Health Promotion Principles Research Articles

Health Promotion for Stroke Patients at Grandmed Lubuk Pakam Hospital

Stroke is a major health problem for modern society today. Nowadays, stroke is increasingly becoming a serious problem faced almost all over the world. This is because a sudden stroke can result in death, physical and mental disability in both productive and elderly age. This research is to determine the role of health promotion on the motivation of stroke patients in receiving physiotherapy services at Grandmed Lubuk Pakam Hospital. This research is qualitative research which aims to explore a problem with detailed limitations, as well as collecting in-depth data. The number of informants in this study was 4 people. Data collection was carried out using an in-depth interview method equipped with a voice recording device with 4 informants. The principle of health promotion here is that the patient and the patient's family are able to understand or understand what is conveyed by the promotion officer which can then influence interest in doing or coming to health services. every patient or patient's family who is targeted can receive the promotion well. Grandmed Lubuk Pakam Hospital health promotion is emerging as a forum that leads or guides towards health prosperity for patients and their families. By emphasizing knowledge about the impact of stroke until post-stroke and how to function, the body can move freely as before. providing more interesting and creative methods or means so as to attract the attention and interest of patients and the patient's family to listen and understand more easily and more pleasantly.

Sexual health communication targeting adolescents in public service Media: the case of Finland

Abstract Background Given the substantial time adolescents spend online, sexual health promotion and education through online media constitute a promising public health action. However, monitoring of sexual health-related online media content is warranted, and considering the scope and aims of public service media, this forum can be regarded as being of particular interest. This study aimed to analyze how and to what extent sexuality and sexual health-related content targeting adolescents is communicated and portrayed in public service media in Finland, with a particular interest in health promotion perspectives and participatory practices. Methods Based on predetermined inclusion criteria and guidance from professionals at the Finnish public service company Yle, podcasts were specified as the media format of interest. Three Finnish podcasts (a total of 66 episodes) produced during the years 2021-2023, targeting young people and focusing on sexual health, were included in this study and subject to critical content analysis. Results Most podcast episodes focused equally on the sexual health resource and risk perspectives, while a third emphasized a resource perspective. Concerning participatory practices, adolescents participate in only five episodes in total, and most often, the podcast hosts’ own experiences are at the center of the episodes. Conclusions The findings highlight how sexuality and sexual health content is communicated in public service media podcasts targeting adolescents in Finland, as well as how the communication aligns with health education and promotion guidelines. The study sheds light on participatory practices, emphasizing a lack of stakeholder involvement, i.e., dialogue between podcast hosts and listeners. Results carry implications for developing sexual health promotion through public service media targeting young people in Finland and other European countries alike. Key messages • The findings highlight how sexuality and sexual health content is portrayed in public service media podcasts in Finland and how the communication aligns with health promotion values and principles. • The findings show a lack of participatory practices in Finnish public service media podcasts targeting adolescent sexual health - a health promotion concern also pertinent to other countries.

Reassessing Cervical Cancer Prevention: Evaluating the NHS Cervical Cancer Screening Programme Through the Health Belief Model and Global Health Promotion Strategies

Cervical cancer remains a significant public health issue in the United Kingdom, with disparities in screening coverage and outcomes persisting despite robust national programs. This critical analysis evaluates the NHS Cervical Screening Programme (CSP) through the lens of the Health Belief Model (HBM) and global health promotion strategies, such as those outlined in the Ottawa Charter. The analysis explores how individual beliefs about susceptibility, severity, benefits, and barriers influence participation in cervical screening, while also critiquing the CSP's reliance on these factors to the potential exclusion of broader social determinants of health. Key findings reveal that while the HBM provides a valuable framework for understanding individual health behaviors, its emphasis on personal responsibility may overlook significant socioeconomic and cultural barriers, leading to inequities in screening uptake. Furthermore, the CSP's approach, though well-intentioned, may inadvertently undermine patient autonomy by promoting a top-down model of health promotion. The analysis is supported by data from the 2022-2023 Cervical Screening Standards Data Report and other contemporary sources, highlighting the need for more culturally sensitive and equitable strategies. Recommendations for policymakers include the enhancement of targeted interventions for high-risk groups, improved communication strategies, and the integration of a social model of health that considers the broader determinants of health. Future studies are encouraged to explore the sociocultural factors influencing screening behaviors and to evaluate the effectiveness of new screening technologies and integrated HPV vaccination programs. This analysis underscores the importance of rethinking cervical cancer prevention strategies to ensure they are inclusive, equitable, and aligned with the principles of health promotion.

Pengembangan Pendidikan Kesehatan Tentang Pengenalan Sumber Penyakit Dan Penanganannya Kepada Masyarakat Menggunakan Website dengan metode Agile

This study aims to develop health education regarding disease identification and management for the community using a website. The development process incorporates the principles of health promotion and utilizes online platforms to disseminate information effectively. Through this initiative, the community gains access to comprehensive resources on disease identification, preventive measures, and appropriate management strategies. The website serves as a user-friendly tool to enhance health literacy and empower individuals to make informed decisions about their well-being.

British association for sexual health and HIV national guideline for the management of anogenital warts in adults (2024).

This guideline offers recommendations on the diagnosis, treatment and health promotion principles needed for the effective management of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related warts at anogenital sites including the external genitals, vagina, cervix, urethra, perianus and anal canal. The guideline is aimed primarily at patients aged 16years or older presenting to healthcare professionals working in level 3 sexual health services in the United Kingdom. However, the principles of the recommendations may be applied in other care settings, including in primary care, using locally adapted care pathways where appropriate. The management of HPV-related anogenital dysplasia or warts at other extragenital sites is outside the scope of this guideline.

Nursing activities for health promotion in palliative home care: an integrative review

Palliative care in community contexts is undergoing significant change as a result of public policy and new models of care, which link health promotion principles with palliative care practices. These models support the creation of partnerships between formal care structures and the communities in which care is provided. Given the central role of nurses in the institutional delivery of palliative care, particularly in the home, it is important to provide a systematic description of the activities of nurses that fall within the principles of health promotion. The objective was to describe the diverse range of nursing activities for health promotion that are provided in the palliative home care setting. This is an integrative review. Fifty-five studies listed in the MEDLINE, CINAHL and EMBASE databases, and published between 1999 and December 2022, were identified. Data analysis and presentation of the results were guided by Kellehear’s Health-Promoting Palliative Care (HPPC) model. Six themes were identified to describe nursing activities for health promotion in the context of palliative home care: creating a meaningful relationship, supplying medical information, promoting self-care throughout the trajectory, providing emotional support, involving professional or community services and supporting change. The findings point to nurses focusing more on the individual context and on direct care. The relationship with communities in which they work remains unidirectional. However, some HPPC principles are relevant to nursing activities through the contextualization of nurses’ actions and their moral responsibility to work towards the respect of patient’s values. Being poorly described, how nurses can truly engage their practice towards health-promoting principles, such as the enhancement of support and control over their lives for people living with serious illness, still requires further empirical research.

A Case Study on an Evaluation of the Annual Activity Plan 2019 of Health Promotion Bureau Sri Lanka

The Health Promotion Bureau is the centre of excellence in Sri Lanka for health education, health promotion, and publicity of health information. The main achievement gained during the last few years is empowering and mobilising communities to improve their quality of life through health promotion principles. Public awareness aiming for healthy behaviour changes in the community through mass media is a unique service provided for years by the Health Promotion Bureau and appraised by all sectors. The government of Sri Lanka, the United Nations Populations Fund, the World Bank and the World Health Organization were the leading funding agencies in 2019 for Health Promotion Bureau activities. The activity plan aligns with the health master plan of the Ministry of Health. According to the Ministry of Health's Annual Action Plan 2019, the total estimated cost for all the HPB activities was Rs. 162.66 million. At the end of 2019, the total amount allocated by the Government of Sri Lanka was Rs. 75.01 million. It is 46% of the initial estimation. There were 98 activities planned for 2019 by the HPB. However, only 19 activities were accomplished in 2019. Among them, 17 were fully completed. The other two were completed 93% and 22%. Some of the activities conducted in 2019 were not planned for the year. There were many reasons for the poor performance of the annual activity plan 2019. Lack of monitoring and evaluation on the performance of the annual activity plan, planning unit combined with monitoring and evaluation, no specialised personnel on monitoring and evaluation, budget cuts on planned activities and different funding agencies are some of them. The recommendation is to develop an independent monitoring and evaluation unit separated from the planning unit. The HPB units should be strengthened with adequate staff, and their capacity for planning, monitoring and evaluation should be developed. Provision of proper guidelines for planning activities, involving all the stakeholders and incorporating their views in the planning process, incorporating information and communication technologies in planning and monitoring activities, and regular review of activities and annual activity plan of the Health Promotion Bureau also must be considered for improvement of achievement of HPB annual action plan. Keywords: Health Promotion Bureau, annual activity plan, monitoring and evaluation

Różnice we wdrażaniu zasad promocji zdrowia w szkołach w czasie pandemii COVID-19. Rozważania oparte na badaniach przeprowadzonych wśród dyrektorów polskich szkół

During the coronavirus pandemic, health promotion became crucial for preventing COVID-19 disease and mitigating its consequences. Implementing health promotion principles was particularly essential in educational settings, where the possibility of infection was high. Simultaneously, only limited empirical studies have addressed school principals’ perspectives on implementing health promotion issues during the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, this study aims to examine the differences in implementing health promotion principles in schools during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results come from an online cross-sectional survey conducted in eight provinces of Poland from June to December 2021. The study was part of a global school principal health literacy survey under the COVID-HL Network. Research results have shown that schools in the Health Promoting Schools network tend to implement the whole-school approach to health more often. In addition, the longer the school belongs to the network, the more health promotion activities are implemented. It can be assumed that school principals play a crucial role in implementing health promotion principles in schools. Therefore, their health awareness and interest in health matters are essential for effectively promoting health in schools.

Using the QATCHEPP quality assessment tool to critically reflect on health promotion practice

Abstract Issue Critical health promotion is required to reduce health inequities and is distinguished from selective health promotion by its focus on the unequal distribution of structural and systemic privilege and power. This approach is central to progressing global priorities of health equity and sustainable development. However, much practice remains selectively oriented to a biomedical-behavioural approach. The Quality Assessment Tool for Critical Health Promotion Practice (QATCHEPP) was designed to support practitioners to engage in critical reflection on health promotion initiatives to assess the extent to which they align with a critical approach. Project description This project was a case study conducted in 2023. The objective was to use QATCHEPP to critically reflect on a place-based health promotion project. The case study question was to what extent does the health promotion project align with a critical approach? QATCHEPP includes three reflection questions for 10 critical health promotion values and principles, scored as strongly critical (2), somewhat critical (1), minimally or not at all critical (0), or insufficient evidence to be rated (0). Total scores for each value and principle and an overall summary score were calculated. Results The QATCHEPP summary score was 55% indicating that the project was somewhat aligned with a critical approach, with highest scores for assuming that people are doing their best for their wellbeing, and maximum beneficence, and lowest scores for consideration of non-maleficence and a salutogenic approach. Lessons QATCHEPP is an innovative and useful tool for critically reflecting on the extent to which health promotion initiatives align with a critical approach. We recommend that findings from such critical reflection be used by practitioners to identify where initiatives may benefit from re/orientation towards a more critical health promotion approach in any setting or country. Key messages • Practitioners should engage in critical reflection to determine the extent to which health promotion initiatives align with a critical health promotion approach. • QATCHEPP is an innovative and useful quality assessment tool to support critical reflection. Findings can be used to re/orient health promotion practice towards a more critical approach.

10.M. Workshop: Community Health Practice and Research in Europe: Up front and centre!

Abstract Community Health (CH) is one of the most undervalued and poorly funded domains of action of health systems. Although evidence is strong on its contribution to population health, well-being and equity, national and regional health systems, and to some extent public health institutions, tend to pay little attention to its contribution. Community health encompasses the application of health promotion principles and strategies at the local level to improve equity and resilience of a community. It does so through three fundamental means: cross-sectoral collaborations, community involvement/engagement, and community health workers (CHW). It engages and works with communities in a culturally appropriate manner in order to implement effective strategies. In community health, capacity building is essential. The aim of this workshop is three-fold: 1) to generate a discussion among participants on the state of practice and research, 2) to reflect on strategies to strengthen and improve community health in Europe and, 3) to enhance the visibility of this domain within the ranks of the European Public Health Association (EUPHA). The workshop will provide a space for reflections and discussions. Each of our speakers, who are researchers from 5 different countries (Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, Spain, and UK), will have 5 minutes to provide some elements of answers to the two following questions: • What is the state of community health practice and research in your country? • What difference does it make for health systems to implement community health strategies? Eric Breton (France) will briefly introduce the workshop providing a conceptual framework for community health and an overview of the different perspectives that drive practices and policies. Manfred Cassens (Germany) and Caroline Masquillier (Belgium) will discuss how the COVID-19 pandemic has enhanced the shortfalls of health systems and lead their countries to experiment community health strategies. Camila Picchio (Spain) will demonstrate how CHWs are essential in reaching out marginalised communities as will Ekaterina Volevach (Czech Republic) drawing lessons from a programme targeting the Roma population. Both will highlight the difficulties health systems face in answering the need of vulnerable population. Catherine Jenkins (United Kingdom), will describe a city-region intervention for galvanising community-level innovation to reduce gambling-related harms. Luis Saboga-Nunes, President of the EUPHA Health Promotion Section and Goof Buijs, Manager of the UNESCO Chair Global Health & Education will conclude the session. We trust that this very interactive workshop will help attendees of the EUPHA conference in Dublin working in community health to find each other and facilitate the development of partnerships. Key messages • Community Health strategies are essential in improving populations’ health and well-being. Yet, this contribution is hardly reflected in national health policies and in the resources invested locally. • The COVID-19 pandemic cast a harsh light on the limits of health systems under-investing in community engagement, community health workers and in the mobilisation of local stakeholders.

Cultivating participatory approaches in health promotion planning, delivery, and evaluation: A case study of an academic-health service partnership in rural Victoria.

Community participation in planning, delivery, and evaluation of health promotion (HP) programs is a poorly explored topic. However, this approach has the potential to improve health outcomes and reduce health inequities, particularly for residents of rural and remote areas. This case study describes the outputs of an academic-health service partnership in rural Victoria. The collaboration has led to the implementation and ongoing evaluation of a microgrant program for HP which integrates community participation principles in the foundations of the program and its evaluation. To date, 10 funded projects have been brought to completion, with COVID-19 having disturbed both grant distribution and funded activity implementation. Semi-structured interviews with health service officers served to clarify conceptualisation and operationalization of HP principles. Focus groups with health service management and officers contributed to building an overarching evaluation framework for the HP team's activities. Finally, the specific methodological evaluation framework for the microgrant program was developed through a collaborative workshop with the HP team and grantees. Fostering community participation in HP planning, delivery, and evaluation, especially in rural areas, is feasible as evidenced by the experience described in this case study. The forthcoming evaluation results will help clarify the impact of community participation on health-related outcomes. SO WHAT?: Documentation and dissemination of processes used to increase community participation in HP programs is essential to grow the knowledge base around what works and what doesn't, and for whom.

Developing "Adulting for Health": Investigating the Health Needs of Neurodivergent Emerging Adults.

Neurodivergent emerging adults - defined as individuals between the ages of 18 and 30 with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities (e.g., attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, cerebral palsy, learning disabilities, seizures, developmental delays, with or without intellectual impairment) and physical and/or sensory disabilities (e.g., blindness or hearing impairment) - experience poor mental and physical health outcomes. Existing interventions are insufficient because they are not based on the self-reported and developmental needs of this population. The current study is an exploratory pilot study that features a multidimensional health-based needs assessment of self-identified neurodivergent emerging adults with ADHD, learning disabilities, autism, and other conditions, mean (M) age = 22.8; standard deviation (SD) = 3.4; n = 26). This research used validated measures. The assessment - administered via Qualtrics to the participants in two sites - included the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form, Kessler-6 Psychological Distress Scale, Project EAT (Eating and Activity over Time)-IV (with the intuitive eating, weight-related control, emotional eating, and physical activity subscales), and an original health-focused needs assessment developed by interdisciplinary healthcare professionals and neurodivergent individuals. The sample reported low positive mental health, with only 3% reportedly "flourishing." The sample also reported high psychological distress according to clinical and psychometric cut-off scores; varied intuitive eating and weight-control behaviors and attitudes; and distinct needs related to integrating the principles of health promotion into daily life, navigating the healthcare system, and learning from healthcare professionals. Based on these findings, we present an initial conceptualization of "Adulting for Health," a potential virtual education program to promote health-related knowledge and capacities for this population. The results from this exploratory pilot study can be incorporated into existing programs and spur efforts to develop and test new interventions that can ameliorate health disparities for neurodivergent emerging adults.

QATCHEPP: A quality assessment tool for critical health promotion practice.

The origins of health promotion are based in critical practice; however, health promotion practice is still dominated by selective biomedical and behavioral approaches, which are insufficient to reduce health inequities resulting from the inequitable distribution of structural and systemic privilege and power. The Red Lotus Critical Health Promotion Model (RLCHPM), developed to enhance critical practice, includes values and principles that practitioners can use to critically reflect on health promotion practice. Existing quality assessment tools focus primarily on technical aspects of practice rather than the underpinning values and principles. The aim of this project was to develop a quality assessment tool to support critical reflection using the values and principles of critical health promotion. The purpose of the tool is to support the reorientation of health promotion practice toward a more critical approach. We used Critical Systems Heuristics as the theoretical framework to develop the quality assessment tool. First, we refined the values and principles in the RLCHPM, then created critical reflective questions, refined the response categories, and added a scoring system. The Quality Assessment Tool for Critical Health Promotion Practice (QATCHEPP) includes 10 values and associated principles. Each value is a critical health promotion concept, and its associated principle provides a description of how the value is enacted in professional practice. QATCHEPP includes a set of three reflective questions for each value and associated principle. For each question, users score the practice as strongly, somewhat, or minimally/not at all reflective of critical health promotion practice. A percentage summary score is generated with 85% or above indicative of strongly critical practice, 50% ≤ 84% is somewhat critical practice, and < 50% minimally or does not reflect critical practice. QATCHEPP provides theory-based heuristic support for practitioners to use critical reflection to assess the extent to which practice aligns with critical health promotion. QATCHEPP can be used as part of the Red Lotus Critical Promotion Model or as an independent quality assessment tool to support the orientation of health promotion toward critical practice. This is essential to ensure that health promotion practice contributes to enhancing health equity.

A Literary Review on Agnikarma in Ayurveda

‘Ayurveda’ the supreme science of health and well being works on the principle of health promotion and curing many pathological conditions. It has several distinguish branches in which shalyatantra is one of them. Shalyatantra branch not only covers surgical procedures but also explained some parasurgical measures including Agnikarma. Acharya Sushruta along with other acharya have given special importance to Agnikarma in their samhitas. Agnikarma can be correlated with the modern cauterization procedure. This review article deals with the study of various aspects of Agnikarma along with its therapeutic use.

Municipal community centers as healthy settings: evaluation of a real-world health promotion intervention in Jerusalem

BackgroundThis study presents an intervention designed to foster the implementation of health promotion programs within District Municipality Community Centers (DMCCs) in Jerusalem, and the creation of a peer network of healthy settings with a shared aspiration of collaborating and implementing health-promoting policies at the community level. We also present the evaluation strategy, based on the EQUIHP and RE-AIM frameworks.MethodsTwenty DMCCs completed our program. This evaluation research involved a comprehensive seminar during the first year for DMCCs coordinators, teaching them the principles of health promotion. An educational kit was distributed during the second year. The evaluation strategy included a process evaluation and annual evaluations based on the EQUIHP and RE-AIM frameworks. The EQUIHP tool was divided into four dimensions of evaluation: 1) Framework of health promotion principles, 2) Project development and implementation, 3) Project management, and 4) Sustainability; while the RE-AIM domains included: 1)Reach, 2)Effectiveness, 3)Adoption, 4)Implementation and 5)Maintenance.ResultsThe program led to high responsiveness among DMCCs and to the implementation of diverse health promotion initiatives, with a participation of approximately 29,191 residents. The EQUIHP evaluation showed an improvement in program quality in Year 2. The final RE-AIM evaluation presented a total median score of 0.61 for all domains, where 0 was non-performance and 1.0 was full performance. The ‘Framework of health promotion principles’ and ‘Reach’ components received the highest median score (0.83, 1.0 and 0.87), while the ‘Sustainability and ‘Maintenance’ components received the lowest (0.5).ConclusionsThis innovative program adapts the Healthy Cities approach (initiated by the World Health Organization in 1986) to the development of community center health-promoting settings within the larger municipal framework, training local community center staff members to assess and address local health concerns and build community capacity. The local focus and efforts may help community actors to create health promotion programs more likely to be adopted, feasible in the ‘real-world’ and able to produce public health impact in the communities where people live. Moreover, collaboration and cooperation among DMCCs may lead to a broader community health vision, forging coalitions that can advocate more powerfully for health promotion.Trial registrationNIH trial registration number: NCT04470960.Retrospectively registered on: 14/07/2020.

Impact of the use of the Red Lotus Critical Health Promotion Model as a pedagogical framework on health promotion graduates' professional practice: A mixed methods study.

The Red Lotus Critical Health Promotion Model (RLCHPM) is designed to support critical health promotion practice. This study investigated the impact of the use of the RLCHPM as a pedagogical framework for competency-based university curricula on the practice of graduates from health promotion programs from an Australian regional university. A mixed methods study was undertaken, including an online survey of all 195 graduates from 2008 to 2016, followed by semi-structured interviews with a subset of respondents. There were 95 survey respondents and 10 interviewees. More than half of the survey respondents reported that the model impacted health promotion programs they are involved in, however, less than a quarter felt it impacted workplace policies. The impact was significantly higher for those with higher levels of knowledge about, confidence in using, and perception of utility of the RLCHPM, and stronger alignment of their practice with critical health promotion values and principles. Graduates' embodiment of the model's values and principles in practice enhanced the impact of the model. Factors that limited the impact included participants' implicit use of components of the model without explicit reference to the model, and the incongruence between participants' professional practice ideals and those of their workplace context. The use of the RLCHPM as a pedagogical framework for university health promotion programs positively impacted graduates' practice within the Australian context. SO WHAT?: The RLCHPM could be used as a pedagogical framework in universities to develop competency-based critical health promotion curricula to enable graduates to progress critical health promotion practice.

Public Health and Participation of Experts from Experience in Austria: a First Exploratory Survey

Participation is a basic principle of health promotion and public health. Citizen and patient participation in health care is considered to be poor in Austria and the existing practice is not very visible. An explorative online survey was conducted among members of the Austrian Public Health Association. The aim was to identify the current state of participation of experts from experience ("affected persons") in research, strategy development and practice. 29 organisations working on participation were identified. The survey revealed participation practice was methodologically diverse. Orientation towards participatory models, as the lowest common denominator, can provide a basis for further exchange and shared learning of participation.

British Association for Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH) United Kingdom national guideline on the management of Trichomonas vaginalis 2021.

The main objective of this guideline is to assist practitioners in managing individuals diagnosed with Trichomonas vaginalis (TV). It offers recommendations on the diagnostic tests, treatment regimens and health promotion principles needed for the effective management of TV. It covers the management of the initial presentation, as well as how to prevent transmission and future re-infection. It is aimed primarily at people aged 16years or older presenting to health care professionals, working in departments offering specialist care in sexually transmitted infection (STI) management within the United Kingdom. However, the principles of the recommendations are applicable across all levels of STI care providers (N.B. non-specialist services may need to develop, where appropriate, local care pathways).

Establishment of "Smiles": an innovative inclusive program for the promotion of oral health among preschool children.

To describe the planning stage and the first year of "Smiles," an innovative, inclusive oral health promotion program among preschool children, ages 3 to 5, encompassing the enhancement of daily toothbrushing skills, engagement of teaching staff and parents, and integration of a supportive environment of supervised toothbrushing in kindergartens. The major components of the first year of the program included workshops with the teaching staff, working sessions with the preschool children, and workshops with the parents. Program participation, program cooperation, program satisfaction, and kindergarten teachers, kindergarten parents, and dental hygienists' attitudes towards this component of the program were recorded and evaluated. Minor components of the first year of the program included assimilation and integration of daily supervised toothbrushing in some of the kindergartens. Program participation, kindergarten teachers, kindergarten teachers' assistants, and kindergarten parents' attitudes towards this component of the program were recorded and evaluated. In total, 180 kindergartens, in nine locations across Israel, including 5,311 preschool children, their parents, and teaching staff, took part in the first year of the program. High levels of participation (80% and above), cooperation (9.55 to 9.78) and satisfaction (9.62 to 9.81) were recorded in the first year of the program. Kindergarten teachers, parents, and dental hygienists expressed high levels of support for continuing the program beyond its first year (9.86 to 10.00). Regarding the daily supervised toothbrushing model in the kindergartens, high levels of satisfaction (9.50 to 9.75) and willingness to continue the program (9.50-10.00) were recorded among kindergarten teachers, assistants, and parents. The "Smiles" program serves as an example of successful collaboration between many partners and stakeholders from different organizations, sectors, and government ministries, local authorities, kindergarten management and staff, parents, and the most important partners, the preschool children. Its adherence to the basic principles of health promotion, and its professional adjustment to early childhood with positive atmosphere of happiness, joy, and shared warmth, contributed to the success of the program.

British Association for Sexual Health and HIV national guideline for the management of Genital Molluscum in adults (2021).

This guideline offers recommendations on diagnosis, treatment regimens and health promotion principles needed for the effective management of genital molluscum, including management of the initial presentation and recurrences. The Primary focus of the guideline is on infection which affects the genital area and has a sexual mode of transmission. This is an update to the guideline previously published in this journal in 2014.