Principles Of Object-oriented Programming Research Articles

The Role of object-oriented Programming in sustainable and Scalable Software Development

This study empirically evaluates how various practices and principles of object-oriented programming (OOP) impact the sustainability and scalability of software projects. A detailed analysis of real-world projects is carried out, considering aspects such as encapsulation, code reuse, modularity, and the application of inheritance and polymorphism. The goal was to identify patterns and best practices contributing to efficient and adaptable software development. The main results highlight that the adoption of OOP practices, such as encapsulation, code reuse, modularity, inheritance, and polymorphism, can be essential for efficient and adaptable software development over time, effectively addressing scalability and sustainability challenges in real-world projects.

TypeTaxonScript: sugarifying and enhancing data structures in biological systematics and biodiversity research.

Object-oriented programming (OOP) embodies a software development paradigm grounded in representing real-world entities as objects, facilitating a more efficient and structured modelling approach. In this article, we explore the synergy between OOP principles and the TypeScript (TS) programming language to create a JSON-formatted database designed for storing arrays of biological features. This fusion of technologies fosters a controlled and modular code script, streamlining the integration, manipulation, expansion, and analysis of biological data, all while enhancing syntax for improved human readability, such as through the use of dot notation. We advocate for biologists to embrace Git technology, akin to the practices of programmers and coders, for initiating versioned and collaborative projects. Leveraging the widely accessible and acclaimed IDE, Visual Studio Code, provides an additional advantage. Not only does it support running a Node.js environment, which is essential for running TS, but it also efficiently manages GitHub versioning. We provide a use case involving taxonomic data structure, focusing on angiosperm legume plants. This method is characterized by its simplicity, as the tools employed are both fully accessible and free of charge, and it is widely adopted by communities of professional programmers. Moreover, we are dedicated to facilitating practical implementation and comprehension through a comprehensive tutorial, a readily available pre-built database at GitHub, and a new package at npm.

A review on graph representation for object-oriented programming

Relationships and connections between entities are typically represented by graphs, a fundamental data structure in computer science. A graph illustrates the control flow among statements within a program, whereas a dependence graph delineates the interrelationships among various objects within it. The object-oriented paradigm introduces numerous innovative concepts, including encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and dynamic binding. A complete object-oriented graph representation entails structuring and conceptualizing a graph based on the principles of object-oriented programming (OOP). Several models have been suggested previously designed to depict the diverse features of object-oriented programming. This study distinguishes between partial and fully object-oriented graph representations. It also analyses the fully object-oriented graph representation models.

GarmentCode: Programming Parametric Sewing Patterns

Garment modeling is an essential task of the global apparel industry and a core part of digital human modeling. Realistic representation of garments with valid sewing patterns is key to their accurate digital simulation and eventual fabrication. However, little-to-no computational tools provide support for bridging the gap between high-level construction goals and low-level editing of pattern geometry, e.g., combining or switching garment elements, semantic editing, or design exploration that maintains the validity of a sewing pattern. We suggest the first DSL for garment modeling - GarmentCode - that applies principles of object-oriented programming to garment construction and allows designing sewing patterns in a hierarchical, component-oriented manner. The programming-based paradigm naturally provides unique advantages of component abstraction, algorithmic manipulation, and free-form design parametrization. We additionally support the construction process by automating typical low-level tasks like placing a dart at a desired location. In our prototype garment configurator, users can manipulate meaningful design parameters and body measurements, while the construction of pattern geometry is handled by garment programs implemented with GarmentCode. Our configurator enables the free exploration of rich design spaces and the creation of garments using interchangeable, parameterized components. We showcase our approach by producing a variety of garment designs and retargeting them to different body shapes using our configurator. The library and garment configurator are available at https://github.com/maria-korosteleva/GarmentCode.

METHODS OF THE FRACTAL APPROACH IN SCIENCE EDUCATION: INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CONCEPTS OF COMPUTER MODELING

Formulation of the problem. At the present stage of the development of science education and information technology, their integration, complementarity, and implementation are essential. Therefore, the search for methods of teaching natural sciences, based on the principles of self-organization and computer modeling, corresponds to the immediate tasks of the present. Materials and methods. Methods of comparative analysis, computer modeling, and generalization strategy are used. The study is based on the physics course content and the use of the programming language. Results. An innovative fractal approach to the teaching of physical and mathematical disciplines is proposed as a method of improving independent and creative computer modeling of natural phenomena. The fundamental principles of object-oriented programming (encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism) have proven to be influential in shaping the physical and mathematical aspects of the information architecture of the perception of educational disciplines. The possibility of using this approach in other sections of physics is demonstrated. The developed iterations of the fractal structure are presented in the example of the study of the "Geometric Optics" and "Wave Optics" sections of physics. It is shown that each iteration is characterized by synergy: the addition of a new iteration provides a high-quality and in-depth perception of new information. Conclusions. The formation of the specified integrated fractal structure conditions the integrity of information perception and its formation happens intuitively. The analysis of the conducted studies confirmed the innovativeness and effectiveness of the fractal approach. This approach can be used to develop systems for the processing and transmission of information, intelligent information materials, and artificial intelligence.

Automatic assessment of object oriented programming assignments with unit testing in Python and a real case assignment

AbstractIn this paper, we focus on developing automatic assessment (AA) for a topic that has some difficulties in its practical assessment: object oriented programming (OOP). For evaluating that the OOP principles have been correctly applied to a real application, we use unit testing. In this paper, we focus on prioritizing that the students understand and apply correctly complex OOP principles and that they design properly the classes (including their relationships). In addition, we focus on the Python programming language rather than the typical previous works' focus in this area. Thus, we present a real case study of a practical assignment, in which the students have to implement characters for a video game. This assignment has the particularities and advantages that it is incremental and that it applies all four OOP principles within a single assignment. We also present its solution with the UML class diagram description. Furthermore, we provide unit testing for this case study and give general advice for generalizing the unit tests to other real case scenarios. Finally, we corroborate the effectiveness of our approach with positive student evaluations.

ПОБУДОВА АВТОМАТИЗОВАНОЇ СИСТЕМИ АУДІОЛОКАЦІЇ ЗАГРОЗ

The article discusses the process of building a system for finding the direction of a sound source using the finite difference method for processing digitized sound signal data. The finite difference method has been modified by using the cross-correlation function which simplifies the processing of the digitized signal due to the improvement of the calculation algorithm and the transition from the differential to the numerical format of the input data which significantly reduces the number of calculations and simplifies them. Statistical processing of the obtained results is proposed to reduce the error of finding the absolute angle to the software-generated sound source. The software was developed which enables the computer implementation of the audio location system based on the principles of object-oriented programming. It uses digitized signal data for calculations and modeling of the results of the algorithm. The program was created on the Windows OS platform in the Windows Studio environment in compliance with object-oriented programming paradigms. The use of the modified algorithm by the authors in the process of software implementation of the sound-metric system made it possible to analyze the operation of the method and develop receiver configurations that allow increasing the accuracy of the results. Experimental (laboratory) studies of the developed system under the condition of using a configuration justified by the authors and statistically processed data, made it possible to obtain results of searching the direction of the sound source with an error of less than 1o. The main scientific result of the conducted research is the improvement of data processing algorithms for audio-location search which, unlike existing approaches, allows to increase the accuracy of such a process based on the application of the mutual correlation function and its subsequent mathematical adjustment. The practical value of the obtained results is an easy adaptation of the sound-metric system developed and tested in laboratory conditions for operation in military field conditions.

Управление метагеосистемами региона на основе идентификации, анализа и мониторинга рисков

The article presents a solution to the problem of introducing spatial data infrastructures (SDI) and geoportal systems as a tool for solving the problem of integration, distribution and visualization of geospatial information. The role of geoportals is proved as a tool to support managerial decision-making in the field of ensuring the conditions for sustainable development. It is proposed to organize the SDI implementation process on the basis of identification, analysis and monitoring of risks. The risk management process can be integrated into the process of iterative implementation and use of the SDI as an input to the requirements analysis stage. The results of assessing the strength of risk events make it possible to form a set of controllable risks in the management of territorial systems. In this case, the results of the risk assessment stage become the starting point in solving the problem of designing functional and qualitative requirements for the infrastructure of spatial data as a tool for managing spatially distributed systems. The solution of the problem of optimizing the processes of using spatial data for solving management problems should be focused on achieving the target effects of SDI, while assessing and controlling the resource intensity and complexity of management processes. It is shown that an important feature of the approach is the focus on flexible organization of the process of developing geoinformation systems. The solution to the problem of effective iterative development of SDI is possible based on the observance of the SOLID principles, which determine the expediency of implementing the basic principles of object-oriented programming and design.

Интерактивные тренажеры и их применение в процессе подготовки ИТ-специалистов в системе дистанционного обучения Moodle

Importance. The use of interactive simulators in the training of IT specialists is considered. The relevance is due to the need for high-quality training of specialists in the field of information technology for the country’s digital economy in conditions of a significant shortage of personnel, high dynamics of knowledge in the subject area being studied and the need for a constant connection between training and the inclusion of students in real practice-oriented professional activities. A module for automated verification of program code for the Moodle LMS is developed and, using it, interactive simulators have been created for training specialists in the field of web technologies. Research Methods. To achieve the research goals, various methods are used, including analysis of pedagogical literature, generalization and systematization of data. When developing an interactive simulator, various methods and approaches are used, namely: structural and functional modeling to describe the design of the simulator; principles of object-oriented programming to ensure flexibility and extensibility of the simulator; integration into a distance learning system for using the simulator as part of a training course; statistical processing of experimental results to analyze the effectiveness of the simulator and make the necessary adjustments. Results and Discussion. Changes in the scientific and economic sphere of our country have increased the contradictions between the needs of society and the level of IT specialists produced by the personnel training system. Technological modernization, integration of scientific fields and the constant formation of new knowledge dictate new requirements for IT specialists. From a good educational course for training IT specialists, we expect not only a large volume of practical tasks, but also the ability to quickly receive feedback. Online simulators are successfully used by many educational platforms to intensify the training process of IT specialists and increase student involvement in the educational process. A module for automated checking of HTML and CSS code for the Moodle LMS is developed and online simulators were created based on it. An experiment is conducted to introduce the developed simulators into the educational process. Students, based on the assignments they receive, can write code on their own, work with errors, take hints, receive immediate feedback, and move on to the next assignments. To assess the effectiveness of using the developed simulators in the educational process, the ratio of the number of students who successfully completed practical tasks and those who started them is chosen. We compared this indicator with the indicator of successful completion of practical tasks in groups where there was no simulator. For the experiment, groups of students with a comparable initial level of competencies in the field of web development are selected. The experiment showed that in groups undergoing training using the developed interactive simulators, the ratio of successfully completed practical tasks is 18 % higher than in groups of students studying without the use of simulators. Conclusion. Effective selection of available instrumental resources allows you to quickly and economically implement distance learning components specific to IT specialties, in accordance with the needs of the digital economy of the Russian Federation. The use of such technological tools not only improves the quality of education, but also prepares students for the demands of the modern labor market. It is extremely important for higher education institutions to adapt to the changing needs of the digital economy, and the use of interactive simulators is one of the key steps in this direction. The developed module for automated checking of HTML and CSS code for the Moodle LMS and simulators built on its basis will strengthen the practical component of training specialists in web technologies in the higher education system. This will ensure that students acquire the practical skills and knowledge needed for their future careers in the rapidly evolving digital world.

Exploring Design smells for smell-based defect prediction

Defect prediction is commonly used to reduce the effort from the testing phase of software development. A promising strategy is to use machine learning techniques to predict which software components may be defective. Features are key factors to the prediction’s success, and thus extracting significant features can improve the model’s accuracy. In particular, code smells are a category of those features that have been shown to improve the prediction performance significantly. However, Design code smells, a state-of-the-art collection of code smells based on the violations of the object-oriented programming principles, have not been studied in the context of defect prediction. In this paper, we study the performance of defect prediction models by training multiple classifiers for 97 real projects. We compare using Design code smells as features and using other Traditional smells from the literature and both. Moreover, we cluster and analyze the models’ performance based on the categories of Design code smells. We conclude that the models trained with both the Design code smells and the smells from the literature performed the best, with an improvement of 4.1% for the AUC score, compared to models trained with only Traditional smells. Consequently, Design smells are a good addition to the smells commonly studied in the literature for defect prediction.

РОЗВИТОК ОБЧИСЛЮВАЛЬНОГО МИСЛЕННЯ МАЙБУТНЬОГО ВЧИТЕЛЯ В КОНТЕКСТІ ОБ’ЄКТНОЇ МОДЕЛІ ПРОГРАМУВАННЯ

У статті на основі аналізу сучасних досліджень як вітчизняних так і закордонних учених здійснено спробу узагальнення теоретичних відомостей, що розкривають зміст поняття «обчислювальне мислення». Розглянуто ключові характеристики такого типу мисленнєвої діяльності та особливості їх реалізації в умовах широкого застосування інформаційно-комунікаційних технологій. Указано на ефективність розвитку обчислювального мислення шляхом впровадження в освітній процес майбутніх учителів основ алгоритмізації та програмування. На основі теоретичного аналізу сучасних моделей навчання програмування, здійснено спробу обґрунтування реалізації в процесі підготовки об’єктної моделі програмування з метою розвитку обчислювального мислення. Такий вибір зумовлений природньою схожістю процесів вирішення задач за допомогою обчислювального мислення та технологій, що застосовуються об’єктною моделлю програмування, базою для якою є об’єктно-орієнтоване програмування. Основними принципами, що покладені в процес вирішення проблеми за допомогою обчислювального мислення є: декомпозиція, розпізнавання шаблонів, абстракція та проектування алгоритмів.Узагальнено відомості про ключові принципи цього виду програмування ‒ абстракцію, інкапсуляцію, наслідування та поліморфізм. Сформульовано теоретичне обґрунтування ефективності використання вказаних принципів об’єктно-орієнтованого програмування у процесі розвитку обчислювального мислення майбутніх учителів. З’ясовано, що реалізація об’єктної моделі програмування у процесі розвитку обчислювального мислення дозволяє забезпечити майбутнього педагога інструментарієм, необхідним для вирішення проблем, що виникають у процесі як його професійної так і повсякденної діяльності. Крім того, розуміння та ефективне використання інформаційно-комунікаційних технологій з метою збільшити ефективність власної діяльності майбутнім учителем, дає змогу йому бути конкурентоспроможним в умовах сучасного ринку праці.

ELECTRONIC DICTIONARY OF SPORTS METAPHORS AS AN INSTRUMENT TO DEVELOP THE UKRAINIAN COMPUTER LEXICOGRAPHY

The article provides guidelines for studying the discipline Object-Oriented Programming for the training of specialists of the first (bachelor's) level of higher education in the field of knowledge 01 Education specialty 014 Secondary education (computer science) educational program (computer science, mathematics). This discipline plays a particularly important role in the training of computer science teachers, because the field of computer program development using the latest technologies, which includes object-oriented programming, is an important component of scientific and technological progress.Students are invited to consider the basic features of object-oriented programming and the principles of a visual approach to software design in an integrated environment Visual Studio.Net using Visual C#. The choice of Visual Studio.Net is due to the fact that the version of Visual Studio.Net Community is a free full-featured version, which differs from the professional only slightly limited features.The article considers the method of studying the basics and principles of object-oriented programming by demonstrating typical examples in lectures and consolidating the studied material in laboratory work. The examples are selected in such a way that it is possible to demonstrate the features of data input and output in the Visual C# visual programming environment, event programming, file processing, implementation of encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism mechanisms. Simultaneously with the demonstration of the implementation of typical examples, the required properties of the control elements used in the project implementation are studied.43By performing laboratory work, students consolidate the knowledge gained in lectures and acquire practical skills of project development using Visual C#. The laboratory work ends with the creation of a multi-window project, which represents a computer training system for studying computational methods. The creation of such a project allows students to consolidate the theoretical knowledge and practical skills of program development and demonstrates the use of interdisciplinary links in the educational process.

Introducing fundamental object-oriented programming concepts in preschool education within the context of physical science courses

Objects are everywhere. People deal with them from the beginning of their lives. From babyhood, they start to recognise them and, progressively, learn to define their attributes and designate the actions related to them. Although the basis of object-oriented programming is translating real-world objects into the object-oriented code, learning object-oriented programming is still a difficult task. To overcome this difficulty, we have to specify the right starting point of teaching basic object-oriented concepts and mark out the appropriate educational tools. In this paper, trying to answer the above questions, we present a research proposal on how fundamental object-oriented programming concepts could be introduced to children in early childhood education when physical science courses take place. The backbone of our research is the digital environment PhysGramming, through which children turn into creators, according to the theory of constructivism. The innovative aspect of PhysGramming is that children create their own games while studying physical science, in a way that provides familiarity with the basic principles of object-oriented programming and computational thinking, even though no specific reference is made to these principles.

Embedding the script language into optical simulation software

Integration of the Python script language into computer-aided design and simulation applications is considered. By the example of the physically correct optical simulation application, an approach based on the unified entity interface for domain objects is proposed. In particular, a scheme is proposed to extend the application with new types of parametric objects by writing extension classes that are simple in structure. Special attention is paid to making API user-friendly and ensuring compliance with the object-oriented programming principles.

Object-Oriented Programming When Developing Software in Geology and Geophysics

The paper reviews the role of object-oriented programming when developing software in geology and geophysics. Main stages have been identified at which it is worthwhile to apply principles of object-oriented programming when developing software in geology and geophysics. The research was based on a number of problems solved in Geology and Petroleum Production Institute. Distinctive features of these problems are given and areas of application of the object-oriented approach are identified. Developing applications in the sphere of geology and geophysics has shown that the process of creating such products is simplified due to the use of object-oriented programming, firstly when designing structures for data storage and graphical user interfaces.

Simulation of triggering and geodeformation processes induced by fluid injection into the geomedium

A module for simulation of seismic and geodeformation processes when fluid is injected into and extracted from the geomedium is developed. Calculation of the stress–strain state of the geomedium involves a modified Biot model that takes the rate of bulk strain in the Darcy equation into account. For software implementation of the module simulating the processes during fluid motion in terms of the Biot model, we applied the OpenFOAM 2.4.0 free package of C++ libraries. This package is a set of compiled modules and their source codes; the latter encapsulate all of the most commonly used objects and operations from computational continuum mechanics in accordance with the principles of object-oriented programming. Development of the stress calculation module is based on the standard solver for elastic deformation of an isotropic body from the OpenFOAM package. Its code was supplemented with the procedure of discretization and solution of the Darcy equation for pore pressure. Geodeformation effects are estimated by direct calculation of free surface displacements near the sources of fluid injection and extraction; these displacements can lead, in particular, to dangerous subsidence and induced seismicity. Triggering seismic effects are estimated by calculation of the accumulation rate for excessive tangential stresses in a fault zone at the depth of the seismogenic layer (5–15 km), with the ratios linking the historical seismicity and the tectonic stress accumulation rate in terms of the modified Dietrich’s model being taken into account. Seismological validation of the possible maximum magnitudes of technogenic earthquakes and their recurrence periods in the NE Sakhalin region of intensive oil and gas development is performed. The models of seismic process activation during technogenic impacts on the geomedium are specified.

Version 3.0 of code Java for 3D simulation of the CCA model

In this paper we provide a new version of program for replacing the previous version. The frequency of traversing the clusters-list was reduced, and some code blocks were optimized properly; in addition, we appended and revised the comments of the source code for some methods or attributes. The compared experimental results show that new version has better time efficiency than the previous version. New version program summaryProgram title: CCA v03Program Files doi:10.17632/gzncs28f95.1Licensing provisions: Apache-2.0 LicenseProgramming language: JavaJournal Reference of previous version: Computer Physics Communications 204 (2016) 214–215.Does the new version supersede the previous version?: YesNature of problem: There is poor running efficiency in the previous version. In addition, some methods in Java entity classes are short of necessary optimization.Solution method: A number of redundant steps, and running frequency of loop statements, are optimized into a more reasonable range. Object oriented solution, easy to reuse, extend and customize, in any development environment which supports Java JDK.Reasons for the new version:1. In the previous version [2], for a random selected cluster moving a unit length, it must firstly obtain the maximum diffusion coefficient Dmax [1] which is searched from the clusters-list. In fact, it is not necessary that the program traverse the clusters-list for every diffusion step. If there is no aggregation between two clusters in the process of diffusion, the program does not have to traverse the clusters-list to get the Dmax in this step, because of no change for every cluster’s property around the system. Dmax just be saved as a global variable which is used to store the latest maximum value. When aggregation takes place, we just update the current maximum value of Dmax, so greatly reduce loop steps. Although contrary to the principles of object-oriented programming to some extent, it is worthy to make such sacrifice.2. Some methods in Java entity classes are short of necessary optimization, containing redundant codes which consume extra hardware resources.3. The source code of old program lacks necessary explanations for some methods or attributes. Moreover, some code comments, which are incorrect or inexplicable, need revise.Summary of revisions:1. Cut down the frequency of traversing the clusters-list.2. Optimize some code blocks.3. Append and revise the comments of the source code for some methods or attributes, so as to easily for users to understand, debug and maintain.Additional comments: [Display omitted] We provide a referential log–log plot of simulation time versus number of particles as shown in Fig. 1 by a general PC. In this simulation, constant concentration C is set to 0.01, diffusion exponent is set to 0.5, sticking probability exponent is set to 0, and absolute temperature is set to 298K, but the side length L of cube varies in 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 (these parameters come from literature [1]). The number of particles N varies with the side length L(N=C∗L3), so we just adjust the side length to get different particle numbers.As we can see from Fig. 1, the coefficient of x is 2.2413 of the new version, which is near to quadratic complexity, the coefficient of x is 2.9367 of the previous version, which is very close to cubic complexity. Obviously, the new version has a better running efficiency than the previous version.The new program brings a high running speed, but cause another problem that one user cannot promptly click the “Suspend” button to see a snapshot what he or she wanted to see. For this fault, we append a “Slow down” checkbox which can reduce the running speed for users’ choice, so it improves user-experience.Running time: Determined by the initial parameters.

Coding of functions by classes for numerical simulation in hard X-ray optics

An advantage of implementation of object-oriented programming principles in numerical simulation in hard X-ray optics was considered. The suggested approach was demonstrated on the example of two-beam X-ray interferometer with the refracting prism. It was shown that the proposed coding technique significantly simplifies the main program code by reducing its size, as well as making it more readable and easily modifiable.

Model of multimodal transport node functioning

To increase the efficiency of transport nodes functioning taking into account the logistics management principles it is necessary to optimize the structure and capacity of transport nodes' production resources, and to develop such a method for calculating of joint schedules for vehicles and freight hubs of the transport node, which takes into account stochastic nature of the parameters of material and informational flows. For solving the problems of optimal management of transport nodes functioning processes it is proposed to use the specific efficiency indicator, which is determined as a ratio of total costs of clients servicing in transport node to the costs of production resources used while servicing. According to the used approach for formalization of the transport node internal processes, development of the simulation model was implemented on the base of object-oriented programming principles. TransportNode.dll class library has been used as basic tool for simulations. The model implemented on the base of the library allows to take into account stochastic nature of demand and probabilistic nature of technological processes in transport nodes. Some results of numeric simulations for the loading area “Amur-Gavan” of Dnipropetrovsk River Port have been described in the paper.

Object-oriented diplomatics

Purpose – This paper aims to present a conceptual methodology, named herein as object-oriented diplomatics, based on a presentation given by the author at the Digital Diplomatics 2014 conference. This methodology centers on building digital records capable of supporting their authenticity over time and when removed from their original systems by extending archival diplomatics theory by leveraging object-oriented programming (OOP) principles. Design/methodology/approach – This paper presents new method for supporting the presumption of authenticity of digital records through extending archival diplomatics concepts into OOP principles when creating digital records within a record-keeping system. Findings – This paper is based on a preliminary research being conducted during the design of a government digital archives. This concept was used as a core design element for their digital archives and has thus far shown great promise in articulating and encapsulating those essential data elements that support the presumption of authenticity across a wide diversity of record types. Originality/value – This paper presents a new approach to support the presumption of authenticity of digital records by utilizing concepts from archival diplomatics leveraged with OOP principles. It is the hope of the author that this paper will initiate a deeper collaboration between archives and records management professionals and software developers in the design and implementation of digital repositories.