Principles Of Interpretation Research Articles

과세예고통지가 누락된 소득금액변동통지의 효력에 관한 연구

The pre-deliberation review system was introduced through the revision of the National Tax Basic Law on August 31, 1999. It is a procedure designed to improve the effectiveness of taxpayers' rights relief by notifying taxpayers in advance of taxation. Currently, the system is undergoing an increasing revitalization process, which is partly an active remedy for rights, but some point out that it is either an abuse of tax investigation or a lack of thoroughness. In this regard, according to established Supreme Court precedents, if a taxpayer is not given the opportunity to examine pre-tax eligibility before the imposition, the imposition violates the taxpayer's procedural rights and is invalid because the procedural defects are serious and obvious. This is in line with recent judicial precedents emphasizing procedural legality of tax imposition. However, the Supreme Court's ruling (2020Du52689), which violates the purpose of such judicial precedents, is causing confusion for taxpayers. This case is a case in which the tax authorities should have given tax notices to corporations withholding tax before giving notice of changes in income, but failed to give the corporations withholding tax an opportunity to examine their pre-tax eligibility. In conclusion, the Supreme Court ruled that the notice of change in income amount was not subject to tax notice. The ruling is worth a considerable amount because it includes issues related to the principle of strict interpretation and the relationship between purposeful interpretation as a way of interpreting tax laws, including the principle of legal procedures under the Constitution. In particular, the discussion of literally interpretation and teleological interpretations and their limitations in the interpretation of tax laws and regulations has been dealt with quite meaningfully in Japan, and is continuously discussed in the Supreme Court's. Since the tax law is a compulsory law and an infringement code, a faithful interpretation of the law is the best way to interpret it in accorded with the principle of strict interpretation. However, if multiple interpretations remain as a result of the interpretation, it is necessary to uniquely determine the meaning and contents of the tax law by taking into account the purpose and purpose of the tax law, the value of the tax legislator. Given that tax legalism is the manifestation of democratic principles in the field of tax law, legitimacy under tax legalism is the value judgment of the tax legislator above all else, and those who interpret it should be respected as much as possible. It is necessary to reconsider the legislator's intentions on the pre-deliberation review system and the advance notice of taxation. In the end, what we need to focus on now is what kind of law application in specific cases is theoretically acceptable through expansion and inference interpretation. Comparative legal considerations can be one way to deal with this. The role of the theory is to present the legislative theory, but also to provide a more rational perspective to the trial practice through interpretive theory. From this point of view, I believe that discussions on how to interpret tax laws should be made more active.

No Way Out?

Shortly after COVID-19 was recognised as a national threat to Australia, in late March 2020 the Commonwealth Government prohibited Australian citizens and permanent residents from travelling overseas, with severe criminal penalties for non-compliance. The overseas travel ban, made under human biosecurity emergency powers under the Biosecurity Act 2015 (Cth), caused significant outrage. Australia was seen as an outlier in its approach to interfering with the rights of citizens and permanent residents to exit the country. The ban engaged a citizen’s fundamental common law right to depart from Australia, and a person’s human right to leave their own country. This article analyses the relevance and limits of two statutory interpretation principles protective of those rights – the principle of legality and presumption of consistency with international law. It examines the treatment of those principles in the Full Court of the Federal Court case of LibertyWorks Inc v Commonwealth of Australia [2021] FCAFC 90. The article concludes that the Full Court’s decision was underdeveloped with respect to the principle of legality. It draws further observations including on the willingness of courts to deploy ‘rights-based’ interpretive principles to broad statutory emergency powers.

Benchmarking the Quality of Chinese to English Geotourism Interpretation: the SSC Model Based on Eco-translatology

The global growth of geotourism has increased the demand and quality for geotourism interpretation. However, in its pioneer stage, geotourism interpretation has much ineffective interpretation, which hinders the informative purpose of geotourism. Moreover, geotourism interpretation lacks a systematic quality evaluation model. Such a model is essential to the future of reliable interpretation and the minimising of ineffective interpretation. This paper exams whether the currently proposed SSC model (Semantic, Style and Cultural Equivalence) for translation benchmarking purposes can effectively ensure the quality of geotourism interpretation. The SSC model is built on the three geotourism categories (ABC-Abiotic, Biotic and Culture), the unique principles of geotourism interpretation (which are determined by its objectives) and the theory of Eco-translatology. To enhance corpus research, the digital auxiliary tools, Tmxmall (2014) and Sketch Engine (2003), were used. The detailed SSC model was shaped through corpus-based contrastive analysis. The model contains a total of eight criteria that the interpreter should follow, including four for semantic equivalence: linguistic accuracy, scientific accuracy of terminology, reader acceptability of terminology, and semantic completeness of geo-information; and three for style equivalence: logical syntax, concise syntax and appropriate voice syntax. The final criterion is an accurate connotation in cultural elements. The main research findings were that the SSC model can minimise ineffective interpretation of Chinese to English geodata and guarantee accurate transmission of data for geotourism in Chinese UNESCO Global Geoparks.

Item Analysis, Reliability Estimates, Percentile Ranks and Stanine Scores Among University Students in Ghana

The objective of the study was to perform item analysis on a forty (40) multiple choice test items among students of the University of Cape Coast in Ghana. The study further sought to estimate the reliability of the results and compute the percentile ranks and stanine scores. The results showed that, regarding the two statistics; difficulty (P) and discrimination (D) indices, it was observed that twelve (12) items functioned properly. Five items, although were easy, discriminated well. Nine (9) items were either easy or difficult and had low discrimination indices. It was found that nine (9) items had acceptable difficulty level but did not discriminate well. The results revealed that two (2) items had negative discrimination indices and two items were too easy and did not discriminate. The estimate of reliability; Spearman Brown prophecy (rxy) and Cronbach alpha (α) were found to be 0.63 and 0.78 respectively. It was found that examinees with scores of 33 had 99% of the norm group performing below them whiles examinees with scores of 26 had 70% of the norm group falling below them. Examinees with scores of 32 and 33 were found to be in stanine nine, those with scores of 23 to 24 were in stanine five whilst examinees with scores of 4 to 16 were in stanine one. Test results are essential for the determination of learner’s future endeavours. It is recommended that test item developers (teachers) in schools, colleges and universities adhere to principles of test construction, administration and interpretation so as to enhance dependability of learners’ test results.

Re-interpreting the Environmentally Sound Management under Basel Convention

One of the fundamental principles of Basel Convention is the environmentally sound management (ESM), serving as a ‘meta-rule’, which establish the context within which bargaining under the Basel Convention takes place to develop more specific norms, such as rules regarding PIC, partnerships or management and technical guidelines of specific waste streams, regarding the management and transboundary movement of hazardous wastes. Yet, Basel Convention defines the crucial notion of ESM only in general terms, and has been subject to widely different interpretations and extensively criticized. Employing teleological approach which relies on the purpose of the Convention, this study argues that Basel Convention intended to establish a global convention with three principal aims: 1) minimization of hazardous wastes; 2) environmentally sound management of hazardous wastes; and 3) minimizing the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes. The central element of these aims was to limit such movements, as opposed to current practices of establishing ESM as the “least standard” for which transboundary movement of hazardous wastes would be allowed. Reinterpretation of ESM is also needed in light of the recent entry into force of Ban Amendment, which introduced ‘high risk’ as an element of consideration when addressing transboundary movements from developed countries to developing countries, which entails the applicability of precautionary principle in ESM interpretation.

피상속인의 의사해석과 오표시 무해의 원칙

The decedent had the intention to make a contribution to the corporation by donating the building to the corporation and receiving the corporation’s stock. However, he misunderstood such a legal act as an investment in kind and indicated in the document that he would make an investment in kind. If so, this means that the decedent caused an error in the meaning or content of the indication. And if the other party to the gift also made the same mistake as the decedent, it is reasonable to interpret it as a gift with a burden as understood equally by both parties, not as indicated in the document. This is the principle of ‘falsa demonstratio non nocet’. However, in relation to the principle of interpretation of legal acts, our courts tend to interpret as indicated in the document even in cases where the principle of ‘falsa demonstratio non nocet’ is applied. It is unreasonable to say that the true intention of the person who expressed the intention cannot be realized because of this. Moreover, if the person who expressed his/her intention dies and is unable to perform a new legal act, the injustice becomes even greater. The intention left by the decedent should be interpreted in a way that can be realized as much as possible, not in a way that is not feasible. It is necessary to actively change the attitude of the judiciary for the realization of the decedent's will.

Time, Memoria, Creation: Receptions of Augustinism in the Philosophical Theology

The aim of the paper is to develop a thesis about the potential of phenomenology as a method for analyzing classical ancient texts. The article outlines the key issues of the doctrine of the time of Augustine and raises the question of the principles of phenomenological interpretation. Proceeding from the presentism approach, parallels are drawn between the philosophy of Augustine and the phenomenology of E. Husserl, the issue of duration and structure of the present is especially considered. The philosophy of Augustine includes both theological and epistemological conclusions.

Heritage interpretation from supply and demand perspectives: the case of culinary heritage workshops in Hong Kong

ABSTRACT Interpretation helps visitors understand the value of resources and the need for preservation. Existing interpretation principles focus more on natural and built heritage sites, rather than intangible cultural heritage, such as traditional foodways. Hence, this study examined the interpretation of culinary heritage from the supply side (i.e. heritage owners and tour operators) and demand side (i.e. visitors), and revealed how culinary heritage interpretation differs from that of tangible heritage. First, existing interpretation principles in the literature were categorized and synthesized. Next, Hong Kong was selected as the study site. Observations were conducted on nine culinary heritage workshops in Hong Kong, and thirty heritage owners/operators and workshop participants were interviewed. Findings revealed that ‘culinary’ elements were introduced through a standardized process with value-added activities, whereas ‘heritage’ interpretations were non-standardized. From the perspectives of consumers and suppliers, five themes of effective interpretation were identified respectively. Participants seek interpretations that are personalized by heritage owners, showcase all possible traditions, and enable post-event sharing. Owners/operators design interpretations that facilitate idea exchange and promote innovative revitalization. A new model is proposed for culinary heritage interpretation, which extends the interpretation timeframe to pre-, during, and post-event and highlights the needs and personal involvement of heritage owners.

ЕКОКРИТИЧНЕ ПРОЧИТАННЯ ХУДОЖНІХ ТВОРІВ НА УРОКАХ ЗАРУБІЖНОЇ ЛІТЕРАТУРИ

This paper calls for a rapprochement between ecocriticism and school education, especially foreign literary lessons. The principles of ecocritical interpretation as a new tendency in the Ukrainian literary education are considered. Special attention is paid to the categorization of environmental literature. At first, the author focuses on the phenomenon of ecocriticism which appeared in response to the interest of researchers to the new kind of nature literature and to the ways of literary representation of the ecological themes in school. Foreign literary gives a rich material for teachers to represent ecological problems. Arguing for the necessity of bringing theory into school course of foreign literature the paper suggest that green studies needs to be wildly represented at the lessons. Literature and the arts have been drawn to portrayals of physical environments and human-environment interactions. The modern environmentalist movement as it emerged first in the late nineteenth century and, in its more recent incarnation, in the 1960s, gave rise to a rich array of fictional and nonfictional writings concerned with humans’ changing relationship to the natural world. Only since the early 1990s, however, has the long-standing interest of literature studies in these matters generated the initiative most commonly known as «ecocriticism» or «green studies». In such areas as the study of literature, ecocriticism converges with such disciplines in the humanities: environmental anthropology, environmental history, and environmental philosophy. A new wave of ecological researches have been noticed in education sphere. The school course of foreign literature has new line еcological safety and sustainable development», as a transfer «forming in social activity, viability and environmental awareness for saving and defending environment. That’s why teachers can use ecocritical tools for analysis literary works at the lessons. It gives more opportunities for studying and understanding ecological problems by students. Key words: ecocriticism, green studies, foreign literature, environmental imagination, literary theory

Jauss' theory of reception

This chapter tries to look at the reception theory from a lot of different angles. Background: This chapter talks about things like reader response criticism, the Konstanz school of criticism, Hans Robert Jauss, reception theory, and a lot of other things about the theory. Trying to look at Jauss' reception theory in a different way is also a goal. Reception Theory is a novel approach to the reader's role in connection to the principles of interpretation, as well as one of the most significant contributions to the history of literature and a fresh viewpoint on literary experiences. It set a new standard for writers and theorists. Although it is impossible to fully comprehend how strong and revolutionary this paradigm shift was at the time, it is evident that the notions that emerged from Reception Theory are today integral to our attempts to comprehend literature, art, and the world.

Occasional Being as a Principle of Interpretation of some concepts of the philosophy of Aristotle and Kant

Occasional being was obtained in the analysis of the Aristotelian term "non-existent" (μὴ ὄν). In the article, the occasional is given wide ontological powers, allowing to interpret the being of Aristotle and a number of Kant's substantive concepts in the aspect of complex temporal configurations. An attempt is made to clarify how the occasional appears in Aristotle as a correlate of the existent, and in Kant as the unknowable X, which is opposed by the unity of transcendental knowledge. Kant's desire to "clear" the substantial from the occasional leads to such changes in the temporal mosaic, in which the actual empirical becomes shaky. At the same time, the only stable in the flickering of the empirical is the synthesis of the manifold, the concept of the soul and transcendental apperception. The article also presents an analysis of the concept of time.

Le Comité africain d’experts sur les droits et le bien-être de l’enfant et le principe de l’intérêt supérieur de l’enfant

Abstract The best interest of the child stands as an important and fundamental principle of the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child. The charter’s content is determined and expanded upon by the African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child through its dual status as a monitoring body for the implementation and as the recipient of the principle. The Committee thus contributes to the promotion and protection of children’s rights. It is therefore important, through this study, to try to answer the question: what is the content of the principle of the best interest of the child under the law developed by the Committee? Indeed, by using the doctrinal approach to legal analysis, it has been shown that the Committee understands this principle in three dimensions. First, it is a principle to be guaranteed in any decision or action taken by the state regarding children. Second, it is an obligation imposed on all persons, authorities and officials in relation to children. Finally, it is the primary consideration and the ultimate result to be achieved. In conclusion, the Committee’s approach is a continuation of the content of its General Comment No. 14 on the best interest of the child. This is to be considered a fundamental right, a general principle of interpretation and a procedural rule.

The Rule of Law as a Well-Established and Well-Defined Principle of EU Law

Against increasing rule of law backsliding within the EU, the European Commission has presented the rule of law as a well-established and well-defined principle whose core meaning is furthermore shared as a common value among all Member States. In refute, the national governments of the two EU countries, which are both subject to special EU procedures on account of the systemic threat to the rule of law their repeated actions have caused, have claimed that the rule of law is neither defined in EU law, nor could it be defined in EU law. This article’s primary aim is to assess these conflicting assertions. It does so by first offering an overview of the EU legal framework on the basis of which it is shown that the rule of law, as asserted by the Commission, is a well-established constitutional principle of EU law. It furthermore shows that it is well-defined, not least because of the Court of Justice’s extensive case law, the European Commission’s definitional codification of it and most recently, the adoption of the Rule of Law Conditionality Regulation 2020/2092 which provides the first comprehensive allen compassing internal-oriented definition of the rule of law adopted by the EU co-legislators. This article furthermore contends that the EU’s understanding of the rule of law reflects what may be presented as a broad consensus in the European legal space on its core meaning and components; its legal use as a primary principle of judicial interpretation and a source from which standards of judicial review may be derived; and how the rule of law relates to other fundamental values. Finally, this article concludes by examining the reality of a potentially emerging East-West dissensus as regards the rule of law. In light of evidence of strong and widespread support for the rule of law in every single EU Member State in the face of top-down attempts to systemically undermine it, it is however submitted that there is no meaningful East-West divide but an authoritarian-liberal divide at elite level.

The Quranic »esearch of Alsayyid Ali Bin Tawoos Al - Hilli

Ibn Tawoos's approach to Quranic research reveals several characteristics that have characterized him. He revealed the personality of Ibn Tawoos in the Qur'anic, linguistic, moral, and interpretive language, and his creativity in comparative interpretation, criticism, conclusion, discussion of opinions and his style of inference, and his innovation in revealing rhetorical significance by discussing some opinions of Al-samani (384 hijri ) and other prominent of the Quran explanation in his book saad al-saud, as he showed his character as a interpreter and jurist and fundamentalist and modern and brilliant speaker capable of responding to the branches of assets, and pushing suspicions and reject opinions, and the science of the Quran and the origins of interpretation of the rules to examine its approval with Quran, and to infer the context and choose the best between the opponents.His book is not an explanatory book as much as it is a Qur'anic research on the various topics of Quranic knowledge. It is based on a set of interpretative principles, such as the Qur'anic context in revealing the meaning of the verse or the authority of the appearance, and the basis of the presentation on the Book ofAllaah. It is true that it is abandoned because it contradicts the appearance of the Holy Qur'an, because the authority to appear in it is originally a source of interpretation. The rhetorical dimension appears in the character of Ibn Tawoos by mentioning some sources of eloquence and discussing rhetorical matters about the permissibility and omnipotence of the abrogation of verses in the Holy Quran.

Al-Zamakhshari's Rhetorical Questions in the Interpretation of Surat An-Nahl

Objectives: The study aims to clarify the opinion of Al-Zamakhshari on revealing witticisms and rhetorical secrets in the Holy Qura’an. It also aims to present the words of the interpreters who worked with the eloquence of the verses of the Qur’an, and to weigh the different perspectives of these commentators. The study then concluded with the most plausible perspective. Methods: The researcher proceeded to study these issues according to their interpretation of Surat An-Nahl from Al-Kashshaf, where he followed inductive and analytical methods. Results: The study reached a number of results. The contexts in which the words appear are those that require the introduction of a word in one place and its delay in another. The prioritization of rest over demobilization in the Almighty’s saying “when you bring them in [for the evening] and when you send them out [to pasture]” was necessitated by the context of the conversation about the blessing of the beauty of these cattle. Furthermore, it is these contexts that help to understand the advent of the indefinite or definite words, towards the Almighty’s saying “with the result that someone's foot may slip after it was firmly planted”. Indefiniteness in this context denotes the meaning of glorification. Conclusions: The study recommends addressing the questions raised by Al-Zamakhshari in his interpretation because of their profound impact on the interpretation of the Qur’anic verses and the importance reflected in highlighting the rules and principles of language and interpretation.

Schleiermacher's Plato by Julia A. Lamm

Reviewed by: Schleiermacher's Plato by Julia A. Lamm F. C. C. Sheffield LAMM, Julia, A. Schleiermacher's Plato. Boston: Walter De Gruyter, 2021. vii + 255 pp. Cloth, $94.99; eBook, $94.99 The contention of this book is that Schleiermacher "changed how we understand Plato." Schleiermacher translated the entire corpus of Plato during a "philological renaissance" in late eighteenth-century Germany that concerned itself with careful translations of classics texts and a historical-critical method. The book shows how that act of translation informed the interpretive principles laid out in his "General Introduction," which proved revolutionary for Platonic studies and informed Schleiermacher's own philosophical and theological work. The book lays out the method clearly, exploring its novelty against the backdrop of Schleiermacher's contemporaries. Four themes emerge. First, there is the "internal method," a philological task informed by historical understanding of the linguistic, literary, and conceptual background. Its significance is set against the backdrop of late eighteenth-century applications of the historical-critical method, which had begun to reject dogmatic commitments, theological agendas, and philosophical systems, in favor of internal evidence and textual interpretation. [End Page 821] Second, where the internal method rejected systematizing dogma, be this in the form of Neoplatonism or "unwritten doctrines," the second emphasized Plato's artistry, which rejected a "piecemeal approach" focused on isolated dialectical arguments. This artistry was the "interpretive key" that exposed the unity of Plato's thought. Following the Phaedrus, a work must be understood as an organic whole; what is scattered must be collected and divided into its natural parts to expose the "natural sequence and necessary relation" in the works. This is applied not just to individual works but to the entire corpus: The dialogues are essentially connected and lead naturally and necessarily from one to the other. So, this came with the commitment that Plato had in mind the full body of material that was to be communicated. Third, Schleiermacher attended to the philosophical significance of Plato's literary brilliance by drawing attention to the relationship between form and content. This rehabilitation of the dialogue form, his most enduring legacy, captured the essentially dialogical, social, and communicative nature of Plato's philosophy. Finally, these principles are deployed to determine the order of the dialogues—by tracing the "pedagogical progression of ideas," which is structured by two series: ethics and physics, of which the Republic and the Timaeus are the culmination. This gave rise to one of the most controversial of Schleiermacher's views: the early dating of the Phaedrus, which contained the seeds of all Platonic doctrines. Though the consensus today largely rejects the early dating, struggling with the difficulties of the Phaedrus was instrumental to Schleiermacher's entire approach and provided clues to the interpretation of the canon. How to read a dialogue was suggested by the image of a logos as a living body, the impulse to philosophy was specified as eros, the method by dialectic, and the ultimate purpose is the kind of communication that brings the student to knowledge, namely, the form of dialogue (whether written or spoken). The suspicion of writing was taken to support Schleiermacher's claim that dialogical form was the essential medium for written texts, offering a model of "truly living instruction." After arguing that these principles shaped a new form of Platonism, the second part of the book turns to how Plato informed Schleiermacher's own work. Lamm takes the Christmas Dialogue first, showing how it manifests the "impulse and method" of philosophy, with "joy" replacing eros as impulse and living, reciprocal, conversation as the method to be celebrated. The Platonic influences are found in formal features, most notably in the overall structure of the Dialogue, which mirrors Schleiermacher's interpretation of the structure of Plato's corpus. Analysis of the second edition of Speeches on Religion (1806) shows how central topics, such as being and existence, opinions versus knowledge, and the association of knowing and acting, were informed by Schleiermacher's decade of engagement with Plato, which motivated fundamental changes to his main argument about "the essence of religion." The Sophist is central: Both the notion of being as generative [End Page 822] and the understanding of...

Expletiveness in grammar and beyond

This paper sets out to find the defining characteristics of so-called expletive categories and the consequences the existence of such categories has for Universal Grammar. Looking into different instantiations of expletive subjects and impersonal pronouns, definite articles, negative markers and plural markers in various natural languages, we reach the following generalizations: (i) expletive categories are deficient functional elements interpreted as introducing an identity function at the level of semantic representation, (ii) they can be divided into syntactic expletives, that occur to satisfy some syntactic relationship with another item in the clause, and semantic expletives, that stand in a semantic dependency with some c-commanding category, and (iii) expletive categories tend to develop additional meaning components that are computed beyond core grammar, at the level where speech act-related information is encoded. Our discussion reveals that all categories that have been traditionally considered as expletive in the linguistic literature are interpretable in grammar or beyond and, thus, do not violate Chomsky’s Full Interpretation Principle. We conclude that there are no expletive elements in natural languages and that expletiveness is not a grammatically relevant concept.

A Logical Framework for Forensic DNA Interpretation.

The forensic community has devoted much effort over the last decades to the development of a logical framework for forensic interpretation, which is essential for the safe administration of justice. We review the research and guidelines that have been published and provide examples of how to implement them in casework. After a discussion on uncertainty in the criminal trial and the roles that the DNA scientist may take, we present the principles of interpretation for evaluative reporting. We show how their application helps to avoid a common fallacy and present strategies that DNA scientists can apply so that they do not transpose the conditional. We then discuss the hierarchy of propositions and explain why it is considered a fundamental concept for the evaluation of biological results and the differences between assessing results given propositions that are at the source level or the activity level. We show the importance of pre-assessment, especially when the questions relate to the alleged activities, and when transfer and persistence need to be considered by the scientists to guide the court. We conclude with a discussion on statement writing and testimony. This provides guidance on how DNA scientists can report in a balanced, transparent, and logical way.

Time to rehabilitate. A new reading of Nikolai Gogol

The article raises the problem of adequate understanding of the heritage of Nikolai Gogol. With regard to Nikolai Gogol’s works, the main problems of interpretation of the artistic image are analysed. The principles of text interpretation developed during the theological interpretation of the gospel parables in patristic practice, and certain provisions of the modern theory of the symbol of Aleksei Losev are formulated as basic ones. It is emphasised that the understanding of the ambiguity of the image does not contradict the idea of the presence in the work of art of the target “vector of meaning”, which expresses the author’s creative volitional intentions. In the scientific comprehension of the author’s intention, an important heuristic potential of a preliminary comprehensive study of the writer’s spiritual biography is noted. Almost a century-long dominance of radical atheistic ideology in Nikolai Gogol’s interpretations was reflected in the methodological helplessness and incompetence of science in understanding the legacy of that Christian artist. The process of scientific understanding of the artistic world of Nikolai Gogol, the development of objective criteria and methods of research is considered in the related context of important social processes of recent decades which are – wehope – the restoration of justice in the religious and legal spheres, the rehabilitation of numerous victims of previous political repression, the ongoing canonisation of the New Martyrs and Confessors of Russia.

African contextual hermeneutics

Hermeneutics is the science of textual interpretation and comprises a wide range of disciplines, which helps to control subjective influences in the study of the Old Testament and Hebrew Scriptures. It is imperative to consider the context of any given text, as well as the context of the receiver in the interpretive process. This consideration, from the African point of view, is what may be referred to as African contextual hermeneutics. To see the effect different contexts have on the interpretation of an encountered text, using as an example 1 Chronicles 21, it was discovered that the changes in culture, religion, tradition, text and language affected the presentation of the new text, so much so that the writer made a lot of additions and subtractions from the original story in 2 Samuel 24. The diversity of the Old Testament texts requires that each text be studied within its historical framework. This also reflects the reality of life expressed by people in the African society. However, with hermeneutics in the Old Testament, the reader should be brave enough to throw off cultural ties and focus only on what matters. It requires reading the controversy and polemic in the text and not being influenced by it. What matters in any text is the relationship between God and humans, and this is what the interpreter should translate into the African context, not the culture or the controversy. There is a need for reassessment of the ancient biblical tradition and the African worldviews, cultures and life experiences, to correct the effect of the extraneous cultural and ideological conditioning. African biblical hermeneutics can be understood as the rereading of the Old Testament from a premeditatedly African perspective. African biblical hermeneutics is the principle of interpretation of the Bible that could lead to transformation in Africa. Africa’s religious practice is mostly polytheistic. In the African religion, there are new allegories, images, figures of speech, ways of reasoning, etymologies, analogies and cosmogonies to gratify the intellect.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: The African contextual ideas of mysticism, tradition and initiation advance new theological inductions, astrophysical tales and ways to hypothesise moral behaviour. Nevertheless, the ideologically motivated text of 1 Chronicles 21 can still be relevant for Africa today if the following options can be taken into consideration. Israel was a confused nation, seeking identity after the exile. An author like the Chronicler wanted to give them direction by telling them that they can find identity in their relationship with God. This can be translated into the African context as a relationship with God. This means that people who are feeling confused about their circumstances and identity today can find certainty in their relationship with God, regardless of how and where they worship.