Principles Of Content Analysis Research Articles

School Meals for All: A Qualitative Study Exploring Lessons in Successful Advocacy and Policymaking in Maine and California

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic focused national attention on food insecurity, equity, and the role of school meal programs in supporting children, families, and communities. In doing so, the pandemic created a rare policy window – an opportunity to advance a longstanding public health goal of guaranteed access to free school meals for all students. In July 2021, California and Maine became the first states to authorize school meal for all legislation (also known as universal free meals). ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to explore perspectives of policymakers, state agency officials, and advocates on the conditions and mechanisms that facilitated passage of school meal for all legislation in California and Maine. DesignA qualitative case study was conducted. ParticipantsBetween December 2021 and June 2022, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 30 policymakers, state agency officials, and advocates. AnalysisPerformed: Interviews were analyzed using principles of content analysis. Key themes are organized using Kingdon’s multiple streams framework for public policy. ResultsEleven key themes were identified. Lessons are drawn from the policy and advocacy strategies used to advance laws in California and Maine. For instance, paving the way with incremental policy change, tailoring messaging to diverse audiences, and organizing at the grassroots and grasstops levels were critical to success of advocacy efforts. ConclusionsPromising practices can guide efforts to expand access to school meals and advance other child nutrition policies in other states and nationally. Moving forward, lessons learned from implementation of universal free school meal legislation in California, Maine, and other early adopters should be documented and shared.

Patient research partner involvement in rheumatology research: a systematic literature review informing the 2023 updated EULAR recommendations for the involvement of patient research partners

BackgroundPatient research partners (PRPs) are people with a disease who collaborate in a research team as partners. The aim of this systematic literature review (SLR) was to assess barriers and...

Exploring the perspective of adolescent childhood cancer survivors on follow-up care and their concerns regarding the transition process-A qualitative content analysis.

In Germany, children diagnosed with cancer survive their initial disease in more than 80%, and the majority will become long-term survivors. Around the age of 18, survivors are transferred to adult healthcare. The transition can be a critical period in the process of care at which many childhood cancer survivors discontinue to participate in regular follow-up care. Hence, the objective of the paper was to explore (a) survivors' attitudes towards pediatric follow-up care and (b) their concerns regarding the transition process to draw conclusions for optimizing pediatric care and transition processes. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 21 adolescent childhood cancer survivors between the ages of 14 and 20. The survivors were recruited via a pediatric oncology department of a university hospital in Germany. Based on the principles of qualitative content analysis, a deductive-inductive method according to Kuckartz was applied. Based on the interview guide and derived from the exploratory research questions, two key categories were generated: (a) Survivors' attitudes towards pediatric follow-up care, which encompasses all formal and emotional aspects of survivors regarding follow-up care, and (b) their concerns regarding transition from pediatric to adult healthcare, where hindering and facilitating factors for a successful transition occur. Our results show high satisfaction among survivors with follow-up care. Nevertheless, they wish to be more integrated into processes and the organization of their follow-up care. Most adolescent survivors do not feel ready for transition. The integration of survivors into the organization processes and routines, and the promotion of emotional detachment from pediatric health care professionals (HCPs) are important to reduce concerns and uncertainties of adolescent survivors regarding the transition process and to promote subjective readiness for transition. To gain confidence in the adult healthcare, it is crucial to provide tailored education depending on individual requirements and needs and to build trusting relationships between survivors and adult HCPs.

Universal School Meals During the Pandemic: A Mixed Methods Analysis of Parent Perceptions from California and Maine

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the United States Congress authorized the United States Department of Agriculture to waive a variety of school meal regulations and funded school meals daily for all students at no charge regardless of family income. Since federal Universal Free School Meals (UFSM) ended with the 2021-2022 school year, several states, including California and Maine, adopted state-level UFSM policies. This study aimed to understand parent perceptions of school meals and the federal and new state UFSM policies in California and Maine, including potential challenges and benefits to students and households. A mixed methods study design was used. A quantitative cross-sectional survey was administered, and semi-structured interviews were conducted in English and Spanish during the 2021-2022 school year. The quantitative survey was administered to parents of students in elementary, middle, and high schools in rural, suburban, and urban communities in California (n=1,110) and Maine (n=80). Qualitative interviews were then conducted with a subset of these parents in California (n=46) and Maine (n=20) using ZoomTM. Most survey participants (708 out of 1,190; 59.5%) and interviewees (40 out of 66; 60.6%) were parents of students who were eligible for free or reduced-price meals (FRPM). Parents' perceptions of UFSM, school meal quality, and experiences applying for FRPM were examined. Tests of proportions were used to analyze survey data. Using grounded theory, interview transcripts were analyzed qualitatively by 2 trained research assistants, applying principles of content analysis to identify themes and domains. Inter-rater reliability was conducted. Parents perceived that school meals and UFSM saved families money and time, as parents had fewer meals to purchase and prepare for their children. Additionally, UFSM reduced parents' stress and reduced stigma for children and for parents, who described feelings of embarrassment when they previously filled out paperwork for FRPM. While parent perceptions of school meal quality and healthfulness were mixed, most parents reported feeling grateful for school meals. Parents had mixed opinions on the quality and healthfulness of school meals, but believed UFSM saved them money and time and reduced their stress. Parents also felt UFSM reduced stigma for families.

Social Workers’ Perceptions Regarding Legal Intervention for Older Adults without Significant Cognitive Decline Who Are Abused by Their Adult Child

ABSTRACT Social workers aiding older adults facing abuse from their adult child confront an ethical dilemma: whether to honor autonomy or prevent harm. The study explores how social workers perceive legal intervention against the older adult’s will. Twenty-one aging-specialized social workers took part in semi-structured interviews using a vignette. The analysis was conducted inductively, guided by content analysis principles. Two main themes emerged, focusing on the disadvantages and benefits of legal intervention. The findings underscore that combining teleological and deontological considerations could form a foundation for developing decision-making tools to aid social workers in navigating this dilemma effectively.

Standardized Sampling for Systematic Literature Reviews (STAMP Method): Ensuring Reproducibility and Replicability

Systematic literature reviews (SLRs) are an effective way of mapping a research field and synthesizing research evidence. However, especially in communication research, SLRs often include diverse theories and methods, which come with a considerable downside in terms of reproducibility and replicability. As a response to this problem, the present article introduces the method of standardized sampling for systematic literature reviews (STAMP). The method is a structured, four-stage approach that is centered around score-based screening decisions. Originating from principles of standardized content analysis, a method common in communication research, and supplementing established guidelines like Cochrane or PRISMA, the STAMP method contributes to more transparent, reproducible, and replicable SLR sampling processes. As we illustrate throughout the article, the method is adaptable to various SLR types. The article also discusses the method’s limitations, such as potential coder effects and comparatively high resource intensity. To facilitate the application of STAMP, we provide a comprehensive guideline via the Open Science Framework that offers a succinct overview for quick reference and includes practical examples for different types of SLRs.

Exploring Students’ Perceptions Towards 21st Century Skills Through Novel Applications: A Comparative Study among EFL Learners in Iraq

Many initiatives have been seized to integrate 21st-century skills into the curriculum. They encompass specific competencies under five areas, which are vital subjects, 21st-century themes, innovation, career, and literacy skills. Accordingly, the present qualitative study was carried out at Tishk International University in Erbil, Iraq on 50 first-year students, aged between 18 and 23 in 10 departments through semi-structured interviews, according to the principles of phenomenological research design in the fall semester of the 2023-2024 academic year. This study aimed to explore the attitudes of tertiary-level students toward 21st-century skills through the lens of practical reflections on their social, personal, and academic lives. Specifically, it aimed to address the following question: What 21st-century skills are more significant than others? The rationale for exploring university students’ perceptions of 21st-century skills and their practical applications was that students seemed perplexed regarding the significance of practical reflections in the Iraq context. Collected data were transcribed by the Go Transcribe application and classified based on the principles of content analysis. The findings revealed that reading, productivity, accountability, creativity, technology, and financial literacy were prioritized in each category by the participants, and they had novel ways to develop them regularly. The findings of this study can shed light on some points about the implementation of 21st-century skills with clear-cut strategies at educational institutions.

The Direct Method in English Language Instruction for Primary School Students in Santarém-PA: An Experience of TESOL Undergraduates

The Direct Method, a pedagogical approach for teaching additional languages through immersion, emphasizes oral interaction and everyday language usage to facilitate language acquisition. This method discourages reliance on translation and minimizes emphasis on grammatical rules. However, a fundamental question arises about the effectiveness of TESOL programmes in non-English dominant countries in equipping prospective teachers to adopt a monolingual approach. This paper explores the results of a case study aimed at understanding the experiences of two TESOL degree candidates from a university in Northern Brazil. They participated in an outreach project employing the Direct Method to teach English to Year 1 students on the outskirts of Santarém-PA. Data, gathered through proficiency assessments, interviews, and video recordings, were analysed using Content Analysis and video analysis principles in qualitative research. The results revealed challenges faced by the participants due to limited pedagogical knowledge but also unveiled adaptive strategies, collaborative work practices, introspection, and an acknowledgment of the importance of integrating elements from students’ physical and social contexts into lessons. Despite challenges, the study underscores the beneficial potential and viability of the Direct Method in non-English dominant contexts, advocating for its critical consideration and adaptation within TESOL programmes.

Early Career Nurses' Experiences of Engaging in a Leadership Role in Hospital Settings.

Early career nurses (ECNs) can be expected to assume shift charge nurse leadership roles quickly upon entering practice. Since the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, junior nurses may find their leadership capabilities tested further as the challenges of leadership are made increasingly complex in the context of an infectious disease outbreak. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore early career registered nurses' (RNs) experiences of engaging in shift charge nurse roles in hospital settings. This study used an interpretive descriptive (ID) approach. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with 14 RNs across Ontario, who had up to three years of experience and who had engaged in a shift charge nurse role in a hospital setting. Recruitment and data collection took place from January to May 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed following the principles of content analysis. Content analysis of the 14 participant interviews revealed four main themes: nominated and necessitated into leadership, diverse and demanding responsibilities, factors that help and hinder, and leadership as an impactful experience. Study findings provide insights into potential strategies to support ECNs in shift charge nurse roles, during the remaining course of the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. Greater support for nurses who engage in these roles may be achieved by promoting collaborative unit and organizational cultures, prioritizing leadership training programs, and strengthening policies to provide greater clarity regarding charge nurse role responsibilities.

Дифузія інновацій в е-торгівлі

In terms of market relations, the effectiveness of marketing systems is a decisive factor in the competitiveness of the enterprise. In today’s world, enterprises cannot exist without the introduction of innovative processes into production or to existing goods or services. The application of innovations in marketing, which increases profitability by 10%, is extremely relevant today, so there is an urgent need to study the spread of innovations in e-trade, taking into account marketing management. The aim of the article is to determine the impact of marketing management on the spread of inno­vations in e-trade. The research was conducted using methods of theoretical generalization and grouping; formalization and synthesis; principles of scientific content analysis. In order to assess the significance of the influence of the components of the marketing complex on the spread of innovations in e-trade, for the reliability of the research results and the justified choice of strategies, the model of F. Bass was chosen, which is characterized by the universality of application and the classification of e-consumers into social groups: innovators, early followers, early majority, late majority and outsiders. Price and promotion (advertising) are found to affect the size of the e-trade market, taking into account the elasticity of demand and the growth dynamics of the e-trade market size. Innovations ensure the further development of successful business and maintaining competitive positions on the market, therefore demand forecasting is a priority area. Marketing mix management affects all key elements of the Bass model, including innovativeness and imitation rates, total e-trade market size, and diffusion rates. It was found that the price is the dominant factor in the diffusion of innovations, and the effect of advertising is cumulative during the life cycle of the innovative product, which positively affects both the size of the market and the speed of diffusion of innovations.

Media and information literacy (MIL) and emerging methodologies in early childhood education and primary education degrees in Andalusia

Since the 1980s, the growing consumption of media by various segments of the population has been of concern to education experts, who have warned of the need for teacher training to integrate Media and Information Literacy (MIL) in their curricula. In this article we analyse the curricular plans and teaching guides for subjects related to MIL in Early Childhood Education and Primary Education degrees in Andalusia. Through these documents, we seek to identify the presence of AMI in initial teacher training, its characteristics, potential and limits, as well as the emerging methodologies arising from the relationship between technology and education. In methodological terms, we conducted a quantitative analysis, using simple descriptive statistics, combined with a qualitative analysis, using the principles of content analysis, according to Bardin (1991). The data indicate that training for AMI is very uneven across the universities and courses analysed. Moreover, most of the subjects related to AMI are optional and deal mainly with aspects related to the presence of technology as a support for teaching, with little presence of emerging methodologies, which leads to a marginalisation of aesthetic training and critical training of future teachers for and with the media.

Resident-, family-, and staff-identified goals for rehabilitation of long-term care residents with dementia: a qualitative study

BackgroundLong-term care (LTC) residents with dementia can benefit from rehabilitation to improve function and quality of life. However, specific goals for rehabilitation with this population are not always clear. The purpose of this study was to describe the goals for rehabilitation for LTC residents with dementia from the perspective of residents, family, and staff.MethodsThis was a phenomenological qualitative study. LTC residents with moderate to severe dementia, family members, and staff were recruited from two LTC homes in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and field notes from observations with residents while they were being active within the home. Data were analyzed via the principles of thematic content analysis, mapped onto the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) Model, and reported by the participant group (i.e., residents, family, or staff).ResultsThe 15 participants were three female residents aged 82 to 98 years, seven predominantly (86%) female family members aged 56 to 74 years, and five staff members (two females, three males, aged 22 to 55 years) who were physiotherapists, a physiotherapy assistant, a healthcare aide, and a registered licenced practical nurse. Most identified goals fell within the activities and participation constructs of the ICF model and focused on maintaining or improving function, mobility, and quality of life. Specific themes included preventing falls, walking or locomoting, stair climbing, maintaining activities of daily living, engaging in enjoyable exercise, maintaining independence and human connections, keeping busy, leaving the home for activities, and participating in group activities.ConclusionsRehabilitation goals for LTC residents living with dementia often focus on quality of life and functional activities and participation in LTC and family activities and events. Function and quality of life are interrelated, whereby functional goals influence quality of life. While some goals focus on improvement in function, maintenance or prevention of decline were also key elements. Future work should ensure rehabilitation interventions are developed relative to individually identified goals, and interventional success is measured in relation to the goal.

Clinical reasoning for the continuation or discontinuation of hip precautions after total hip arthroplasty in Switzerland: a qualitative study.

Growing evidence raises doubts about the need for routine hip precautions after primary total hip replacements to reduce the risk of postoperative dislocation. However, hip precautions are still routinely and widely prescribed in postoperative care in Switzerland. We aimed to investigate experts' clinical reasoning for hip precaution recommendations after total hip arthroplasty. Using a convenience sampling strategy, 14 semi-structured expert interviews were conducted with surgeons, physiotherapists, and occupational therapists in the vicinity of an inpatient rehabilitation clinic in Switzerland. Data analysis followed Mayring's principle of inductive and deductive structuring content analysis. Expert statements from the interviews were summarised into four main categories and 10 subcategories. Categories included statements on the incidences of dislocation and underlying risk factors; current preferences and use of hip precautions; their effect on physical function, anxiety, or costs; and patient's adherence to the movement restrictions. Hip surgeons routinely prescribed hip precautions, although in different variations. Fear of dislocation and caution are barriers to changing current practice. Some surgeons are considering individualised prescribing based on patients' risk of dislocation, which therapists would welcome. A lack of clear instructions from the surgeon leads to ambiguity among therapists outside the acute hospital. A shared understanding of the need for and nature of hip precautions, guidelines from societies, or at least specific instructions from surgeons to therapists are warranted.

The Needs of Patients With Chronic Disease in Transitional Care From Hospital to Home in Sudan: A Qualitative Study.

The growing burden of chronic non-communicable diseases demands improved post-discharge care. The Sudanese healthcare system faces challenges in providing coordinated care for patients with chronic conditions after hospital discharge. This qualitative study explored the experiences of patients with chronic disease in transitional care from hospital to home to identify improvement targets. Purposive sampling was used to interview 17 participants from different hospitals in Khartoum, Sudan. Audio recordings were transcribed and analyzed using principles of content analysis to identify themes and the relationship between them. Thematic analysis revealed 4 main themes describing the perceived needs of the patients. These were (1) feeling well-informed about post-discharge care goals and plans; (2) feeling cared for during hospital admission and follow-up visits; (3) feeling safe during the transitional care process; and (4) having access to follow-up services. This study highlights the importance of improving hospital patient education through effective communication to facilitate care transitions.

When the outside penetrates the inside: the relationship between Palestinian Israeli and Jewish Israeli social workers in mixed cities during the events of May 2021

ABSTRACT The violent national events that occurred in Israel in May 2021 heightened the sense of anxiety and insecurity for Palestinian and Jewish citizens alike, particularly in mixed cities. This study examines the dynamics, emotions, and perceptions of Palestinian-Israeli and Jewish-Israeli social workers in mixed cities against the backdrop of these events. The study included in-depth interviews with 25 Palestinian-Israeli and Jewish-Israeli social workers in welfare departments in six mixed cities in Israel. The analysis was encoded inductively, informed by the principles of content analysis. Two themes emerged: (1) overt and hidden conflicts between social workers of both nationalities; and (2) challenges to cooperation against the background of the conflict. The research findings enable a deep and broad understanding of the complexity of the personal, national, and professional identities of Palestinian-Israeli and Jewish-Israeli social workers in Israel, reflected in their relationships with colleagues of the other nationality. Raising awareness of these aspects will facilitate developing appropriate tools for intervention programs and a direct and sensitive reference to these issues within the curricula of social work schools in Israel.

The handball referee’s personality through the lens of players and coaches

AbstractRefereeing in handball is a complex exercise involving numerous decisions and interactions among players and coaches. To meet the demands of officiating a game, (e.g., withstand the pressure generated by spectators or managing critical situations), referees need to have a certain personality type. Since the sport of handball faces an acute shortage of referees and the recruitment of suitable individuals becomes increasingly difficult, personality research can provide practical guidance for the identification of potential candidates. When determining the personality characteristics necessary for refereeing, taking an external perspective and collecting information from others can provide a more objective assessment of an individual’s personality than self-assessment. For this reason, an online qualitative survey was conducted to collect data from 89 German handball players and 35 coaches. Based on the principles of qualitative content analysis, a large part of the responses could first be structured and assigned to the five-factor model. The remaining responses were then categorised, which allowed four categories to emerge: (i) character and leadership, (ii) judgement and decision-making, (iii) game management, and (iv) physical fitness and cognitive demands. The findings contribute to expanding knowledge about the crucial personality characteristics that shape handball referees’ personality and suggest that the performance profile of handball referees shows similarities to that of other team sports officials. In our conclusion, we outline research directions with high practical relevance for the recruitment and development of referees, e.g., the study of referees’ assertiveness, need for evaluation, preference for consistency, or self-efficacy.

Caregiver knowledge and attitudes relating to paediatric pneumonia and antimicrobial stewardship: a qualitative study

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to understand caregiver perspectives and experiences relating to the treatment of paediatric community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).Design, setting and patientsThis was a phenomenological qualitative study involving...

The Covid-19 Pandemic and the Students' Limited Digital Competence in Writing Scientific Papers

This study aims to explore the correlation between students’ digital competence and indecision with the challenges they encounter during the online scientific writing assistance process amid the Covid-19 pandemic. Students faced multiple forms of hesitation, communication breakdowns, and missed opportunities for discussion during this process. The research findings target guidelines for writing scientific papers. Qualitative data was collected through an online survey of 100 students from public universities in Indonesia. The research instrument employed an online questionnaire distributed to students via the Google Forms application. Data analysis was conducted using qualitative and interpretive approaches based on the principles of content analysis. The results revealed that students experienced profound doubts and confusion when it came to organizing their thoughts while conducting research and writing scientific papers as final projects. This research suggests that students’ digital intelligence alone is insufficient for accessing the information required by their intellectual intelligence in writing scientific papers.
 Keywords: digital competence, scientific papers, Covid-19 pandemic

Physicians’ and Machine Learning Researchers’ Perspectives on Ethical Issues in the Early Development of Clinical Machine Learning Tools: Qualitative Interview Study

Background Innovative tools leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are rapidly being developed for medicine, with new applications emerging in prediction, diagnosis, and treatment across a range of illnesses, patient populations, and clinical procedures. One barrier for successful innovation is the scarcity of research in the current literature seeking and analyzing the views of AI or ML researchers and physicians to support ethical guidance. Objective This study aims to describe, using a qualitative approach, the landscape of ethical issues that AI or ML researchers and physicians with professional exposure to AI or ML tools observe or anticipate in the development and use of AI and ML in medicine. Methods Semistructured interviews were used to facilitate in-depth, open-ended discussion, and a purposeful sampling technique was used to identify and recruit participants. We conducted 21 semistructured interviews with a purposeful sample of AI and ML researchers (n=10) and physicians (n=11). We asked interviewees about their views regarding ethical considerations related to the adoption of AI and ML in medicine. Interviews were transcribed and deidentified by members of our research team. Data analysis was guided by the principles of qualitative content analysis. This approach, in which transcribed data is broken down into descriptive units that are named and sorted based on their content, allows for the inductive emergence of codes directly from the data set. Results Notably, both researchers and physicians articulated concerns regarding how AI and ML innovations are shaped in their early development (ie, the problem formulation stage). Considerations encompassed the assessment of research priorities and motivations, clarity and centeredness of clinical needs, professional and demographic diversity of research teams, and interdisciplinary knowledge generation and collaboration. Phase-1 ethical issues identified by interviewees were notably interdisciplinary in nature and invited questions regarding how to align priorities and values across disciplines and ensure clinical value throughout the development and implementation of medical AI and ML. Relatedly, interviewees suggested interdisciplinary solutions to these issues, for example, more resources to support knowledge generation and collaboration between developers and physicians, engagement with a broader range of stakeholders, and efforts to increase diversity in research broadly and within individual teams. Conclusions These qualitative findings help elucidate several ethical challenges anticipated or encountered in AI and ML for health care. Our study is unique in that its use of open-ended questions allowed interviewees to explore their sentiments and perspectives without overreliance on implicit assumptions about what AI and ML currently are or are not. This analysis, however, does not include the perspectives of other relevant stakeholder groups, such as patients, ethicists, industry researchers or representatives, or other health care professionals beyond physicians. Additional qualitative and quantitative research is needed to reproduce and build on these findings.

Social Workers’ Perceptions of the Effect of Interpersonal Factors on Older Adults’ Decision to Remain in Abusive Relationships

Abstract Older adults who are abused by their offspring often find it difficult to cooperate with professionals to end the abuse. In these situations, social workers face an ethical dilemma between respecting the older adult’s right to autonomy and intervening in a paternalistic way to prevent harm. This qualitative study aimed to examine the effect of interpersonal factors on the decision-making ability of older adults who do not experience significant cognitive and mental decline and choose to remain in abusive relationships. Twenty-one social workers specialising in the field of aging participated in a semi-structured interview based on a vignette. The analysis was encoded inductively, informed by the principles of content analysis. Two themes emerged: (i) Older adults’ feelings towards their abusive adult children, including love and concern, shame and guilt and relationships with symbiotic characteristics; (ii) Older adults’ motivation to stay in the abusive relationships, based either on utilitarian motivation or on their fear of the abuser. The study’s findings can serve as a foundation for the development of a tool for evaluating the influence of abusive relationships on older adults’ decision-making ability, which considers not only their personal characteristics but also their interactions and relationships with their surroundings.