initiation of cancer treatment. Neoplasms of the nasal region and paranasal sinuses are detected relatively late due to the time of symptom onset, and further delays in the onset of the therapeutic process are extremely unfavorable. We are of the opinion that rhinological procedures, especially in patients with unknown epidemiological status, should be limited to the necessary minimum - life-threatening conditions and resection of malignant neoplasms. Even in these cases, however, strict adherence to procedures is necessary to reduce the risk of virus transmission. We hope that the implementation of the guidelines presented in the following paper will help in the fight against the current pandemic and its subsequent waves.

Социальный состав первых уездных земских собраний Таврической губернии (1866–1869 гг.)

The article deals with the question of the social composition of the Zemstvo bodies of the Tauride province during their formation. The first elections to County Zemstvo assemblies are investigated and the influence of the property qualification principle on the electoral process and the formation of Zemstvo bodies is reflected the regional specifics of the districts of the Tauride province and its significance in the social representation of Zemstvo vowels are shown. In conclusion, information is provided on the percentage of social classes in the Zemstvo bodies for the three electoral Curia and the dominant role of the nobles in the assemblies of the first three years

Formation of the Healthcare Management System
 during the Establishment of Belarusian Soviet Statehood (1917–1921)

The article characterizes the formation of the healthcare management system during the establishment of the Bolsheviks power in Belarus in the 1917–1921s. The prerequisites, conditions and stages of development of the Soviet
 administrative medical authorities, their structure and competence have been identified on the basis of analysis carried out with the help of archival documents, periodicals of the studied period and personal sources. It is proved that the approval of the Soviet principles of qualification, accessibility and free medical care was complicated by the German-occupated
 Belarus in 1918 and the adverse epidemiological situation caused by refugees’ migration during the First World War. After the retreat of the German troops the governments of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Belarus and the Soviet Socialist Republic of Lithuania and Belarus formed the People’s Commissariat of
 Healthcare as a supreme medical management body. However, the permanent changes in the government and its relocation during the advance of Polish troops determined the low efficiency of measures for the public health protection and anti-epidemic activities. In the conditions of disintegration of these state
 entities, their authorities and executive bodies, the local administrative structures
 such as provincial and county healthcare departments had acquired a
 leading role in providing medical care to the population.
 The final formation of the healthcare management system refers to the
 end of the hostilities of the Polish-Soviet War, when, along with the restoration
 of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Belarus, its People’s Commissariat of
 Healthcare was recreated.

Selected health and social needs resulting from state of health of disabled rural inhabitants from the aspect of problems with defining disability

Introduction The state of health of an individual and the population depends on many factors, their number and type constituting a specific background of consequences which model the level of health. Human health status is determined by so many factors that despite many scientific studies, also from philosophical aspect, to-date an unequivocal determination of the term – health has not been possible. A similar situation concerns the defining of disease and states of disability. Determination of the dimensions of disability in this respect should be based on a long-term, multi-stage prospective population epidemiological studies, with consideration of constantly performed corrections in order to specify health and social needs. Place of residence, i.e. rural or urban area, is one of the factors which condition the state of health of an individual and the population. Objective The aim of the study was presentation of the most important medical and social problems resulting from the state of health of adult disabled persons living in rural areas from the aspect of defining disability. The main goal was pursued based on two sources of results of research, the first of which were the results of a study conducted within the system of statutory research at the Chair and Department of Epidemiology, Medical University in Lublin. The other source were the results of studies published by other researchers concerning the discussed problem. Selected results of own study and studies by other researchers The article presents the selected results of studies which constitute a certain type of a compendium of scientifically documented problems of the disabled, with particular consideration of such characteristics as: place of residence, causes of disability, objective and subjective state of health, health and social needs. On the level of organization of some studies the dimensions of disability were also considered in rural settlements, communes and provinces. In 1987-1990, a study of the disabled was carried out by a team of researchers from the Institute of Rural Health in randomly selected rural areas of agricultural and industrialized character. Parallel to the above-mentioned study, a comprehensive, all-Polish research of the state of health of rural population was conducted at the Institute of Rural Health. Among the many goals of these studies was the assessment of the state of health and determination of medical and social needs of the disabled. In order to perform a reliable and valid evaluation for the qualification of the examined population of the disabled a 5-degree scale of medical epicrisis was developed. A relatively large research task concerned the epidemiological trends in the occurrence of chronic diseases and the size of disability in Poland during 1990-2006. Own research instruments and data from the reports by the Main Statistical Agency (GUS) and other institutions were used for analysis. The subsequent research task concerned analysis of the selected epidemiological characteristics of disability in Poland and their importance for health care organizations. Patients in hospital wards were examined, as well as primary health care units, specialist outpatient departments, residential homes and occupational therapy workshops. The main aim of the next research task (2013-2015) was determination of the trends in the occurrence of the most important problems of the disabled, according to the cause of disability, as well as the importance of the obtained study results for health care organizations and health policy in the Lublin Province. Also, Lech Panasiuk dealt with the selected characteristics of the state of health of rural inhabitants, and performed analysis of the most important medical and social problems of adult inhabitants of the Lublin Province. The results of studies published by other Polish and international institutions were also presented. Summary and conclusions Similar to many countries, the percentage of the disabled in Polish society is determined in terms of estimates. The main reason for such a situation is the lack of uniform methods and principles of qualification of persons into the group of the disabled. The greatest problems of the disabled living in rural areas include multimorbidity, lack or insufficient provision of rehabilitation, orthopaedic equipment and technical aids, loneliness and various forms of discrimination. It is necessary to carry out multi-thematic health education addressed to rural inhabitants, both the disabled and healthy. Great hopes for improving the quality of life of people with disabilities are connected with the philosophy of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. To-date, this is the only classification addressing the need for unification of the assessment of the state of health, with consideration of the environment where the disabled person lives, and evaluation of this person’s potential. Similar to earlier Classifications and definitions, the ICF is a ‘live’ classification because efforts are still continuing to make it more comprehensive and detailed.

Principles of IP-Court Activity in Ukraine

The principles of IP-court activity in Ukraine have been studied. It has been emphasized that the urgent issues currently are to review the existing approaches to reforming the judicial system of Ukraine, based on the gained experience of establishing specialized courts, defining principles as guidelines for the functioning of IP-court in Ukraine as the Higher Specialized Judicial System of Ukraine.
 The concept of “principles” and their classification have been defined. The author has noted the importance of international principles of court activity in Ukraine. The regulatory base of courts activity has been characterized, where the principles of functioning of courts and judges in Ukraine have been defined. The author has singled out such an international legal document as the Basic Principles of Judicial Agencies’ Independence, which enshrines the following principles of IP-court activity in Ukraine: the principle of judicial agencies’ independence; the principle of freedom of speech and associations; the principle of qualification, selection and training; the principle of professional secrecy and immunity.
 The category of “principles of IP-court activity in Ukraine” has been offered to understand as a set of guiding (fundamental) ideas, grounds, principles of operation and functioning of IP-court in Ukraine that ensure the proper administration of justice, respect for rights and fundamental freedoms during the trial and ensuring the right to a fair trial.
 The principles of the IP-court activity in Ukraine are as follows: 1) general and legal: the rule of law principle; the principle of observance of human rights and fundamental human and civil freedoms; the principle of legality; the principle of openness and transparency of court proceedings; the principle of political or other impartiality; the principle of reasonable terms; 2) special principles of IP-court activity in Ukraine: the principle of independence of judicial agencies; the principle of freedom of speech and associations; principle of qualification; the principle of professional secrecy.
 It has been concluded that enshrining the principles of operation and functioning of the Supreme Court on Intellectual Property Issues in the Law of Ukraine “On the Supreme Court on Intellectual Property Issues” will increase the efficiency of the judicial system of Ukraine and significantly affect the authority and prestige of IP-court in Ukraine.

Risk Based Technology Qualification Method for HPHT Well

With the increasing demand for new technologies in HPHT (high pressure high temperature) wells, more and more attention has been paid to the system of technical qualifications. Most established norms, standards and recommended practices are written in prescribed formats, setting out methods, procedures and acceptance criteria for product design, manufacture and testing. However, established norms, standards or recommended practices may not adequately cover new technologies or applications. The technical qualification system is established in this paper, which can identify the potential failure modes and some activities in order to control the uncertainties and increase confidence of using new technology. A risk-based technical qualification system is used to assess non-traditional operations. It includes following seven main steps: system breakdown, technology assessment and classification, technical novelty, failure model and risk analysis, risk-based qualification planning and participation level development. The core of technical qualification system is to understand the ways and causes of system failure, and to carry out corresponding activities to provide evidence that the system will not fail. Through the technical identification process, the detailed equipment/operation specifications and identification requirements have been formulated. Different levels of participation are assigned for each eligibility activity, depending on the hazard and risk. It is proved that the application of the technical qualification principle in the systematic evaluation and control of the risks of new technologies or new applications is successful. In HPHT wells in particular, operators can move from a reactive approach to a proactive approach.

The electivity of public authorities in the Russian Federation and the Russian pre-revolutionary electoral qualification system

The subject. The article explores the principle of electivity as the principle of organization the public power in the Russian Empire, Soviet Russia and in the modern Russian Federa-tion.The purpose of this paper is to show how the principle of electivity developed in the Russian Empire, Soviet Russia and in the modern Russian Federation and to demonstrate Russian qualification electoral system.The methodology. The author uses a dialectical method, a method of analysis and synthesis, a formal legal method, a comparative legal method.Results, scope of application. Qualification principle in electoral system has undergone var-ious changes in various periods of Russian history. The Zemsky reform of 1864 and the Ur-ban reform of 1870 are analyzed in context how they significantly expanded the electoral rights of citizens. The positive results of the reforms were minimized by the Urban and Zem-sky counter-reforms of Emperor Alexander III. The author shows the negative consequences of the counter-reforms of Alexander III on the example of the second capital of the Russian Empire – Moscow.After the October Revolution, the electoral legislation included new elements of the censor-ship system that extended to the class enemies of the Soviet government. In general, during the Soviet period, general, equal, direct elections were declared in the Constitution. Sepa-rately post-Soviet electoral system in Moscow as the city of federal significance is examined.In the 1990s and 2000s the revival of the Russian electoral system was taking place. In ad-dition, there is a transformation of the principle of election of bodies and officials of local self-government.The author comes to the conclusion that some elements of the census system in the mod-ern interpretation remain in the current legislation. In fact, direct elections at different lev-els of government are replaced by indirect elections or the appointment of elected bodies and officials using a modern system of electoral qualifications, that directly contradict the Art. 3 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

The Bologna Process of German’s Media and Communication Studies

Internationalization of the higher education system through the Bologna Process in German’s media and communication studies is on progress; all higher education institutions were chosen as the samples in this research had the same opinion that international student’s mobility in term of the Bologna Process was the most important variable to create international cooperation with other universities. Providing more courses in English also became their main concern to attract international students come their academic life. The implementation of the new curricula model, bachelor and masters, was considered more transparent and clearer in the structure and content than the Diplom and Magister models. Nevertheless, the compatible and comparable qualification principle of bachelor and masters structure brought also dilemma that some of the content of media and communication studies had to be adjusted considering the workload and study period that is different from the old curricula systems. The bachelor and masters structure caused apprehension that the bachelor graduates would prefer to work in industries than return to campus to pursue higher degree. This research was based on content analysis of curricula documents and interview transcription of some representative of HEI in media and communication studies.

The European Medicines Agency experience with biomarker qualification.

Since the launch of the qualification process in 2009, the CHMP reviewed/is reviewing 48 requests for qualification advice or opinion (as of Sept 2013) related to biomarkers (BM) or other novel drug development tools (e.g. patient reported outcome measures, modeling, and statistical methods). The qualification opinions are available on the EMA website (Qualification of novel methodologies for medicine development, http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/regulation/document_listing/document_listing_000319.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac0580022bb0#section2 , 2013). Also there is a trend of increasing numbers of qualification requests to CHMP, indicative of the pace that targeted drug development and personalized medicine is gaining and the need to bring the new tools from research to drug development and clinical use. This chapter will focus on the regulatory experience gained so far from the CHMP qualification procedure. Basic qualification principles will be presented. Through qualification examples, we will elaborate on common grounds and divergences between the different stakeholders.

Специальные принципы квалификации преступлений

The analysis of the criminally-legal literature by special principles of qualification of crimes is carried out. The criticism of scientific positions on this question is stated. Substantiated conclusions about necessity of allocation of following principles of qualification of crimes: comparability, scientific character, sufficiency, interpretation of ineradicable doubts in favor of the accused. 

Equality and Inequality in Confucianism

This essay studies equality and inequality in Confucianism. By studying Confucius, Mencius, Xunzi, and other classic thinkers, I argue that Confucian equality is manifested in two forms. Numerical equality is founded in the Mencian belief that every person is born with the same moral potential and the Xunzian notion that all people have the same xing and the same potential for moral cultivation. It is also manifested in the form of role-based equality. Proportional equality, however, is the main notion of equality in Confucian philosophy. Proportional equality is realized in moral, economic, and political realms. On the basis of these notions of Confucian equality, I propose two Confucian political principles for contemporary society. The first is the inclusive principle of general election by citizenry, and the second is the exclusive principle of qualification for public offices.

Fuzzy logic and self-referential reasoning: a comparative study with some new concepts

In this paper, we consider metacognition and self-reference realized in the framework of fuzzy computing. Different aspects of self-reference are discussed from the viewpoint of logic, linguistics, and artificial intelligence. Previous work in the area of fuzzy logic is also revisited in this context. It is shown that the reasoning based on the truth qualification principle requires some modifications so that it naturally gives rise to type-2 fuzzy sets, in order to capture the uncertainty about selection of a solution for a set of self-referential statements.

The adequacy of transplantation education in the ESRD population in Poland

Education of patients with chronic kidney disease is one of the most important challenges in nephrology and transplant nursing. The increase in the number of kidney transplants depends on the prevalence of knowledge about family transplantation and quality of the coordination of dialysis patients. The aim of the article was to evaluate the knowledge of patients treated by renal replacement therapy, concerning family graft and principles of qualification for kidney transplantation. The study included 120 patients from 5 out of 10 dialysis departments in Warsaw. We used a questionnaire designed by the author of the paper. It was shown that 18% of interviewees were not aware of the possibility of family graft and 40% of respondents had not consulted their family about it; some said that even if it were possible, they would not make use of this form of treatment. Up to 87% of respondents see the need to organize special educational meetings. The level of knowledge of patients on dialysis concerning family transplantation and rules of qualification for kidney transplantation appeared to be insufficient. Increasing the number of living donors depends largely on the professional training of the patient and his family. The results suggest that the amount of time spent by clinical staff on educating patients is insufficient. It seems that in order to increase the awareness of health issues among patients, a multi-centre education program should be implemented for patients with chronic kidney disease.

DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES OF LATVIAN HISTORICAL PARKS. EXAMPLE OF KURZEME / LATVIJOS ISTORINIŲ PARKŲ RAIDOS GALIMYBĖS. KURŽEMĖS PAVYZDYS

Nowadays, when thinking about a sustainable development, objects having historical value are the headstones of the environment, economical and social welfare. Selection qualification principles of Kurzeme’s manor complexes, structural characteristics of the park landscapes and esthetical quality evaluation give a general overview of the problems and opportunities of the examined object. Historical heritage and body of natural resources are the main park development factors.

The Inequality of Income Taxation for Resident and Nonresident Taxpayers

The paper provides analyses the difference between income taxation system for resident and nonresident taxpayer, in particular the inequality deduction and exemption. The paper emphasizes the different qualification principles for nonresident alien-taxpayer, the treaty benefits for different countries, and the standard deduction. It is a comparative investigation of tax regulations for nonresident aliens in EU countries, Canada, developing countries, and the United States, the experiences of differential income taxation of nonresident aliens in different countries. The objectives are the analyses of inequality of income tax system for resident and nonresident taxpayer, and different exemption, standard deduction. The paper analyzes the positive and negative externalities of this taxation and concludes that responses to tax rate, politic of government revenue, and treaty for different countries changes are far from fully understood and that there is much to be gained from continued research on this topic.

A review of worldwide practice and experience in the qualification of ultrasonic inspections of nuclear components over the past two decades

Inspection qualification is the term currently used to describe the process of independent assessment of a specific non-destructive test to ensure that it is capable of meeting its objectives. Such activities carried out on the Sizewell B reactor inspections were referred to as validation. In the USA, the term performance demonstration is used, though this is increasingly being reserved for the part of the assessment which uses practical trials, with qualification being used, as elsewhere, when the assessment process involves assembling evidence for the efficacy of an inspection from a wider variety of sources. Most qualification activity to date has been focused on nuclear plant because of the safety implications of nuclear plant failure and also because it is here that the cost of the qualification itself is in proportion to the cost of the plant and the consequences of failure. This paper reviews worldwide practice and experience in the qualification of ultrasonic inspections of nuclear components over the past two decades. In general, qualification has been applied to in-service inspections; however, this paper includes consideration of the application of qualification to manufacturing inspections. To date, ultrasonic inspection is the inspection method to which most qualification activity has been devoted. However, the qualification principles discussed are equally applicable to the qualification of other inspection methods. This paper includes consideration of: □ Sizewell B manufacturing inspections. □ ASME XI requirements, including Appendix VIII. □ European developments, particularly the European Methodology for Qualification of Non-Destructive Testing developed by the European Network for Inspection Qualification (ENIQ). The ENIQ methodology has been adopted throughout Europe. The benefits of the ENIQ methodology are its flexibility and the requirement that qualification be developed taking into account the parameters of importance for a particular inspection. This means that it can provide confidence that an inspection can meet its objectives. The major disadvantage of the ENIQ approach is the requirement for scarce personnel skills in the physics and practice of inspection to develop and implement qualification requirements. Manufacturing inspections can have two purposes: (a) to ensure that any manufacturing defects that could threaten plant integrity are detected and correctly characterised so that they can be eliminated and do not enter service (fitness-for-purpose); (h) to detect defects of any size, including those smaller than could threaten plant integrity, taken as a measure of general manufacturing quality (acceptance standards for manufacturing). Of the two, the sizes of defects in item (a) are more easily determined in an objective way. The choice of sizes in item (b) is more subjective since they are not directly related to structural integrity issues. Design/Manufacturing codes traditionally; require any detected planar defects to be removed, independent of defect size and capability of the inspection method. This is similar to item (h) above. Such code requirements pre-date the general use of ultrasonic inspection methods in manufacturing inspections. Ultrasonic inspection during manufacture is still not an explicit general requirement in widely used Design/Manufacturing codes. Instead, typically 'volumetric' inspection will be required, with the implicit expectation that this will be based on radiography. The objectives of ultrasonic inspections, and hence the yardstick for their qualification, needs to be defined with (are. If the requirements are set too stringently, the inspection and its qualification would be over-complex. In the other direction, a lax definition of inspection requirements could lead to an inadequate inspection. Inspections should be most effective for those defects with the highest likelihood of occurrence at the sizes of concern for structural integrity. Lesser reliability is acceptable for defects with low likelihood of occurrence at sizes of concern for structural integrity, and for smaller defects. Manufacturing inspections need to detect defects and, ideally, to characterise them in terms of whether they are volumetric or planar. In practice, an important contribution to characterising a defect and determining its significance is sizing.

Taxation of Nonprofit Associations in an International Comparison

The objective of this study is an investigation of tax regulations for nonprofit associations (NPAs) in EU countries, Japan, and the United States. Following a brief description of qualification principles for NPAs, treatment of business units, or liability issues, a particular focus is put on a comparison of regulations concerning the taxation of current profits, inheritance, and gift taxes and the tax treatment of contributions and membership fees. In general, a strong similarity among the examined developed countries can be found for the different aspects considered, but significant differences also exist.