Pricing Principles Research Articles

EFFECTIVE REHABILITATION STRATEGIES FOR MUSCLE INJURIES IN FOOTBALL PLAYERS

The rehabilitation of muscle injuries in football players is a pivotal area of sports physiotherapy, addressing the intense physical demands and high injury rates associated with the sport. Muscle injuries often arise from factors such as overload, muscle imbalances, and improper techniques, impacting athletes' performance and career longevity. To optimize recovery, evidence-based methodologies are crucial, allowing physiotherapists to create personalized rehabilitation programs tailored to the specifics of each injury. Central to effective rehabilitation is a thorough functional assessment, which identifies specific deficits in players. Techniques such as electrotherapy and therapeutic ultrasound are effective in accelerating healing and reducing pain, while functional taping provides support without restricting movement. Neuromuscular rehabilitation is equally vital, incorporating proprioceptive exercises to enhance stability and prevent future injuries. The multidisciplinary approach, involving collaboration between physiotherapists, medical professionals, nutritionists, and coaches, ensures comprehensive care for athletes. Psychological support also plays a key role in addressing anxiety and fostering a positive mindset during recovery. Recent studies underscore the importance of accurate diagnosis and individualized treatment plans, utilizing frameworks like the PRICE principle and specific rehabilitation protocols that facilitate faster and safer returns to play. The literature indicates a gap in understanding among team managers regarding the role of sports physiotherapy, highlighting the pressure players face to return prematurely, which increases the risk of re-injury. In summary, successful rehabilitation of muscle injuries in football necessitates a comprehensive, personalized approach that integrates physical, nutritional, and psychological elements. As research continues to evolve, these strategies will enhance the effectiveness of rehabilitation programs, ensuring football players can recover fully and maintain optimal performance levels.

Факторы доходности облигаций дополнительного первого уровня (АТ1)

Additional Tier 1 bonds (AT1 bonds) are hybrid financial instruments issued by banks under Basel III. In case of a threat to the financial stability of an institution, these bonds can be converted into equity or written down to help the bank meet capital requirements. AT1 bonds are designed to insure a bank against a potential capital shortfall and minimize the need for a regulatory bail-out. AT1 bonds gained new attention after the collapse of Credit Suisse (CS), when all outstanding AT1 bonds issued by the bank were written down to zero. This paper provides an overview of AT1 capital, compares the main types of AT1 bonds and describes their most common features. In addition, it quantifies the risk premium in AT1 bond yields and identifies the main factors underlying this premium. The analysis is supported by real data on AT1 issuance in Europe. It is shown that in the primary market investors demand a significant premium from banks for the additional risk embedded in AT1 bonds. The size of the premium depends mostly on issuer-specific factors such as issuer’s credit risk, capital ratio, stock volatility and asset size. On the contrary, security design turns out to be a less important pricing factor. The author compares the results before and after the CS crash and concludes that the CS AT1 write-down did not directly affect the pricing principles in the market. The results of the research may be useful both for investors looking for yield pickup in financial sector and for banks working on the optimal design for their AT1 bonds.

Deep learning for quadratic hedging in incomplete jump market

We propose a deep learning approach to study the minimal variance pricing and hedging problem in an incomplete jump diffusion market. It is based on a rigorous stochastic calculus derivation of the optimal hedging portfolio, optimal option price, and the corresponding equivalent martingale measure through the means of the Stackelberg game approach. A deep learning algorithm based on the combination of the feed-forward and LSTM neural networks is tested on three different market models, two of which are incomplete. In contrast, the complete market Black–Scholes model serves as a benchmark for the algorithm’s performance. The results that indicate the algorithm’s good performance are presented and discussed. In particular, we apply our results to the special incomplete market model studied by Merton and give a detailed comparison between our results based on the minimal variance principle and the results obtained by Merton based on a different pricing principle. Using deep learning, we find that the minimal variance principle leads to typically higher option prices than those deduced from the Merton principle. On the other hand, the minimal variance principle leads to lower losses than the Merton principle.

Determining the loss of mining sector tax revenue: Evidence from Mongolia

In recent years, due to significant tax revenue losses, transfer pricing has become an issue of concern for tax authorities, policymakers, and academics. In this study, the authors aim to analyze transfer pricing and its impact on fiscal revenue in the case of Mongolia, a developing country with a mining-dominated economy. In our research, we used the arm's length principle to determine transfer pricing and estimate the loss of corporate income tax due to transferring pricing; moreover, we compared the operating profit margin of Mongolia’s mining companies with the Far East and Central Asia Oceania countries. We found that Mongolia has lost about 44.4 billion MNT in corporate income tax revenue from the mining sector over the past seven years, estimated by adjusting the total operating revenue by an average of 10.5% for coal companies and 16.4% for copper companies. This result shows that mining companies are avoiding taxes by mispricing, which negatively affects the budget revenue in Mongolia. This research will contribute to the implementation of the common principles of transfer pricing and reduce tax evasion in Mongolia and similar countries with a mining-dominated economy.

Fitting various medical and engineering applications using the new lifetime distribution with a mathematical framework

Sustainability considerations play a crucial role in informing the modeling and fitting of medical and engineering data, ensuring the development of robust and environmentally conscious solutions. This paper delves into the investigation of a novel continuous distribution, aiming to provide a thorough understanding of its various fundamental mathematical and statistical properties. The analysis encompasses an exploration of survival functions, hazard rate functions, quantile, skewness, kurtosis, moments, mean time to failure, mean time to repair, insurance pricing principles, availability, and mean residual (past) lifetime functions. The proposed model demonstrates versatility in modeling both asymmetric and symmetric data across various kurtosis shapes. It can effectively handle outlier observations and accommodate different shapes of failure rates, including unimodal, bathtub, increasing, or decreasing patterns. This makes the proposed model suitable for modeling data in diverse fields. The maximum likelihood approach is employed to estimate model parameters using complete and upper recorded values. A simulation study is conducted to evaluate the performance of the estimators under different sample sizes for both complete and upper recorded values. To further demonstrate the flexibility and effectiveness of the new model, two datasets from medical and engineering domains are utilized for validation and testing purposes.

A Short Period Sraffa-Keynes Model for the Evaluation of Monetary Policy

ABSTRACT This paper develops a short period, one sector, Sraffa-Keynes model that can be used for the evaluation of various recommendations outlined in the Post Keynesian monetary policy literature. The model is characterised by the principle of effective demand, Sraffa or target-return pricing (which integrates the determination of key distributive variables and allows for short run cyclical variation in prices), conflict inflation, endogenous money and a basic approach to monetary policy in the Smithin–Wray tradition of fixing the policy rate to achieve low or specified rates of unemployment. The model is calibrated to the Australian economy and subjected to two standard macroeconomic shocks, a demand shock and a cost shock. After each shock, the economy returns to long period equilibrium characterised by the achievement of the target rate of return, desired capacity utilisation and Sraffian prices of production. Active monetary policy that targets employment, reduces the depth and duration of recessions in this model compared to a ‘park-it’ approach but at the cost of increased volatility in income distribution. Flexible prices (where firms respond to the additional costs of running the capital stock at other than full capacity) are shown to have similar effects to monetary policy.

Applicability Analysis of Arbitrage Pricing Model in Chinese Stock Market

This paper presents the fundamentals and benefits of the arbitrage pricing model, emphasizing the significance of utilizing arbitrage pricing theory to the growth of the stock market. Firstly, the thesis analyzes and summarizes the mature research on the arbitrage pricing model abroad. This paper, taking into account the unique circumstances of the Chinese stock market, summarizes and contemplates the empirical examination of the arbitrage pricing model's applicability in the Chinese stock market. Most research lines in the Chinese market have been found to be in agreement with the arbitrage pricing principle, yet some studies have come to the contrary result. The fundamental reason is that the analysis of the model needs to be further improved, and China's stock market needs to be developed. Proposals to foster the growth of China's stock market are finally put forth.

Donoho–Stark and Price uncertainty principles for a class of q-integral transforms with bounded kernels

Abstract We consider a very global q-integral transform, essentially characterized by having a bounded kernel and satisfying a set of natural and useful properties for the realization of applications. The main ambition of this work is to seek conditions that guarantee uncertainty principles of the Donoho–Stark type for that class of q-integral transforms. It should be noted that the global character of the q-integral transform in question allows one to immediately deduce corresponding Donoho–Stark uncertainty principles for q-integral operators that are its particular cases. These particular cases are very well-known operators, namely: a q-cosine-Fourier transform, a q-sine-Fourier transform, a q-Fourier transform, a q-Bessel–Fourier transform and a q-Dunkl transform. Moreover, generalizations of the local uncertainty principle of Price for the q-cosine-Fourier transform, q-sine-Fourier transform, q-Fourier transform, q-Bessel–Fourier transform and q-Dunkl transform are also obtained.

Transition to a Green Economy in Uzbekistan: Prospects and Challenges for the Development of Renewable Energy

The article discusses the issues of transition to a green economy in Uzbekistan. The growing energy demand, as well as deteriorating air quality and public health are increasingly pushing the energy sector to shift to renewable sources. The article analyzes trends and prospects for the use of environmentally friendly technologies in the context of global changes and national economic priorities. The economic, social and environmental (ESG) aspects of the transition to sustainable development are examined, including an assessment of government policies, investments and their impact on the country’s economy. The main focus is on the need to liberalize the energy market, increase energy efficiency and stimulate the use of renewable energy sources. We find that there is a need to introduce market principles for energy pricing and reduce subsidies to stimulate the rational use of natural resources and attract international investment. The paper highlights the importance of creating infrastructure to support a green economy, which will contribute to the country’s economic growth and sustainable development.

Explaining Bond Pricing Principles to Undergraduates Using Historical Connections and Two New Expositions

Explaining Bond Pricing Principles to Undergraduates Using Historical Connections and Two New Expositions

Enhancing Exam Assessment by Weighting Exam Questions Using Asset Pricing Principles

Enhancing Exam Assessment by Weighting Exam Questions Using Asset Pricing Principles

상속세 및 증여세법상부동산 시가적용에 관한 최근 과세 쟁점

The basic structure of the assessment of property under the current inheritance and gift tax law is a simple one in which it is based on the market price, but in cases where it is impracticable to calculate the current market price, complementary valuation methods are used as an exception. However, the abstractness of the concept of the market price and what specific extent to which it should be recognized as the market price are complex and difficult issues. Because of this, many controversies arise between taxpayers and tax authorities.
 With the purpose of the improvement of fair taxation, Korea's inheritance and gift tax law has continuously expanded the scope of what can be recognized as the market price based on the principle of the market price. This reflects the reality that there is an inevitable conflict of interest between taxpayers who prefer complementary valuation methods due to the property valuation method of the inheritance and gift law, which allows complementary valuation methods to be exceptionally applied only in cases where it is impracticable to calculate the current market price and the realistic price rate of the officially assessed real estate price that is far below the market price, and tax authorities.
 The value recognized as the market price under the current inheritance and gift tax law can be divided into four categories, which are the relevant property and the case value for similar property within the principle of assessment period, and the relevant property and the case value for similar property within the extended evaluation period.
 This study deals with ‘the application of similar case values to apartments, etc.’ which is controversial regarding the scope of market recognition and ‘whether the appraised value requested by the tax office after the reporting date for non-residential real estate, etc. is recognized as market price or not’ targeting real estate, which accounts for a high proportion of inherited and gifted properties. In relation to this, there are many criticisms that it is not only against the principle of fair taxation, but it can also infringe on the taxpayer's predictability in terms of that excessive taxation is imposed on some taxpayers for properties with the same burden due to the existence of a sale price of similar property traded by another person by chance or an appraisal request based on the arbitrary judgment of the tax authorities, etc.
 It is not easy in reality to establish clear and consistent standards that all taxpayers can agree on when calculating the market price of inherited or gifted property whose ownership is transferred gratuitously. However, it is essential that the tax authorities continue to make efforts to accept criticism of existing taxation practices as article 15 of the enforcement rules of the inheritance and gift tax law legislate the scope of similar property in apartments in detail.
 This study analyzed major issues in taxation practice by analyzing the provisions of the inheritance and gift tax law and recent precedents regarding the scope of provisional recognition of the market price and sought ways to improve them. The main tax issues in applying the case value for similar property to apartments, etc. are; first, exclusion of application of the case value for similar property if there is a case value for the relevant property, second, the period of market recognition for the case value for similar property, third, criteria for judging similarity, and fourth, whether there are special circumstances for price fluctuations.

Practical Exploration of Eco-Geological Survey Mapping in Qinghai–Tibet Plateau: Framework, Standard and Preliminary Cost Estimation

It is a common responsibility of all countries to protect the ecological environment and promote sustainable development. Eco-geology, which provides a basic guarantee for the rational utilization of natural resources, ecological protection and restoration, has gradually become a new hot spot of geological survey institutions in various countries. Eco-geological survey in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau plays an important role in regional ecological protection and global change research. Setting up workable budgets symbolizes the competence of geological survey organizations in fulfilling their responsibilities, and unreliable cost estimates can cause economic and political complications. The unclear scope definition and scarcity of project information available at early stages make it hard to generate reliable preliminary cost estimates. Hence, based on historical data and the practical experience of scientists who have been engaged in eco-geological survey in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau for a long time, this research aimed to develop a cost estimation model using statistical learning methods for geological survey organizations to forecast preliminary costs during the early stages of an eco-geological survey project to fulfill different cost control and managerial functions. This research makes full use of modern remote sensing technology and reasonably arranges the input of ground survey, drilling, geophysical exploration and other workloads, supplemented by the existing ecological monitoring station data. It comprehensively sorts out the work means and workload of field and office work needed to complete the map work, and it puts forward a consistent index system and preliminary cost calculation framework. On this basis, based on the principle of matching quantity and price, a reasonable budget standard or market price is selected to calculate the budget estimate of a single map sheet, and then, through the regional adjustment coefficient, the budget estimate of a map sheet covering the whole Qinghai–Tibet Plateau is extended and calculated. The budget estimate will provide effective support for the declaration of eco-geological survey projects in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and the calculation of the scale of project funds so as to ensure the smooth development of eco-geological surveying in the region.

Specifics of strategic pricing in the current electricity market (energy supply companies)

Subject. This article discusses the principles of functioning of the wholesale and retail electricity markets in Russia. Objectives. The article aims to study the basic principles of pricing, improvement of the applied methods of electricity pricing in the wholesale and retail markets. Methods. For the study, we used the methods of comparative and systems analyses. Results. The article finds that price positions are closely related to the volume of demand, as well as to the effective use of the installed capacity of generating companies. Conclusions. The results of the study can be used in the practical activities of power supply companies.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ НОВОЇ СИСТЕМИ ЦІНОУТВОРЕННЯ В ДОРОЖНІЙ ГАЛУЗІ ТА ШЛЯХИ ЇЇ УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ

ntroduction. The new approach to determining the cost of road works and services is adapted to international standards of costs formation in the road sector, and the changes provided by the pricing system will be implemented by all participants of the road sector. Problem Statement. The necessary conditions for new construction, reconstruction, repair and maintenance of public roads financed from the budget are to ensure that their cost is determined in accordance with the principles of market pricing and using free prices, timely and correct settlements, as well as meeting all deadlines and high-quality road works and services. That is why the pricing model, taking into account its peculiarities, needed to be improved and brought in line with modern European norms and standards. At the same time, the approach to determining the cost of future investment projects for new construction, reconstruction, repair and maintenance of public roads should be based on uniform rules and methods that are formed taking into account state, territorial, public and private interests.

Practical prototype for energy management system in smart microgrid considering uncertainties and energy theft

The conventional electrical grid faces significant issues, which this paper aims to address one of most of them using a proposed prototype of a smart microgrid energy management system. In addition to relying too heavily on fossil fuels, electricity theft is another great issue. The proposed energy management system can simultaneously detect electricity theft and implement demand response tactics by employing time-of-use pricing principles and comparing real electricity consumption with grid data. The system uses the Al-Biruni earth radius (BER) optimization algorithm to make smart choices about how to distribute the load, intending to reduce energy consumption and costs without sacrificing comfort. As a bonus, it considers limitations imposed by battery charging/discharging and decentralized power generation. Incorporating sensors and SCADA-based monitoring, the system provides accurate measurement and management of energy usage through load monitoring and control. An intuitive mobile app also helps consumers connect, allowing for more active participation and better control over energy use. Extensive field testing of the prototype shows that by moving loads from peak period to another off-peak period, electricity expenditures can be reduced by up to 48.45%. The energy theft value was calculated to be 1199 W, proving that the system's theft detection model was effective.

Evidence-based equilibrium analysis of two-sided market in food delivery industry

The food delivery service market is growing rapidly, driven by the increasing demand for online platforms. This study focuses on the crucial issue of determining appropriate delivery fees to ensure sustainable development of the delivery service industry. The choice experiment analysis is used to examine the platform-based market structure and determine the pricing principles from the perspectives of individual customers and restaurant owners. The results define appropriate utility-based equilibrium service prices, estimated to be less than 10% of the total expenses, even to be less than 7% for multipoint services. This data-driven analysis provides meaningful implications for both service users and platform companies for comprehensive understanding of the market structure.

PRICING IN BUYING AND BUYING PLANT SEENDS IN SHARIAH ECONOMIC LAW (STUDY OF BUYING AND BUYING LIME SEEDLINGS IN NAGARI PADANG GANTING)

This journal was written because of the difference in price fixing by lime seed sellers in Nagari Padang Ganting. Where there is a difference in pricing for buyers from within Padang Ganting and buyers outside Padang Ganting. The price difference excludes postage. Based on this, the author wants to know about the pricing carried out by sellers of lime seeds. Then how does the mu'amalah fiqh perspective look at the pricing. This research was conducted in Nagari Padang Ganting. The research method used by the author is a mixed research, namely field research and library research. Field research conducted on sellers, buyers and the local community. And the library research that the writer did used various existing literature in the library that was relevant to the problem to be studied. Research materials were collected through interviews, observation, and documentation. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the price fixing by sellers of lime seeds to buyers from Padang Ganting is the same as the price of one kilogram of lime for one seed. Meanwhile, the price of one seed set for buyers from outside Padang Ganting is more than the price of one kilogram of lime. So there are differences in pricing made by sellers and there are three reasons why sellers differentiate these prices. Firstly, buyers from Padang Ganting are native so prices are lowered. Second, because there is an opportunity to take excess profits from outside buyers. Third, because the seller has been doing this price difference for a long time, so it has become a habit. If seen from the concept of pricing from a mu'amalah fiqh perspective. The difference in pricing by sellers of lime seeds in Nagari Padang Ganting has not fulfilled all the principles of pricing, because there are prices that are not fair for buyers from outside compared to buyers from within Padang Ganting. Then, from a marketing point of view, it has not been fulfilled because the seller is not open in providing information about the price difference. And taking advantage of the ignorance of buyers from outside to gain additional profits, including unjust acts. Because in marketing there are four elements, namely ar-ridha, a healthy comparison of resistance, honesty, justice and openness.

Strategi Penetapan Harga Yang Efektif Untuk Meningkatkan Pemasaran Produk Spaghetti Homemade: Kasus Dana Pasta

This article discusses the implementation of efficient pricing strategies within a marketing management framework to increase promotion of homemade spaghetti products, with a focus on the Dana Pasta case analysis. Pricing plays a crucial role in achieving success in marketing, especially in the food industry sector. By considering variables such as high quality raw materials and careful manufacturing processes, this research explores strategic approaches that can strengthen product reputation, increase competitiveness, and attract the attention of target customers. This article discusses the basic principles of pricing, evaluates a number of strategies that can be implemented in the context of homemade spaghetti, and provides practical suggestions for improving product marketing results. Through the application of the Dana Pasta case study, the aim of this article is to provide relevant and applicable guidance for culinary business people who want to achieve success through a smart pricing approach

Price, Service Quality and Shipping Costs as Intervening Factors on Consumer Behavior To Determine Repeat Purchase Intentions on The Shopee Marketplace in Indonesia

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of price and service quality on consumer behavior to determine repurchase intentions at the Shopee marketplace in Indonesia through the variable shipping cost as an intervening factor. The research method used in this research is quantitative descriptive research method using data analysis, namely path analysis using PLS 3.0 software. Based on the results of the research analysis, the conclusion of this study is that partially the price and service quality variables affect the consumer behavior variable to determine repurchase intentions in the marketplace on the Shopee platform. Simultaneously, the price and service quality variables affect the consumer behavior variable to determine repurchase intentions in the marketplace on the Shopee platform through the shipping cost variable as an intervening factor. in the context of repeat purchase intentions from an Islamic perspective, businesses should focus on adhering to Islamic principles of fair pricing, ethical conduct, and transparency in pricing and shipping. The implications of this research will be very useful in optimizing Shopee business operations and providing better services to customers, with the hope of increasing repeat purchase intentions and strengthening Shopee's position in the e-commerce market in Indonesia.