Principles Of Device Operation Research Articles

Nanomaterials Based Micro/Nanoelectromechanical System (MEMS and NEMS) Devices.

The micro- and nanoelectromechanical system (MEMS and NEMS) devices based on two-dimensional (2D) materials reveal novel functionalities and higher sensitivity compared to their silicon-base counterparts. Unique properties of 2D materials boost the demand for 2D material-based nanoelectromechanical devices and sensing. During the last decades, using suspended 2D membranes integrated with MEMS and NEMS emerged high-performance sensitivities in mass and gas sensors, accelerometers, pressure sensors, and microphones. Actively sensing minute changes in the surrounding environment is provided by means of MEMS/NEMS sensors, such as sensing in passive modes of small changes in momentum, temperature, and strain. In this review, we discuss the materials preparation methods, electronic, optical, and mechanical properties of 2D materials used in NEMS and MEMS devices, fabrication routes besides device operation principles.

Pixels and resonators with blazed Littrow structures: Passive and non-Hermitian approaches

The confinement of light by Littrow blazed grating structures is explored for targeted device operation principles. For passive devices, these grating structures are explored in one and two-dimensional versions to study resonant pixel with sizes of about ten grating periods (for 4.5 μm-side), which retain a CMOS compatible design. The resonances are found to substantially enhance the weak silicon absorption at 940 nm, a wavelength of interest for, e.g., distance ranging and face recognition, and to achieve a 7.5° angular tolerance. The addition of gain and loss in generic Littrow structures that display an original dispersion made of crossing manifold is next considered, with a view to the issue of broad-area laser modal control.

Healthcare Monitoring Sensors Based on Organic Transistors: Surface/Interface Strategy and Performance.

Organic transistors possess inherent advantages such as flexibility, biocompatibility, customizable chemical structures, solution-processability, and amplifying capabilities, making them highly promising for portable healthcare sensor applications. Through convenient and diverse modifications at the material and device surfaces or interfaces, organic transistors allow for a wide range of sensor applications spanning from chemical and biological to physical sensing. In this comprehensive review, the surface and interface engineering aspect associated with four types of typical healthcare sensors is focused. The device operation principles and sensing mechanisms are systematically analyzed and highlighted, and particularly surface/interface functionalization strategies that contribute to the enhancement of sensing performance are focused. An outlook and perspective on the critical issues and challenges in the field of healthcare sensing using organic transistors are provided as well.

Emerging Opportunities for 2D Materials in Neuromorphic Computing.

Recently, two-dimensional (2D) materials and their heterostructures have been recognized as the foundation for future brain-like neuromorphic computing devices. Two-dimensional materials possess unique characteristics such as near-atomic thickness, dangling-bond-free surfaces, and excellent mechanical properties. These features, which traditional electronic materials cannot achieve, hold great promise for high-performance neuromorphic computing devices with the advantages of high energy efficiency and integration density. This article provides a comprehensive overview of various 2D materials, including graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), and black phosphorus (BP), for neuromorphic computing applications. The potential of these materials in neuromorphic computing is discussed from the perspectives of material properties, growth methods, and device operation principles.

Reprogrammable Binary and Ternary Optoelectronic Logic Gates Composed of Nanostructured GaN Photoelectrodes with Bipolar Photoresponse Characteristics

AbstractThe elementary electronic‐logic‐gates, performing basic logic functions using electric signals as input, act as a building block of modern digital circuits. Intriguingly, the optoelectronic‐logic‐gates (OLGs), composed of optical devices, are emerging as a new logic platform which enables faster and large‐capacity data transmission and processing by using photons as input. However, the strict operation principle of classic optical devices, for example, the unidirectional photoresponse of the photodetector, restricts the functional enrichment of OLGs. Herein, reprogrammable OLGs in a photoelectrochemical (PEC)‐environment are reported by employing gallium‐nitride semiconductor p–n nanowires as photoelectrodes where bidirectional photocurrent is achieved, leading to the demonstration of various binary OLGs including “NOT”, “XOR”, and “OR”. Strikingly, thanks to the versatile tunability of PEC‐photoelectrodes, the logic function of these OLGs is switchable by simply adjusting programming inputs including light intensity, bias voltage, electrolyte condition, and the physicochemical properties of the nanowire surface. Most importantly, unique ternary OLGs, for example, ternary “OR” gates, can also be realized based on binary ones by just tuning their applied bias for higher logic complexity applications, without changing the device architecture. Such reprogrammable binary and ternary OLGs could provide a new avenue toward next‐generation logic circuits for fast computing and data‐processing in the future.

Comprehensive Benefit Evaluation Analysis And Application Research of Energy Storage

In recent years, the penetration rate of renewable energy in the power system has increased year by year, and the allocation of energy storage is an important development trend to improve the operation stability of the grid-connected power system containing renewable energy. This paper first analyzes the basic concept and operation principle of energy storage devices, and then explains the costs and benefits of energy storage devices. Finally, the industrial park and energy storage power station are used as practical application scenarios to verify the correctness of the proposed method. The example results show that energy storage should be installed in a place where the system network loss is minimal and the reliability of power supply can be maximized, and the capacity of the energy storage system should match the load capacity of the bus bar of the installation site, so as to achieve the greatest comprehensive benefits.

PREDICTIVE ASSESSMENT OF DIESEL FUEL QUALITY BASED ON WAVELET TRANSFORMATIONS

The principle of device operation for determining the quality control of diesel fuel is considered, which helps to investigate the spectral characteristics of diesel fuel. Basic wavelet transformations are given. IR spectroscopy of diesel fuel from different producing countries was carried out, and determination of the cetane number through wavelet coefficients and determining conclusion diesel fuel quality were performed.

Research progress of physics of electrowetting display devices

Electrowetting refers to the phenomenon of modifying the surface tension between a liquid and a solid by adjusting the externally applied electric potential between the liquid and solid electrodes, thereby changing the contact angle between the two and causing a deformation and displacement of the droplets. Electrowetting electronic paper display is a new reflective “paper-like” display technology based on a rapid response microfluidic control technology. It has the advantages of low energy consumption, visual health, and flexibility of commercial electrophoretic electronic paper display products, while breaking through the bottlenecks of “full-color” and “video-speed response” that currently restrict the application of electronic paper display technology. In this paper, several physical directions involved in electrowetting display devices, especially wetting and electrowetting, binary phase fluid mechanics, microscopic and interfacial physics, photophysics, dielectric physics, thermophysics, and transient physics, are systematically reviewed; the basic principles of device operation, microscopic and mesoscopic physical pictures, internal mechanisms of device operation, and device reliability are also discussed in detail.

A guide for the characterization of organic electrochemical transistors and channel materials.

The organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) is one of the most versatile devices within the bioelectronics toolbox, with its compatibility with aqueous media and the ability to transduce and amplify ionic and biological signals into an electronic output. The OECT operation relies on the mixed (ionic and electronic charge) conduction properties of the material in its channel. With the increased popularity of OECTs in bioelectronics applications and to benchmark mixed conduction properties of channel materials, the characterization methods have broadened somewhat heterogeneously. We intend this review to be a guide for the characterization methods of the OECT and the channel materials used. Our review is composed of two main sections. First, we review techniques to fabricate the OECT, introduce different form factors and configurations, and describe the device operation principle. We then discuss the OECT performance figures of merit and detail the experimental procedures to obtain these characteristics. In the second section, we shed light on the characterization of mixed transport properties of channel materials and describe how to assess films' interactions with aqueous electrolytes. In particular, we introduce experimental methods to monitor ion motion and diffusion, charge carrier mobility, and water uptake in the films. We also discuss a few theoretical models describing ion-polymer interactions. We hope that the guidelines we bring together in this review will help researchers perform a more comprehensive and consistent comparison of new materials and device designs, and they will be used to identify advances and opportunities to improve the device performance, progressing the field of organic bioelectronics.

Acoustically driven shear mechanoporation for efficient intracellular delivery and transfection

Delivery of large and structurally complex molecules into cells is useful in numerous biomedical applications. Furthermore, this capability is critical to the emerging area of cell-based therapeutics. Extant in vivo (viral) and in vitro (chemical, electrical) methods are often inadequate for protein, nucleic acid, and synthetic nanomaterial delivery, leading researchers to develop alternative physical approaches. Over the past two decades, our lab has established a micromachined ultrasonic droplet generator that uses geometric focusing of acoustic waves to break the liquid surface and form extremely fine droplets. More recently, we have found that these focused mechanical forces generated on a microsecond time scale can be applied to reversibly disrupt the membranes of cells. Acoustic shear poration (ASP) relies on cell ejection from microscale orifices only slightly larger than the cells to open transient pores large enough for passage of small to large macromolecules at greater than 75% efficiency. I will discuss the principles of device operation, the connection between operating parameters and treatment outcomes, and the limitations of diffusive delivery following mechanoporation. I will also introduce a two-stage approach that combines mechanoporation and an electrophoretic action to improve transfection and delivery of complex assemblies that carry multiple payloads.

A SiC MOSFET Isolated DC/DC Converter for a Hybrid Vehicle

This article deals with development of a DC/DC converter for use as a device for charging the traction storage batteries of an unmanned vehicle with a solid-oxide fuel cell stack. A phase shift controlled 8 kW full-bridge DC/DC converter was modeled, developed, manufactured, and tested within the frame of a research work. The device operation principle is described. The device control system developed on the basis of the Cortex ARM STM32F407VGT6 controller uses original software. The software supports the converter operation in an automatic mode by receiving, from the central processor device, operation mode setting commands (including the current, voltage, and power setpoints) and transmitting the remote measurement data (input and output circuit voltages, and the power switches and housing temperatures). Communication with the vehicle central processor is performed using the CAN protocol as per the SAE J1939 standard. The CAN is a standard serial communication protocol (its support for real-time distributed control with multiplexing allows information to be exchanged between various vehicle components). The classic CAN frame format allows data transmission rates up to 1 Mbps and payloads up to 8 bytes per frame. However, the recently introduced format (a CAN flexible data transmission rate frame format) allows higher data transmission rates and payloads higher and longer than these ordinary values. The transmission rate in the developed converter is 250 kbps. The converter operates in the input voltage range from 180 to 250 V and output voltage range from 500 to 800 V. The output current limit is 10 A. The converter efficiency was estimated to be 93%.

A minireview on 2D materials-enabled optoelectronic artificial synaptic devices

Two-dimensional (2D) layered materials exhibit many unique properties, such as near-atomic thickness, electrical tunability, optical tunability, and mechanical deformability, which are characteristically distinct from conventional materials. They are particularly promising for next-generation biologically inspired optoelectronic artificial synapses, offering unprecedented opportunities beyond the current complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor-based computing device technologies. This Research update article introduces the recent exploration of various 2D materials for optoelectronic artificial synapses, such as graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides, black phosphorous, hexagonal boron nitride, MXenes, and metal oxides. Material property suitability and advantages of these 2D materials in implementing optoelectronic artificial synapses are discussed in detail. In addition, recent progress demonstrating 2D materials-enabled optoelectronic artificial synaptic devices is reviewed along with their device operation principles. Finally, pending challenges and forward-looking outlooks on this emerging research area are suggested.

Narrow bandgap photovoltaic cells

Research activities and progress in narrow bandgap (<0.5 eV) photovoltaic (PV) cells for applications in thermophotovoltaic (TPV) systems are reviewed and discussed. The device performance and relevant material properties of these narrow bandgap PV cells are summarized and evaluated. Issues and factors that affect narrow bandgap PV device performance are then considered. Narrow bandgap interband cascade PV devices are presented as a promising route to circumvent or alleviate limiting factors in conventional narrow bandgap TPV devices. The operation principle and special features of interband cascade PV devices are described, along with theoretical modeling and experimental results. Finally, a perspective and outlook is provided in conjunction with the review process. • Bulk narrow bandgap materials have inherent limitations such as a low absorption coefficient and a short diffusion length. • A multi-stage interband cascade architecture circumvents the low absorption coefficient and short diffusion length limitations of bulk materials in photovoltaic applications. • Interband cascade photovoltaic device technology would be further improved by incorporation of other innovations.

Demonstration of Photoelectrochemical‐Type Photodetectors Using Seawater as Electrolyte for Portable and Wireless Optical Communication

AbstractThe emerging photoelectrochemical‐type photodetector (PEC‐PD), because of its unique device architecture by using an aqueous electrolyte, is naturally applicable in the pursuit of underwater optical communication without sophisticated device packaging and assembling. Unfortunately, the traditional PEC detecting process typically involves a large electrochemical workstation with long cables and wire connections for photo signal acquisition, which hinders its applications in wireless optical communication. In this work, an AlGaN nanowire‐based self‐powered PEC‐PD is fabricated that uses seawater as an electrolyte, and then an optical communication system including the PEC‐PD and a portable electrochemical workstation as the signal receiver for data communication is built. Essentially, the self‐power PEC‐PD shows a high responsivity of −15.5 mA W–1, a fast response/recovery time of ≈100 ms, and high stability operation in the seawater electrolyte. Foremost, the optical communication system shows high accuracy in wireless transmission of ASCII code signals in a seawater environment. Such a demonstration offers a new device architecture for possible under‐seawater communication systems by leveraging the unique operation principle of photoelectrochemical devices in the future.

Prospects of using the TVGD-02 tonometer for assisted monitoring of intraocular pressure at home

Purpose: to evaluate the safety and convenience of self-using the intraocular pressure tonometer TVGD-02 at home with no participation of medical professionals. Material and methods. 42 people formed 30 pairs: a patient and an assistant. In 9 pairs, each person played both roles. The participants practiced the technique of transpalpebral measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP) at home, and, as assistants, measured IOP of their partner patients. All subjects were asked to fill in a questionnaire to evaluate the convenience and safety of the tonometer use by a 5-point system. Results. The assistant users, aged 22 to 83 (ave. 59.68 ± 17.20 years) had diverse educational levels. Of the patient users, aged 22 to 82 (ave. 60.64 ± 17.10 years), 82.14 % had ocular pathology, while 35.7 % had glaucoma with concomitant pathology. In 100 % of cases, the participants required no professional assistance to properly prepare the tonometer for operation and perform IOP measurement. The accuracy and reproducibility of measurement results significantly increased with the assistants’ gaining skills of operating the tonometer. On the 1st day, the data obtained in a series of measurements scattered for the control block within 2.07 ± 1.70 [7; 0] mm Hg, while the measured IOP of the patient scattered within 2.89 ± 19.10 [8; 0]. In contrast, on the 5th day, measurement accuracy increased significantly and the scatter dropped to 1.21 ± 0.72 [2; 0] and 0.85 ± 0.69 [2; 0] mm Hg, respectively. The users rated the ease of using the device at different staged from 4.21 ± 0.67 to 5.0 ± 0.0 points. Conclusion. Assisted transpalpebral tonometry with the TVGD-02 tonometer ensures an adequate assessment of IOP in patients at home. The principles of device operation and the technique can be learned and skills can be gained without the participation of medical personnel.

Radiation Effects in Advanced and Emerging Nonvolatile Memories

Despite hitting major roadblocks in 2-D scaling, NAND flash continues to scale in the vertical direction and dominate the commercial nonvolatile memory market. However, several emerging nonvolatile technologies are under development by major commercial foundries or are already in small volume production, motivated by storage-class memory and embedded application drivers. These include spin-transfer torque magnetic random access memory (STT-MRAM), resistive random access memory (ReRAM), phase change random access memory (PCRAM), and conductive bridge random access memory (CBRAM). Emerging memories have improved resilience to radiation effects compared to flash, which is based on storing charge, and hence may offer an expanded selection from which radiation-tolerant system designers can choose from in the future. This review discusses the material and device physics, fabrication, operational principles, and commercial status of scaled 2-D flash, 3-D flash, and emerging memory technologies. Radiation effects relevant to each of these memories are described, including the physics of and errors caused by total ionizing dose, displacement damage, and single-event effects, with an eye toward the future role of emerging technologies in radiation environments.

Unitraveling-Carrier-Photodiode-Integrated High-Electron-Mobility Transistor for Photonic Double-Mixing

We newly propose and experimentally investigate an InGaAs-channel high-electron-mobility transistor integrated with a unitraveling-carrier photodiode (UTC-PD) structure on its source side for an efficient optical-to-wireless carrier frequency downconversion utilizing its photonic double-mixing functionality. It is demonstrated that the double-mixing conversion gain is significantly enhanced by 20 dB compared with a standard HEMT, owing to the integration of the UTC-PD structure. The device operation principle expected from the device structure is confirmed through measured DC characteristics and photomixing/double-mixing characteristics in the millimeter-wave region. The feasibility of the device for practical use in future optical-wireless convergence networks is addressed.

ПРИБОРНАЯ РЕАЛИЗАЦИЯ МАГНИТНОГО МЕТОДА ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ ТОЛЩИНЫ УПРОЧНЕННОГО СЛОЯ МЕТАЛЛА ОСИ ПОДВИЖНОГО СОСТАВА

The simplest and accessible method for rolling-stock axle surface strengthening is surface processing with cold plastic deformation by means of rolling. This process is one of the stages in manufacturing diesel locomotive and car axles of a rolling-stock. &#x0D; The basic parameters of rolling engineering process are micro-hardness of a metal surface strengthened layer and its depth, which at present are controlled by means of cutting out longitudinal polished specimens from the axle and in case of the deviation from the required value the whole set axles is rejected. That is why there is offered a method of the non-destruction control of micro-hardness and depth of axle strengthening the essence of which is not only in the control of a strengthening degree value, but in the instant correction of rolling equipment in case of the deviation from the parameter, as this device is integrated in the interface of a rolling machine. In such a way, an actual value of strengthened layer micro-hardness will be always within the specified limits. The principle of device operation is based on the topography changes in the scattering magnetic field of preliminary magnetized local volume of ferromagnetic material. There are shown numerical experiments for the dependence parameter definition of a scattering field of a magnetic mark from thickness and magnetic properties of a strengthened metal layer which had given a possibility to obtain the analytical dependences of a strengthened layer thickness and coercive force of the strengthened layer upon the parameters of a horizontal and vertical constituents of the scattering field strength of the magnetic mark. There are obtained results of natural experiments which allow defining magnetic properties of the upper metal layer in the axle and checking the correctness of data obtained at numerical computations, computation errors do not exceed 6%. The integration circuit of the mentioned structure-scope in the configuration of a rolling machine to obtain a feedback on a micro-hardness value of a surface strengthened layer.

2D ferroelectric devices: working principles and research progress.

Two-dimensional (2D) ferroelectric materials are promising for use in high-performance nanoelectronic devices due to the non-volatility, high storage density, low energy cost and short response time originating from their bistable and switchable polarization states. In this mini review, we first discuss the mechanism and operation principles of ferroelectric devices to facilitate understanding of these novel nanoelectronics and then summarize the latest research progress of electronic devices based on 2D ferroelectrics. Finally, the perspectives for future research and development directions in various fields are provided. We expect this will provide an overview regarding the application of 2D ferroelectrics in electronic appliances.

Interactive Learning Material for Optoelectronic Devices using MATLAB-based GUI

Optoelectronic devices have been a difficult subject to grasp for many university students who undertake electronic engineering. Many students find it difficult to understand the operation principle of the optoelectronic devices, for instance, how a solar cell device converts solar energy into electric energy or electricity, or the difference between types of semiconductor devices in terms of interaction between photons and electrons. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to design and implement an interactive and animated software package to aid students in understanding the concepts of the following optoelectronic devices: solar cell, p-n junction photodiode, p-i-n photodiode, light emitting diode and semiconductor laser. The software package was designed to be user friendly and easy to use requiring minimum learning time. The implementation of the software package was achieved using the MATLAB program which is an interactive software package for scientific and engineering numeric computation. The outcome is a series of MATLAB programs that can be used to help students learn the concepts of optoelectronic devices.