Shortcomings Of Principles Research Articles

Use of Artificial Intelligence in the Activities of Religious Associations and Control Over Them

Objective: to identify gaps and formulate proposals on legal regulation of the use of artificial intelligence in the activities of religious associations and control (supervision) over them.Methods: the study is based on sectoral and risk-oriented approaches, formal-logical and comparative general scientific methods, as well as on the method of legal forecasting.Results: the author noted similarity of ethical principles formulated all over the world in the sphere of artificial intelligence development and application, as well as their general shortcomings, namely, the lacking consideration of the specificity in certain spheres of human life (religious sphere), cultural peculiarities, historical development of a country and people. The shortcomings of principles stipulated by the codes of ethics include their recommendatory nature, which creates a basis for abusing them in certain cases. The author proposes that if control and supervisory authorities caused harm while using artificial intelligence, the relevant public authority should be recognized as liable and obliged to compensate for the harm caused.Scientific novelty: the paper summarizes the practice of religious associations using AI, formulates current and prospective directions of the use of artificial intelligence by religious associations, and makes proposals for the AI use in controlling (supervising) religious associations’ activities.Practical significance: the main conclusions and proposals can be used for the improvement of legislation on religious associations’ activities and control (supervision) over them, as well as for developing legal regulation of the AI use in control and supervision activities. The author identified the possibilities for religious associations using AI to popularize religion, inform about their activities, manage property, analyze sacred texts to improve their understanding and interpretation, as well as for conducting scientific research, systematization and accumulation of information, preservation of cultural heritage, and educational activities. The use of artificial intelligence in controlling the religious associations’ activities can reduce the period of religious organizations’ registration and inspections and optimize the work of control bodies, including by monitoring the religious situation.

Ethical Sustainability in Scene Design of Iranian Children TV Shows

As the most efficient cognition source of children, TV programs can play an important role in fostering the priorities of Ethical Sustainability. Lack of attention in the field of scene design is addressing the absence of ethical sustainability requirements in the scene design principles. But, do the scene design principles in Iran have shortcomings? The aim of this paper is to define these shortcomings on the basis of ethical sustainability and present recommendations which can be considered by Iranian scene designers. The adopted methodology of research is case study, answering the research questions via qualitative data collection and descriptive-analytical technique. To achieve the aim of the research, the importance of ethical sustainability in the scene design of children TV shows is highlighted and the effect of design principles established by Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting Organization are reviewed through relevant literature and reliable documents. Then, through a comparison between Sustainable Principles of Hannover and the mentioned Iranian design principles on the basis of sustainable relations, shortcomings of principles are discovered. In addition, the selected case study of the research is the scene of “Fitileh TV show” which was successfully designed in accordance to the mentioned Iranian design principles. The current practice of established design principles are examined through direct observation and visual evaluation and presented in a clear view. The effects of the shortcomings of the afore-mentioned design principles on the designed scene are evaluated afterwards and the recommendations are presented.

Globalization and Discontent

The concept of social license to operate was forged in the crucible between globalization—which has radically decentralized the ability of organizations to operate wherever they choose—and the rise of oppositional social movements, newly empowered to confront global actors infringing on their communities. This article reviews the central dilemma posed by social license to operate: whether it is business practice, sociological reality, or emerging form of governance, drawing on the insights and findings of the articles in this special issue. It then suggests three lines of future research for the critical social sciences. The article concludes that the principle shortcomings of the concept of social license to operate is the inevitability of the boundaries it draws between organizations and the communities they inhabit and the failure of the concept to acknowledge that transformation, not just operation, is almost always at stake in these encounters.

From the Ethics of Technology Towards an Ethics of Knowledge Policy & Knowledge Assessment

This working document of the services of the European Commission of which Dr. Rene von Schomberg is the author, reflects upon the difficulties of developing ethical frameworks for (new) technologies in the context of an ethics of responsibility. The principle shortcomings of contemporary ethical theory with regard to the challenges of scientific and technological development are discussed. A case is made for the need of an ethics of collective co-responsibility. Such an ethics should focus on the ethics of knowledge assessment and knowledge policy in the framework of deliberative procedures, rather than on the ethics of technologies as such. Furthermore, the document tries to identify the deliberative procedures and processes in the science-society interface in which ethical issues concerning new technologies are discussed. The documents ends with a preliminary and descriptive overview of how currently the issue of nanotechnology is addressed in deliberative frameworks at the European Level.

What Mistakes Should Be Avoided under Evaluating Investment Projects with State Participation

Principle shortcomings of Russian and foreign practice of realizing large investment projects are analyzed in the article. The reasons for systematic underestimating risks and overestimating advantages of such projects that determine their inefficiency are revealed. The necessity of investment decisions project presentation and evaluation of their efficiency is proved. The state of Russian methodic base for evaluating investment efficiency is considered. Stereotype economic and methodic delusions of investment projecting practice that lead to serious mistakes are shown.

Efficient Breach, Reliance and Contract Remedies at the WTO

Recent attempts by scholars to apply the doctrine of efficient breach to the remedial system of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in order to maximize the joint welfare of trading parties suffer from two principle shortcomings – the difficulty of calibrating an appropriate remedy based on foregone trade and the reality that those truly injured by breach are the private third party exporters, not the contracting Member States. This article therefore proposes a remedy for WTO agreement violations consisting of monetary damages assessed at the reliance measure of common law contract. Breaching WTO Members will compensate exporters in the injured state in an amount commensurate with their expenditures undertaken in anticipation of liberalized trade, obviating the need for an estimated counterfactual and structuring reparation according to actual individual losses rather than on an aggregate state level. In addition to encouraging efficient breach, this method of setting damages has precedent in international law which should foster compliance, is aligned with the tort–like nature of WTO violations and serves an evidentiary purpose that is reflected in the common law’s concept of vesting of third–party rights.

Overview of Heavy Prestressed Bumpy Ridge Joining Structure with Steel Wire Wound

Heavy overall structure developing into heavy bolts prestressed sectional structure, further into heavy winding wire prestressed bumpy ridge joining structure, is a development result of science, technology, engineering. Prestress technology is a key factor to promote this development. The advantages and disadvantages of these types of structures and their application backgrounds are analyzed theoretically from the point of view such as the allowable stress of pretightening pieces, stress fluctuations ratio of pretightened pieces, pretightening coefficient, pretightening stiffness, residual pretightening stress, fatigue resistance, technical and economic target. Principle shortcomings of the heavy bolts prestressed sectional structure are pointed out emphatically. Owing to the limit of lower allowable stress of pretightening pieces, it is difficult to obtain high mechanical indicators in the application of heavy and super heavy structures; furthermore,pretightening pieces not only need to occupy a big space but also cannot offer the normal stress protection to pretightened pieces. Comparatively, a detailed study of the mechanical characteristics and advantages of heavy winding wire prestressed bumpy ridge joining structure is made,which can provide high reliability pretightening force besides the residual compressive stress of pretightened pieces remaining on the ratio of pre-stress up to 50%. All these are favorable to prevent the shearing offset of pieces. The design parameter optimization table is given, which provides a scientific reference for heavy prestress structure design.

In Defence of Principles? A Response to Lurie and Albin

This article presents a response to a recent article by Yotam Lurie and Robert Albin in which they discuss and present the merits of casuistry as a method for resolving moral dilemmas in business, principally by developing ‹edifying’ perspectives on the situation, and in doing so highlight the shortcomings of principles (such as the categorical imperative) in generating insights and thereby moral choices. The present article accepts the importance of cases and examples as a source of insight, but argues that the process of conceptualisation involved in understanding these necessarily involves some reference to principles. However, principles and cases are best seen as complementary to the ethical decision-making process rather than in opposition. The complementary functions of these are highlighted in processes such as reflection upon experience, in applications of moral imagination and in the integration of emotive and cognitive elements in ethical choice.

From the ethics of technology towards an ethics of knowledge policy: implications for robotics

My analysis takes as its point of departure the controversial assumption that contemporary ethical theories cannot capture adequately the ethical and social challenges of scientific and technological development. This assumption is rooted in the argument that classical ethical theory invariably addresses the issue of ethical responsibility in terms of whether and how intentional actions of individuals can be justified. Scientific and technological developments, however, have produced unintentional consequences and side-consequences. These consequences very often result from collective decisions concerning the way we wish to organise our economies and society, rather than from individual actions. It has been apparent for a long time now that it is not sufficient to construct an ethics of science and technology on the basis of the image of a scientist who intentionally wants to create a Frankenstein. Thus, as a minimum we would require an ethical framework that addresses both the aspect of unintentional side consequences (rather than intentional actions) and the aspect of collective decisions (rather than individual decisions) with regard to complex societal systems, such as the operation of our economy. We do not have such a theory available. More disturbing than the principle shortcomings of ethical theory are the shortcomings of conventional ethical practice with respect to technological developments. Below I will suggest how four different developments can illustrate these shortcomings, which centre around the fact that individuals in our society can simply not be held fully accountable for their individual role within the context of scientific technological developments. I will call these shortcomings of a theory (and practice) of individual role responsibility. This may help us to reflect on robotics too, insofar as robots may be perceived as replacements for “roles”. From there, I will argue why we have to shift our attention to an ethics of knowledge assessment in the framework of deliberative procedures, elaborating on implications of these developments for the field of robotics.

Characterization of aortic lesions in two hypercholesterolemic rabbit models and their potential application to assessing the safety of endovascular devices

The principle shortcomings of animal models routinely used for the preclinical safety assessment of endovascular systems has been the absence of vascular pathology (atherosclerosis) and thus the ability to accurately assess the healing and vascular response of diseased arteries following device implantation. The objective of this investigation was to develop and characterize a rabbit model of atherosclerosis appropriate for testing the safety and potential efficacy of endovascular devices designed for the management of complex atherosclerotic lesions in human coronary arteries. Two groups of rabbits were used for this study, with one group receiving a 2- month-pulsed, 1.0% cholesterol diet and the other group receiving a continuous 0.3% cholesterol diet. Three rabbits from each diet group were scheduled to be euthanized at 2, 4, 6, and 9 months. From each rabbit, the length of the aorta was collected and evaluated histologically at segments along its length to assess and compare the development and character of atherosclerotic-like lesions. Results of the study show that there is little difference in either the development or character of lesions between the two dietary protocols investigated. However, rabbits on the 0.3% diet could be better maintained per protocol for the duration of the study and thus were more apt to develop atherosclerotic-like lesions. Per human classification schemes for atherosclerotic lesions, lesions that develop in the aorta in hypercholesterolemic rabbits did not progress beyond “preatheromas” or Type III lesions within the time course of this study. Inferences from and the applicability of this model to assessing the preclinical safety of endovascular devices are discussed. Guidant Corporation, Vascular Intervention, Santa Clara, CA

Wave field synthesis: A promising spatial audio rendering concept

Modern convolution technologies offer possibilities to overcome principle shortcomings of loudspeaker stereophony by exploiting the Wave Field Synthesis (WFS) concept for rendering virtual spatial characteristics of sound events. Based on the Huygens principle loudspeaker arrays are reproducing a synthetic sound field around the listener, whereby the dry audio signal is combined with measured or modelled information about the room and the source’s position to enable the accurate reproduction of the source within its acoustical environment. Not surprisingly, basic and practical constraints of WFS systems limit the rendering accurateness and the perceived spatial audio quality to a certain degree, dependent on characteristic features and technical parameters of the sound field synthesis. However, recent developments have shown already that a number of applications could be possible in the near future. An attractive example is the synthesis of WFS and stereophony offering enhanced freedom in sound design as well as improved quality and more flexibility in practical playback situations for multichannel sound mixes.

Completely derandomized self-adaptation in evolution strategies.

This paper puts forward two useful methods for self-adaptation of the mutation distribution - the concepts of derandomization and cumulation. Principle shortcomings of the concept of mutative strategy parameter control and two levels of derandomization are reviewed. Basic demands on the self-adaptation of arbitrary (normal) mutation distributions are developed. Applying arbitrary, normal mutation distributions is equivalent to applying a general, linear problem encoding. The underlying objective of mutative strategy parameter control is roughly to favor previously selected mutation steps in the future. If this objective is pursued rigorously, a completely derandomized self-adaptation scheme results, which adapts arbitrary normal mutation distributions. This scheme, called covariance matrix adaptation (CMA), meets the previously stated demands. It can still be considerably improved by cumulation - utilizing an evolution path rather than single search steps. Simulations on various test functions reveal local and global search properties of the evolution strategy with and without covariance matrix adaptation. Their performances are comparable only on perfectly scaled functions. On badly scaled, non-separable functions usually a speed up factor of several orders of magnitude is observed. On moderately mis-scaled functions a speed up factor of three to ten can be expected.