Principles Of Confidentiality Research Articles

INTEGRATED APPROACH TO YOUTH MENTAL HEALTH

This study aimed to analyze the mental health issues among students at the National University “Yuriy Kondratyuk Poltava Polytechnic”, taking into account the international experiences in implementing psychosocial diagnostic programs. Based on this analysis, recommendations were formulated for the effective implementation of programs aimed at enhancing the mental well-being of the Ukrainian student community. Materials and Methods: A total of 812 students from various specialties at Yuriy Kondratyuk Poltava Polytechnic National University participated in the study. The age range of the participants was between 18 and 22 years old, with 47% (382 individuals) being male and 53% (430 individuals) female, ensuring gender balance in the sample distribution and representing a diverse cross-section of respondents. The survey was conducted anonymously using a Google form, thereby upholding the principle of confidentiality in psychological research. Result and discussion. The survey revealed a correlation between military operations and an escalation in anxiety disorders among civilians and refugees within the Ukrainian context. However, there remains an incomplete understanding of the mental well-being of the youth demographic. Presently, numerous studies indicate a decline in the psycho-emotional state of Ukrainian students. A significant proportion of respondents reported feelings of depression, nervousness, loneliness, and anger, with an uptick in cases involving alcohol, tobacco, and sedative abuse. An investigation into the mental health of women within educational institutions, including female students and teachers, unveiled heightened levels of fear and diminished resilience to stressful situations. This methodological approach facilitated the organization of information, enabling an objective comprehension of the issue and the formulation of specific recommendations for future action. Notably, there is a pressing need to implement programs aimed at enhancing both mental and physical health. Initiatives incorporating physical activity, balanced nutrition, and relaxation techniques have demonstrated potential in reducing stress levels and fostering improved mental well-being among students. Conclusions: The proposed recommendations are geared towards enhancing mental health standards and mitigating the impact of psychological challenges on academic performance, social integration, and overall life satisfaction.

The Crime-Fraud Exception to the Attorney-Client Privilege: Communications That Are Not Privileged

In three previous articles, “Assessing Confidentiality in the Lawyer-Client Relationship: A Client Perspective” (2022a), “Avoiding Common Conflicts of Interest in the Lawyer-Client Relationship” (2022b), and “The Lawyer-Client Relationship: Fee Arbitration” (2022c), the authors have described various aspects of the lawyer-client relationship. In this article, the authors describe an important exception to the principle of confidentiality found in the crime-fraud doctrine which permits a court to breach lawyer-client confidentiality upon the proper showing.

Case Study in Network Security System Using Random Port Knocking Method on The Principles of Availability, Confidentiality and Integrity

Preventing unidentified individuals from misusing their access to information is a major concern when it comes to data security. Network administrators are charged with working harder to be able to secure the computer network they manage. The utilization of right method is a challenge for network administrators to protect computer network from intruders. The RPK method is one of solution to overcome this problem. This research aims to implement RPK method on the principles of availability, confidentiality, and integrity which have not been explored by previous studies. The network system configuration stage involved installing Debian 9, NMAP, Hydra, RPK, cloud server, remote admin, and attacker. The network security system's performance was tested, revealing a 99.97% availability rate and 100% confidentiality. The system's integrity was assessed, with an average response time of 0.22 seconds and 100% blocking accuracy. The test results indicate that the system's network security performance, using the RPK method, capable of protecting server attacks and effectively upholding security stability.

Hopelessness and Social Support among Cancer Patients in Saudi Arabia.

Receiving a cancer diagnosis can be extremely stressful for patients, as it is a life-threatening disease. However, when this topic is discussed or researched, the psychological state of cancer patients is often ignored or forgotten. The study aimed to measure the levels of hopelessness and social support among cancer patients. It also aimed to assess the relationship between different demographic variables, hopelessness, and social support of these patients. The study followed a cross-sectional quantitative design. The setting included Princess Norah Oncology Center, at King Abdul-Aziz Medical City, Jeddah. A convenience sampling technique including 300 cancer patients was followed. Data collection included a demographic questionnaire, the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). Ethical principles of anonymity and confidentiality were followed. The total number of respondents was 300, with 50% being male and 50% being female. The mean age of patients was 52.6±14.83 years. The most prevalent types of cancer were breast cancer (21.4%), colorectal (15.2%), and lymphoma (12.1%) respectively. Most of the patients were married (71.3%). The mean value of the BHS was 4.5, whereas the mean value of the MSPSS was 67.7. Moreover, the type of cancer showed a significant association between family support and total social support. In colorectal cancer patients, the total social support (71.2 ± 20.1) and family support (26.2 ± 5.0) provided was the highest followed by leukemia (70.3 ± 15.5 and 25.2 ± 5.1) and breast cancer (68.3-± 20.3. and 24.3 ± 6.8). The findings of the present study suggest that the levels of hopelessness in cancer patients are moderate, and the levels of social support received by participants are high. In addition, the relationship between the levels of hopelessness and the levels of social support received is inversely proportional.

Relationship between nutritional status and the incidence of tuberculosis transmission in the family in Batusumur Village, Manonjaya Subdistrict Tasikmalaya Regency

Tuberculosis is the second infectious disease that causes the most deaths in the world according to WHO. Indonesia is a high TB burden country which currently ranks third in the world, with an incidence of 845.000 or 320/100.000 population with a mortality rate of 98.000 or 40/100.000 population and 3,6/100.000 TB-HIV population. The risk factor that can cause tuberculosis disease is malnutrition. The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between nutritional status and the incidence of tuberculosis transmission in the family. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between nutritional status and the incidence of tuberculosis. The research design used cross sectional study. The research was conducted in December 2023 in Batusumur Village, Manonjaya District, Tasikmalaya Regency. The research sample was 39 respondents of tuberculosis patients. Inclusion criteria: patients actively communicate and are easy to talk to, patients live with family members and are still in the initial phase of treatment in the first 2 months. The independent variable was nutritional status. The dependent variable was the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis transmission in family members. The instrument was an observation sheet. Data were analyzed by chi square test using SPSS. This research applies the principles of confidentiality, useful information and scientific development. The results showed that there was a relationship between nutritional status (p=0,026) and the incidence of tuberculosis transmission in the family. The conclusion is that there is a relationship between nutritional status and the incidence of tuberculosis. Tuberculosis patients and their families can make preventive efforts to prevent tuberculosis transmission.

(O-40) THERAPEUTIC GROUPS FOR MEN WITH PENILE OR TESTICULAR CANCER

Abstract The incidence of cancer in the world population in 2002 was estimated at 11 million new cases, in 2020 this estimate is approximately 20 million. Cancer is a global public health problem. Testicular cancer (TC) mainly affects men aged 15 to 40 years, and the incidence is about 5/100,000. Typically, tumors are aggressive and cause a great psychological impact on patients. Penile cancer (PC) represents 2% of all types of tumors that affect men in Brazil. The majority of the affected population are elderly men. Normally the tumor is identified at an advanced stage, when the only available treatment is total or partial penectomy, causing great emotional impact. This work aims to evaluate the impact of psychotherapy, in an open group, on the Quality of Life Related to Health and Sexuality in patients with CT and CP who have been diagnosed, are undergoing treatment or are being monitored after treatment. Data are collected through an initial interview (Identification, Anamnesis, Health Anamnesis, Degree of Satisfaction with Life and Sexuality, Affective-Emotional Assessment and Treatment Data), SF-36 questionnaire and IIEF-5 short form, in patients who were diagnosed, underwent treatment or are being monitored at the outpatient clinic, and reapplied at the end of 12 sessions. At each session, 5 questions are answered regarding the perception of the previous session. The group is available once a week for 12 weeks. Sessions last 90 minutes, led by the same psychologist. The research is being developed considering the ethical principles of secrecy, privacy and confidentiality. At the beginning of the process, the Free and Informed Consent Form is delivered as well as details regarding the research. It is also explained that participation is voluntary and that the participant may leave the research at any time, without this affecting their treatment and follow-up. Financing No conflict.

(O-41) PSYCHOEDUCATIONAL GROUP FOR MEN WITH PROSTATE CANCER

Abstract The incidence of cancer in the world population in 2002 was estimated at 11 million new cases, in 2020 this estimate is approximately 20 million. Cancer is a global public health problem. Prostate cancer (CaP) is a multifocal disease, with wide clinical variation among patients. The PCa survivors present unique chronic side effects compared to other cancer survivors, with challenges in achieving physical and social well-being, and satisfaction with life in general. This work aims to evaluate the impact of psychotherapy, in an open group, on Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) and Sexuality in patients with PCa who have undergone treatment. Data is been collected through an initial interview (Identification, Anamnesis, Health Anamnesis, Degree of Satisfaction with Life and Sexuality, Affective-Emotional Assessment and Treatment Data), SF-36 questionnaire and IIEF-5 short form, in patients who are diagnosed, have undergone treatment or are being monitored at the outpatient clinic, and reapplication in the last semester of the group's operation. At each session, 5 questions are answered regarding the perception of the previous session. The group will be available once a week for 2 years. The sessions last 90 minutes, led by the same psychologist. The research is been developed considering the ethical principles of secrecy, privacy, confidentiality and non-identification of interviewee data. The study will not pose any risks to the subjects and no invasive techniques will be used to deal with the body or psychological distress. Before starting the process, the Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE) is delivered, as well as the provision of all details regarding the research. It is also explained that participation is voluntary and that the participant may leave the research at any time, without this causing any harm to their treatment and follow-up. Financing No conflict.

Mediation in Patent Disputes Arising in The Healthcare Sector

Purpose: The study is devoted to the analysis of mediation in patent disputes arising in the field of healthcare. Methods: The research used general and special methods: dialectical method, methods of analysis and synthesis, formal-logical, system-structural method, and comparative-legal method. Results and discussion: The results showed that innovative advances in medicine provide a new range of opportunities, but at the same time generate new legal challenges that require effective regulatory mechanisms. The main advantages of using mediation in patent disputes by medical companies remain the minimization of reputational risks and the confidentiality of information that becomes known to the mediator during the settlement of the conflict or dispute. Implications of the research: The principles of confidentiality of medical information (including scientific and technical, commercial secrets, etc.), the principle of mandatory involvement of experts from the relevant field, the principle of medical ethics and high professional standards, the principle of matching the experience of the mediator to the level of complexity and the subject of the dispute will ensure the most effective resolution of patent disputes in the field of health care through mediation while maintaining the important elements of confidentiality of medical data, medical expertise, and professional ethical norms. Originality/value: The use of mediation in such disputes is relevant within the framework of high competition, the pace of scientific achievements and the steady growth of the volume of medical innovations, therefore it requires new approaches and policies of introduction into legal systems.

THE IMPACT OF AN AUDITOR'S ADHERENCE TO THE PRINCIPLES OF NEUTRALITY, PROFESSIONAL INDEPENDENCE, PROFESSIONAL CONFIDENTIALITY, AND TRUST IN THE TAX ACCOUNTING PROCESS

Objective: This study aims to demonstrate the impact of the auditor's adherence to the principles of neutrality, professional independence, confidentiality and trust in the tax accounting process and the importance of this commitment to the tax administration. The study also examines the extent to which the tax administration relies on the auditor's report and financial statements in determining the taxable income of taxpayers.
 
 Methodology: The study's objectives were achieved by collecting data from a survey distributed to certified auditors working for the Iraqi Board of Accountancy and Audit, employees of the Federal Financial Control Bureau, and employees of the General Tax Authority. A total of 230 questionnaires were distributed, 200 of which were returned and verified for statistical analysis.
 
 Results: The results indicate a statistically significant positive effect at the 5% level for the impact of neutrality and professional independence on the tax accounting process. This means that an increased focus on auditor neutrality and independence will contribute to a 0.469 increase in the efficiency of the tax accounting process. In addition, there is a positive and statistically significant moral impact below the 5% level for the impact of professional duty of confidentiality and trust in the tax accounting process. In other words, ensuring auditors follow the rule of professional confidentiality and trust can improve tax accounting efficiency by 0.350.
 
 Conclusion: Professional ethics and codes of conduct serve as guides for auditors to exhibit appropriate professional behavior while performing their duties to meet society's ethical requirements. The professional code of ethics is the outcome of the profession's efforts to develop and organize rules. It assures the tax administration that the financial statements submitted by the taxpayer (companies) and approved by the auditor who adheres to those rules are truthful and fair.

Naming Research Participants in Qualitative Language Learning Research: Numbers, Pseudonyms, or Real Names?

ABSTRACT This review article examines how researchers name their study participants and how these naming practices reflect their application of the ethical principles of anonymity and confidentiality in qualitative research on language learners. To identify the variety of naming practices in use, we reviewed 181 journal articles that reported on qualitative research on language learners in the context of higher education. Our review identified the use of names based on learners’ ethnolinguistic backgrounds other than English and the use of English names as the most frequent naming practices. The use of “Letter + Number” or “Title + Number” is also a popular naming practice. Our analysis further revealed that most of the articles (174/181) did not provide justification for their naming practices. Reflecting on the findings, we contend that researchers should give the choice to participants, allowing space for them to negotiate the way they wish their identities to be represented in research publications. Therefore, this review concludes with a call on language learning researchers to engage participants more fully in the research process and to pay sufficient attention to micro-ethical issues such as naming.

Confidentiality of advocate activities

The article examines the principle of attorney-client privilege in the system of the principles of the Advocacy and Practice of Law, and also the possibility of using electronic technologies and artificial intelligence by an attorney when providing legal assistance to a client in the context of ensuring compliance with the principle of attorney-client privilege.
 It is proved that the principles of the advocacy are the central, leading segments of the principles of the Advocacy, but the «principles of organization and operation of the Advocacy» as a legal institution and the «principles of the Practice of Law» on which the professional activities of attorneys-at-law are based can and should be separated from each other.
 It is established that the general prerequisite for distinguishing any principle of the Practice of Law is its significance, general nature, clarity and comprehensibility. The principle of confidentiality in the practice of law is fundamental since this principle is directly enshrined in Ukrainian legislation. However, in terms of observance of the principle of confidentiality of the Practice of Law, it is required not only from the attorney but also from the client to prevent information leakage to other users when using information technologies.
 When using the capabilities of artificial intelligence in the provision of legal aid, the author recommends that a separate clause of the contract should be provided for, whether the client allows the attorney to use artificial intelligence technologies in the provision of legal aid and to what extent.
 It is concluded that along with the progress and simplification of procedures, uncontrolled use of artificial intelligence by an attorney-at-law may lead to a violation of the principle of confidentiality of the attorney’s practice of law against the will of the attorney-at-law. Under any circumstances, when using artificial intelligence technologies, an attorney-at-law is prohibited from entering any personal data of a client or any other data which may identify the client in order to avoid leakage of confidential information.

The Validity Of The Additional Obligations Of The Notary Profession Through PP Number 43 Of 2015 Of The Notary As The Reporting Party

The Indonesian government has enacted Law Number 8 of 2010 concerning the Prevention and Eradication of Money Laundering, along with its implementing regulation, Government Regulation Number 43 of 2015 on Reporting Parties in the Prevention and Eradication of Money Laundering Crimes. This regulation designates Notaries as one of the reporting parties in Suspicious Financial Transactions related to Money Laundering (TFM), obligated to submit reports to the Financial Transaction Reports and Analysis Center (PPATK). Meanwhile, Article 16 paragraph (1) letter f of the Notary Law states that in carrying out their duties, Notaries must maintain the confidentiality of deed contents. Here, there is a contradiction between legal regulations. This study aims to examine and analyze the validity and legal consequences of the additional professional obligations for Notaries as stipulated in the Notary Law, supplemented by Government Regulation Number 43 of 2015, designating Notaries as reporting parties in TFM related to Money Laundering. The research indicates that the confidentiality duty of Notaries is not absolute; in other words, the obligation to maintain confidentiality in the Notary Law can be set aside by other laws, in this case, the Law on the Prevention and Eradication of Money Laundering through Government Regulation Number 43 of 2015, a directly authorized implementing regulation. The additional obligation as a reporting party cannot be considered a violation of the principle of notary confidentiality but rather a form of protection, with Minister of Law and Human Rights Regulation Number 9 of 2017 serving as an implementation of the prudence principle for Notaries in performing their duties. Furthermore, the legal consequences for Notaries, if they breach their duty as keepers of official secrets, may include criminal sanctions based on Article 322 of the Criminal Code and Law Number 43 of 2009 concerning Archives, civil sanctions under Article 1365 of the Civil Code, and administrative sanctions under Article 85 of the Notary Law. Additionally, if a Notary fails to report suspicious financial transactions resulting in criminal activities, the Notary faces the threat of punishment as regulated in Article 5 of the Law on the Prevention and Eradication of Money Laundering, which includes passive involvement in money laundering crimes (Article 55 of the Criminal Code) and active assistance in criminal activities (Article 56 of the Criminal Code).

The Role Of A Notary In Preventing Money Laundering

<em>The Notary's participation in preventing money laundering is to report to PPATK when they know of suspicious financial transactions related to the deed they made. The Notary's position as a whistleblower in the event of suspected suspicious financial transactions as an effort to prevent money laundering has not violated the principle of confidentiality of position. Instead, the Notary must apply the precautionary principle. Notary as the reporting party is an implementation of its obligations stipulated in Article 16 paragraph (1) point an of UUJN, namely acting trustfully and honestly. The State appoints notaries to serve the public in civil Law. Therefore Notaries must also take care not to let the State be harmed by attempts to disguise money from criminal acts. Notaries with this submit to higher interests. This is so that Notaries do not get involved in money laundering cases because they are considered to help carry out a criminal act</em>

Construction of Consumer Protection Against Illegal Online Loan Transactions As a Means of IUS Constituendum in Indonesia

The rise of illegal online loans has caused a lot of harm to consumers. Some argue that the OJK as a regulator in the field of financial services is considered incapable of protecting consumers. The research method, normative juridical approach with laws and regulations analyzed qualitatively. The conclusions obtained are, first, the regulation of consumer legal protection for online loans according to Indonesian law is carried out by applying the principles of transparency, fair treatment, reliability, confidentiality, and security of consumer data/information. Second, legal protection for online loan recipients is carried out preventively through regulation and supervision, as well as providing information and education to the public about the characteristics of illegal online loans. Repressive legal protection can be carried out by imposing administrative, civil, and criminal sanctions. Suggestions that can be conveyed are that the OJK needs to increase stricter supervision of online loan providers and that laws and regulations are needed that are higher than the existing laws and regulations.

Ensuring information security of Ukraine in the conditions of modern challenges and threats from the Russian Federation

The article examines the issue of ensuring information security of Ukraine in the conditions of modern challenges and threats from the Russian Federation. It is noted that the stability of the functioning of institutions of public authority, the preservation of law and order is a necessary prerequisite for the observance of human rights. In the conditions of technological development, ensuring information security is one of the most important guarantees of human rights. The basis of such guarantees is the observance of the principles of confidentiality, integrity and availability of information and information systems. In order to ensure the information security of the individual, special legal frameworks for the protection of the right to the inviolability of private life are being developed, as well as additional mechanisms for its protection related to the establishment of specific requirements in the field of collection and processing of personal information. In order to ensure national security and information security of the state as one of its components, the most important guarantee of human rights is the observance of the principle of proportionality when restricting them. Most states have responded to the threats to national security that have grown recently by expanding the authorities' powers to access, collect and process personal information, which are now not limited to any particular categories of information. At the same time, approaches to ensuring the proportionality of measures taken to ensure national security may also differ in different states. It is emphasized that the actions of modern terrorists go beyond elementary humanitarian principles (in this context, we can talk about the Russian Federation as the most dangerous terrorist of the modern period of human development). There is contempt for the basics of humanity. In the conditions of such a struggle, it is difficult to call for respect for human rights, to apply this message to those who completely ignore it. Almost every day, state institutions, mass media, critical infrastructure objects, and the life support system are exposed to powerful cyber attacks using advanced information technologies. All this is part of a coordinated informational aggression against Ukraine. It was concluded that special attention should be paid to the tasks of protecting the relevant resources of the executive authorities, including the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. It is necessary to constantly improve the measures taken for this purpose, to establish day-to-day control of the execution of relevant assignments of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. It is emphasized that in the conditions of geopolitical instability and transformation of the world order, modern cyber­attacks, which are characterized by non-standard methods, methods and means of their perpetration, require, at the legislative level, prompt work to prevent and prevent a destructive impact on domestic information resources and the information infrastructure of the public and private sector.

Indigenous Counseling: Suphistic Counseling Practices in Pesantren

One problem in the implementation of counseling in Indonesia is related to cultural bias. This is because counseling theories originally derive from theories based on Western cultural values. Indigenous counseling with a Sufistic approach is one way to address this cultural bias. This research aims to deeply explore counseling practices in Islamic boarding schools (pesantren) and the Sufistic values in their counseling services. The study is a qualitative-exploratory descriptive-research using a qualitative-ethnographic-interpretive approach. Data collection techniques involve participant observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The findings of this research indicate significant differences in characteristics between professional counseling (western) and counseling in pesantren, including inequality between counselors and clients (unequal relationship). Moreover, their relationship is likened to that of a father and son, appearing as a superior-inferior relationship. The Sufistic values applied in counseling services include humility (tawadu), obedience to the advice of the kyai as a counselor, limiting the principle of client confidentiality, and providing solutions directly through advice and religious prayers (wirid). Further research can be conducted to measure the effectiveness of Sufistic values in counseling services in pesantren.

Navigating Privileged Communications: Balancing Justice and Confidentiality in Indian Corporate and Legal Practices

In India, corporate and legal practices operate under strict confidentiality rules that govern the sharing of information between clients and their legal representatives. These rules, commonly known as "privileged communications," are essential in ensuring the protection of both the client's interests and the ethical obligations of legal professionals. However, navigating these rules can be challenging and requires a delicate balance between the principles of justice and confidentiality. this article will explore the concept of privileged communications in Indian corporate and legal practices, their importance, and how they can be navigated effectively. Examination of some of the challenges associated with privileged communications and how they can be overcome to ensure that the interests of both clients and legal professionals are protected will also be dealt with.

XАLQАRО TIJОRАT АRBITRАJIDА MАXFIYLIK TАMОYILINI QО‘LLАSHNING HUQUQIY MАSАLАLАRI

In this article, the authors describes the concept of the principle of confidentiality in international commercial arbitration, its history, its legal description, comparative legal analysis, and issues related to the practical aspects of the application of these cases. In addition, it analyzes the scope of documents and persons related to the principles of confidentiality and inviolability and identifies the problems of maintaining confidentiality in the practice of international commercial arbitration. It pays special attention to the interrelationship between the principle of privacy and the interests of the state. Also, it gives a number of proposals aimed at eliminating existing shortcomings in the legislation on these cases. The purpose of the research work is to identify the participants in the arbitration proceedings, including exploring the scope of confidentiality that is binding on the parties and their representatives, the arbitral tribunal, arbitral institutions, and third parties such as witnesses and experts. The presumption of confidentiality exists in international commercial arbitration. However, case law is inconsistent regarding the purpose of arbitration and its interaction with confidentiality. This study focuses on the concept and function of confidentiality in relation to international commercial arbitration. The subject of the research work is the legal significance of the application of the principle of confidentiality in international commercial arbitration in the arbitration process, as well as international conventions on international commercial arbitration, national and foreign experience, judicial practice, theoretical knowledge, research, conceptual approaches, problems, and the scientific and theoretical views used in their study.

Perceptions and experiences of female nurses when confronted with expressing a conscientious objection towards end-of-life care in Greece

BackgroundConscientious objection in nursing has been a topic of much discussion in recent years. Healthcare providers’ conscientious objection has been included in Greek legislation. However, little is known about the real experiences of nurses who want to apply conscientious objections in their practice. This study aimed to contribute to filling that gap.MethodsThis qualitative study was conducted with eighteen experienced female nurses. Data were collected through semi-structured in-depth qualitative interviews conducted with purposively selected nurses during the period from October 2019 to January 2020. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically. The ethical principles of anonymity, voluntary participation and confidentiality were considered.ResultsEight major themes and seven subthemes emerged from the thematic data analysis. Oppressive behaviors in the workplace and subservient interactions between nurses and physicians, suboptimal communication and inadequate support of nurses, perceived ineffectiveness of nurses’ conscientious objections, missing legal protection against job insecurity, provision of care labeled ‘futile’, nurses’ false knowledge and perceptions on medical situations related to conscientious objections, nurses’ fears of isolation bullying and negative gossip in the workplace and a trivial amount of nurses’ involvement in medical decisions emerged as barriers to nurses raising conscientious objection. Furthermore, from data analysis, it emerged that some nurses had false knowledge and perceptions on medical situations related to conscientious objections, some nurses experienced mild uncertainty distress about their ethical concerns, nurses considered their remote contribution as participation that can give rise to conscientious objection, a collective conscientious objection raised by nurses might have increased chances of being effective, and upbringing, childhood experiences, education and religion are factors shaping the nurses’ core values.ConclusionA total of fifteen themes and subthemes emerged from this study. Most of the findings of this study were previously unknown or undervalued and might be helpful to inform nurses and nursing managers or leaders as well as healthcare policy makers. The results of this study might contribute to addressing the need for creating ethically sensitive health care services and ensuring nurses’ moral integrity and high quality of patient care.

The Legal Nature of Pre-Contract Negotiations

Objectives: One of the objectives that prompted us to search for (the legal nature of the negotiations leading to the contract) is to adapt these negotiations so that the legal provisions that apply to them are identified, in addition to knowing the legal nature of the responsibility that arises on the negotiating parties as a result of their breach of the obligations and principles on which the negotiations are based to provide legal protection for the negotiating parties as a result of this breach.
 
 Theoretical Framework: The negotiations leading up to the agreement shall be based on the basic principles of good faith, confidentiality, and freedom of contract. The civil liability of negotiators oscillates between tort and contractual. The mutual obligations between the parties to the negotiation are fixed and unified.
 
 Method: We followed the descriptive approach in explaining the concept of negotiations leading to the contract, as well as understanding the different phenomena and relationships between the parties to the negotiating relationship leading to the agreement, and the comparative approach was used by comparing the research between Iraqi, French and Egyptian law.
 
 Results: The negotiations leading up to the contract are considered a set of preliminary procedures carried out by the negotiating parties that precede the conclusion of the contract in a final manner. Negotiations leading to the agreement are characterized by several characteristics, being a prelude to the contract and voluntary negotiations so that one party does not have authority or restrictions on the other.
 
 Originality/ Value: The present research pertains to the legal character of the talks conducted by the parties involved prior to the finalization of the contract. This pertains to the process of engaging in talks that culminate in the establishment of a consensus about fundamental values such as good faith, confidentiality, and freedom of contract.