Principal Navigations Research Articles

Shylock in Fuquieo: Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice and the Trial of a Portuguese Stranger by China’s Courts in Richard Hakluyt’s Principal Navigations

In 1548, the Portuguese merchant Galeotto Perera was captured along with his shipmates in the waters off China’s southeastern coast. In his account of his time as a prisoner in Fuquieo (in contemporary Fujian province), Perera details his trial before the city’s magistrates in a Chinese court of law, writing of his amazement when he and his fellow Portuguese merchants were acquitted of the charges brought against them by two of the city’s most prominent men. Perera’s prison account reached an Elizabethan readership via Richard Hakluyt’s Principal Navigations (1589), a sprawling compendium of European travel writing translated into English. In this essay, I maintain that the outcome of Shylock’s trial in Shakespeare’s comedy entails a reversal of Perera’s legal fortunes in China. In light of Perera’s assertion that the Chinese legal process “cannot be falsified, as it happeneth sometimes with vs,” I argue that The Merchant of Venice asks why these European failures of justice, mercy, and truth sometimes happen in Europe’s courts and in negotiations with non-Christian peoples. I aim to demonstrate that the comedy’s treatment of economic and religious exchange with strangers is inflected by Perera’s account of his encounters with the Chinese during his time in Fuquieo—as well as by other travel writings collected by Hakluyt that describe legal, financial, and inheritance quandaries that European traders faced during their travels to places like China, Java, and modern-day Myanmar.

Brazen as Falstaff, Devious as Iago: Sir Ralph Lane's Approach to Holding Office in Ireland and Virginia

AbstractMuch has been made of the ideological connection between the mental world of servitors in Elizabethan Ireland and the origins of early English colonial endeavor in North America. In this vein, the case of Sir Ralph Lane, the first governor of the Roanoke colony and, later, muster-master general of Ireland, would seem to present a historiographically promising test case, one that might not only link Ireland and the Roanoke Colony but also could show, following recent suggestions, how attitudinal, behavioral, and aspirational commonalities existed between early modern English military culture and the ethos of early English colonial endeavor. Lane's record on both sides of the Atlantic, however, rather than painting a picture of the applicability of martial virtue and military discipline at times of crisis, demonstrates instead the stark reality of the impulsive and appetitive culture of the garrison in the Elizabethan period and its corrosive effects. Lane's remarkable capacity for corruption, willful mismanagement, and wily self-defense in an Irish context in fact amplifies and complements troubling tendencies that scholars have recently detected in Lane's famous discourse of his government in what was commonly termed Virginia printed in Hakluyt's Principal Navigations. Lane can indeed serve as an emblem of common features shared by Elizabethan Englishmen drawn to office in Ireland and Elizabethan/Jacobean Englishmen drawn to settle in Virginia, but largely because of his mendacity, venality, and irresponsibility.

Captaining Men's Souls: Richard Hakluyt's Ministerial Works.

Richard Hakluyt, author of the major geographic compendium The Principal Navigations (1589; 1598-1600) spent much of his life in service to the English church, describing himself late in his career as 'one publikely and anciently devoted to God's service'. Despite this, his religious profession has often been viewed within scholarship as secondary to his geographic work, and the apparent absence of any explicitly religious writings has made the details of his own beliefs difficult to ascertain. This article sheds fresh light on both Hakluyt's religious beliefs and their importance to his geographic works through analysis of previously unexamined manuscript notes form the early 1580s. These notes cover a lecture focusing on the third article and a sermon exhorting the need for ministerial vocations, both given by Hakluyt while at the University of Oxford, and offer insight into his religious beliefs. The analysis offered in this article demonstrates the integral importance of religion to Hakluyt's geographic work while simultaneously locating him within a wide continental network of theologians and writers to reassess the impact and reach of his ministerial role.

Mapping Principal Navigations in the Levant

ABSTRACT Richard Hakluyt’s Principal Navigations is a seminal work in the historical narrative of English exploration and colonisation, but not an unbiased one. By comparing social network maps of the contemporary Anglo-Levant community with textual analysis of Principal Navigations, this article will demonstrate the ways in which editorial practices reinforced Hakluyt’s personal biases in the text’s portrayal of the Levant and eastern Mediterranean, how this bias has resonated in the following centuries to colour conceptions of the late sixteenth century English-Levant relationship, and suggest avenues for the study of unexplored perspectives on this history.

Development and test of a robotic arm for experiments on close proximity operations

Future spacecraft will be provided with special features to enable On-Orbit-Servicing missions. Such features include capture interfaces, proximity sensors, and algorithms for autonomous RVD (Rendezvous and Docking). The reliability standards of the space industry require all these technologies to be tested in relevant environment; to this purpose, several ground testing facilities have been built during the last years. They reproduce many aspects of the free-falling motion of a spacecraft often exploiting two technologies: robotic systems and low friction tables. The first use a virtual environment to compute the effects of the external forces and reproduce the motion of a spacecraft with a robotic arm; the second unbind vehicle mock-ups from friction effects, allowing them to experience a free motion at least in three degrees of freedom. Merging together these two types of facilities gives the possibility to further extend their capabilities.This work presents a series of tests conducted on a custom robotic arm, intended to be integrated with a low friction table. The tests focus on two main aspects: (i) the accuracy of the positioning capability and (ii) the dynamic behaviour of the robotic arm. Both aspects are directly connected with the final purpose of operating in conjunction with a vehicle floating on a low friction table. The paper also presents some improvements of the robotic arm suggested by the results of the tests to fit the requirements on the positioning accuracy. These are represented by three main achievements: (i) the accuracy is comparable with the principal navigation sensor; (ii) the vibrations are below the error of the navigation sensor, and (iii) the ability of the robotic arm in performing a capture task.

Literary History Writ Large; or, The Multilingual MLQ

Literary History Writ Large; or, The Multilingual <i>MLQ</i>

Tears for a crocodile

Tears for a crocodile

The World in a Book: The Creation of the Global in Sixteenth-Century European Costume Books*

Richard Hakluyt in his Principal Navigations advised would-be explorers in their mission to discover a north-eastern passage to China to carry with them two types of book. The first was an updated ‘new Herball and such books as make shew of Herbes, Plantes, Trees, Fishes, Foules, and Beastes of all Regions’. The second type of book to be used ‘to astonish the natives’ and as a reference guide to foreign lands was what Hakluyt called ‘the book of the attire of all nations’.1 Hakluyt referred to what today are commonly called costume books, collections of the costumes of different people in Europe and other parts of the world. By the time Hakluyt published the first edition of his travel narratives in 1589, at least a dozen such costume books had been published in France, Italy and Germany in the previous twenty-five years.2 In the following decade the genre of the costume book reached maturity with the publication of Cesare Vecellio’s two editions of his Habiti antichi et moderni, comprising more than four hundred plates each.3

Spenser, Raleigh, Harvey, and Nashe on Empire

Abstract This article explores the responses to early modern colonial enterprises in the writings of four major English writers: Edmund Spenser, Sir Walter Raleigh, Gabriel Harvey and Thomas Nashe. The article shows how diverse responses to such undertakings were and that there was as much hostility and indifference as there was enthusiasm, not only for political and/or moral reasons but also because expensive overseas ventures were sometimes thought of as a needless waste of money and lives. In doing so the article aims to contribute towards recent calls to ‘decolonize’ the university and the curriculum, showing that responses to colonialism in colonising societies were never monolithic and that it is important that this historical reality is recognised if we are to engage seriously with the impact of colonialism and imperialism. Harvey and Raleigh were enthusiastic proponents of the benefits of colonial settlements, and took their cue from reading Richard Hakluyt the Younger’s Principal Navigations (1589), which suggested that the English had always thrived when they had ventured overseas and expanded their dominions. Spenser was much more ambivalent, despite his status as a colonist in Ireland after 1580, and Nashe was scornful of the purpose of such grand plans. For Nashe, partly inspired by his vitriolic quarrel with Harvey, it was much more important to concentrate on the locality of England itself and he accuses others of failing to see what surrounds them because they have been misled by the prospect of plunder and profit from exotic lands.

Dramatic Geography: Romance, Intertheatricality, and Cultural Encounter in Early Modern Mediterranean Drama by Laurence Publicover

Reviewed by: Dramatic Geography: Romance, Intertheatricality, and Cultural Encounter in Early Modern Mediterranean Drama by Laurence Publicover Barbara Fuchs Laurence Publicover. Dramatic Geography: Romance, Intertheatricality, and Cultural Encounter in Early Modern Mediterranean Drama. oxford up, 2017. 204 pp. to begin: a caveat for bulletin readers: although Publicover's title announces a focus on "Mediterranean drama," his study considers exclusively English plays. Two central claims will nonetheless be of interest to scholars working more broadly across the national traditions. First, Publicover argues that early modern theater was particularly suited to the representation of far-flung romance geographies, given how flexible and minimal its scenery and stage apparatus were. As is well known to scholars of the comedia, "location was established through a number of strategies, but most importantly through the words of the actors" (22). This argument works against teleological readings that might equate the increased complexity of theatrical apparatus over the course of the seventeenth century with an increased complexity of the theater itself. Second, Publicover argues for reading dramatic versions of romance as "intertheatrical geographies," marked more by what had already appeared on the London stage than by any actual experience of the Mediterranean, so that "the dramatic Mediterranean became a site within which conversations—often about London-related topics—took place" (172). Unfortunately, "intertheatricality" here considers only plays within the same tradition, despite the promising recent work on traveling companies and other forms of transnational engagement in the period. Publicover's English purview also complicates certain claims of primacy, as when he posits that a female character disguised as a pageboy in Sir Clyomon and Sir Clamides (published in 1599, likely performed in the early 1580s) may "possibly" be "the first instance of what will become a long-standing plot device in early modern drama" (67). This will surprise Italianists familiar with Bernardo Dovizi da Bibbiena's La Calandria (1513), or Gl'Ingannati (1532), written collectively by the Accademia degli Intronati. The first part of Dramatic Geography addresses "Geography and Romance," with a focus on the broader literary antecedents for the conception of [End Page 327] the Mediterranean in early modern English drama. Publicover focuses on the geographies associated with "Hellenistic" romance (by which he actually means Boccaccio) and chivalric romance respectively, finding in the former a generous cosmopolitanism and in the latter a more conflictive ethnocentrism—what Denis Cosgrove called the "distance-decay model," as Publicover usefully notes (57). The second and longer part of the book, "Intertheatrical Geography," explores the reworkings of earlier versions of the Mediterranean in a tightly linked set of English plays: Thomas Kyd's Soliman and Perseda (ca. 1592), Publicover argues, is satirized in Christopher Marlowe's The Jew of Malta (ca. 1590), which is in turn "reenchanted" in Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice (ca. 1597). In the latter, Publicover notes, Marlowe's Jewish merchant Barabas is split into two figures: the Jewish Shylock and the merchant Antonio, thus foregrounding a revalorization of commercial activity that associates it with romance questing. At the same time, the play's—and often the characters'—self-consciousness about the space between romance and commerce suggests the difficulties of papering over that gap. Publicover covers well-trod territory on romance and the Mediterranean. He follows in the footsteps of Benedict Robinson and Cyrus Mulready in his attention to romance as the mode through which new geographies were processed and of Jane Hwang Degenhardt in recognizing the interrelatedness of the English Mediterranean corpus in the Elizabethan and Jacobean eras. Yet in the fine balance that is this kind of formalist historicism, Publicover clearly privileges the literary over the historical or ideological. Cumulatively, this has the unfortunate effect of effacing English expansionist aspirations in this period and relegating drama to a purely literary sphere. Thus, his discussion of the relation between travel and travail, for example, makes no mention of the key conjunction of those terms in the nascent discourse of English expansion in the work of Richard Hakluyt, even though The Principal Navigations (1598) is briefly mentioned elsewhere in the book (117). His arguments about the distancing of North Africa in The Tempest (ca. 1610) emphasize "narrative and emotional considerations" (41), but omit the loaded question...

Richard Hakluyt and the “Vulgate Latin” Version ofMandeville’s Travels

In his Principall Navigations of 1589, the celebrated Renaissance editor and proponent of English expansion in the Americas Richard Hakluyt the Younger published a Latin version of The Book of Sir John Mandeville (ca. 1356). The version he selected was widely known across continental Europe from the late fourteenth through sixteenth centuries, but was almost unknown in England, and is now referred to as the “Vulgate Latin” in scholarship. Hakluyt’s editorial choice has created something of a puzzle in scholarship; since The Book of Sir John Mandeville was widely available, and repeatedly printed, in English, why this Latin version? And why not translate into English? In the same vein, the editor’s subsequent decision to silently excise the text from the second volume of his second edition (1598–1600), replacing the travel fictions of a probably pseudonymous, purportedly English author with the reports of his better attested Continental Franciscan sources, has incited comment. This article takes a new perspective on these old questions. It considers how the content and material forms of Hakluyt’s source(s) would have shaped readers’ attitudes to the text, as well as Hakluyt’s attitude as an editor. The article also offers a systematic analysis of Hakluyt’s treatment of the text, considering factors such as the decision not to translate the text into English, its textual context and paratexts, and, in particular, Hakluyt’s extensive marginal annotations. The article proposes that the version of Mandeville included in the 1589 edition was chosen and presented with care. However, the attentiveness with which successive editors, finally culminating in Hakluyt himself, treated the Vulgate Latin version is likely to have contributed to the text’s eventual discrediting and exclusion from the second edition of The Principal Navigations.

O Brasil nas Obras de Pero Gândavo e Richard Hakluyt

This study’s aim is to analyze the discursive construction of Brazil in the chronicle of Pero Gândavo, História da Província Santa Cruz que Vulgarmente Chamamos Brasil (1576) and in the travel collection of Richard Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations, Voyages and Trafqques of the English Nation (1589-1600). Printed books played a crucial role during the sixteenth century once the editors built a history of the new-found lands in accordance with their reigns’ economic and ideological interests. For Gândavo, the chronicle assured the Portuguese possession over Brazil whereas for Richard Hakluyt, the travel collection denied Iberians’ kings sovereignty over the New World and extolled the English maritime enterprise in the Americas, especially in the lands not effectively colonized by the Iberians. We suggest that the printed book was a stage in which the European countries struggled for the riches of Americas.

Introduction: Shakespeare's Mediterranean

Introduction: Shakespeare's Mediterranean

Risk analysis for RoPax vessels: A case of study for the Strait of Gibraltar

The Strait of Gibraltar (SOG) is one of the principal navigation areas in the world. The maritime traffic registered in the area is approximately 110,000 ship movements per year, where thirty-three per cent of total traffic involves roll on/roll off passenger (RoPax) ships which run scheduled voyages between ports in the area. There are presently many accidents involving this type of ship being reported. Although these incidents have serious consequences, both based on a financial scale and regarding human safety, there is no formal maritime risk analysis study for this area carried out to date. The aim of this paper is to present the results of a risk analysis for RoPax ships operating in the SOG, based on accidents statistics covering the period 2000–2011. The work has been performed using the two first steps of the IMO Formal Safety Assessment methodology: Hazard Identification and Risk analysis. To identify the hazards and their associated scenarios and quantify, their frequencies and consequences, the Historical Accident Data Analysis and Expert Judgement techniques were used. A risk matrix has been drawn up to calculate the risk indices of the identified hazards. A comparative study of the accident frequencies obtained from similar previous studies is also presented in the paper. A high-level model risk for collisions was established through the elaboration and quantification of an Event Tree, calculating the individual and social risks. The conclusions of this study could serve as recommendations to be used in a subsequent decision making process.

William Perkins and the Making of a Protestant England. By W. B. Patterson.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. Pp. xii+266. $105.00.

<i>William Perkins and the Making of a Protestant England</i>. By W. B. Patterson.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. Pp. xii+266. $105.00.

DISTRIBUCIÓN Y DENSIDAD DE ICTIOPLANCTON EN EL ESTUARIO DE BAHÍA MÁLAGA, PACÍFICO COLOMBIANO (SEPTIEMBRE DE 2009-FEBRERO DE 2010)

The density, taxonomic composition, and spatial and temporal distribution of the estuarine ichthyoplankton of Bahía Málaga (Pacific coast of Colombia) are described, as well as the relationship between biological parameters and some physicochemical variables. Samples were collected at 12 stations along the principal navigation canal; these samples were taken in four areas following the design of Barletta-Bergan. Surface sweeps were carried out with a conical-cylindrical net (mesh size 500 µm, mouth diameter 0.6 m, length 3.5 m). Salinity and temperature were measured before each sweep. A total of 69019 larvae/1000 m³, representing 23 families, 36 genera and 40 species were collected during monthly sampling from September, 2009 to February, 2010. Carangidae (39.0%) was the most abundant family, followed by Sciaenidae (27.1%) and Engraulidae (20.1%). The most frequent families were Sciaenidae (26.6%), followed by Carangidae (22.8%) and Engraulidae (14.7%) which are important families in larval fish assemblages in tropical estuaries. Eighty percent of total density was provided by six species, of which Seriola morphotype 1 (Carangidae) and Cetengraulis mysticetus (Engraulidae) were the most abundant and dominant. No correlation was found between density and salinity (Spearman, R = 0.23) or temperature (Spearman, R = 0.51). Analysis of spatial and temporal variations of larval density shows significant differences among the months sampled (Anova, p = 0.0029; p &lt; 0.05), but not among areas (Anova, p = 0.078), suggesting that Bahía Málaga offers adequate conditions for the presence of fish larvae.

The Anyan Strait and the Far East: John Donne's Global Vision and Theological Cosmopolitanism

On 16 September 2009, two German ships-the Beluga Fraternity and Beluga Foresight-passed Novaya Zemlya, an island off Russia's north coast. Global warming has serendipitously opened up fabled Northwest Passage, an Arctic route that had been earnestly sought after and ultimately deemed impassable by navigators in early modern England. While modern nations compete over their rights to polar sea-lanes, few realize that Arctic dream has originated from England's desire to reach China and Far in sixteenth century. This essay traces genesis of Arctic passage project as related to China dream by examining historical and metaphorical associations of John Donne's image of Strait in his poem Hymn to My God, in My Sickness (1623). By uncovering Far Eastern background of early modern maritime adventures, I mean to show how Donne's invocation of some seemingly incidental geographical features reveals a surprisingly global vision and cosmopolitan spirit.Richard Hakluyt's Principal Navigations (1589-1600), an extensive travel compendium that documents maritime explorations, proved pivotal to raising England's consciousness of a globalizing world. Donne was numbered among those who responded nimbly to new message about recently discovered worlds that was trumpeted by Hakluyt's multivolume compilations.1 Images of new geographical discoveries pervade Donne's works, especially his divine poem Hymn to My God, in My Sickness. Here we hear speaker remark,Is Sea my home? Or areThe riches? Is Jerusalem?Anyan, and Magellan, and Gibraltar,All straits, and none but straits, are ways to them,Whether where Japhet dwelt, or Cham, or Shem.(Hymn, lines 16-20)2This stanza distinguishes both by number of geographical references that it contains and juxtaposition of biblical figures with some newly revealed regions. There are two general critical approaches to Donne's spatial imagery. One focuses on his physical places. Robert R. Owens claims that since Donne's geography is mystical in intent, designation of places is unimportant.3 But other scholars recognize importance of exact locations to understand Donne's works. Donald Anderson associates Donne's images of earth with medieval T-in-O maps.4 Whereas Robert Sharp traces these images to sixteenth-century cordiform maps, Claude Gandelman and Noam Flinker link them with anthropomorphic landscapes.5 Second, some scholars do see relevance of Donne's new geographic names, but, for most of these critics, John Gillies rightly points out, Donne's new regions are remorselessly typologised and sacralised, incongruously translated into patristic geography in which all places point towards ultimate place (the omphalos [center or hub] of Jerusalem) and in sacred direction (east).6 In contrast, Gillies himself proposes to regard Donne's new places on their own accounts.Neglected in scholarship on Donne's geographical images is their significance in a global context and part played by particular region of Far in shaping his global perspective.7 In his The English Voyages of Sixteenth Century (1905), historian W. A. Raleigh observes that [m]odern travel and geography owe their chief advances to search for fabled realm of Cathay [China], and it is through the discovery of a passage through one of innumerable inlets of North that the story of English Voyages begins (PN, 12:10).8 Three of six spatial images in Donne's Hymn to God refer to Far East-the Anyan Strait, Pacific Sea, and regions-a predominance that indicates an intense attention to this newly discovered region. By passage, Raleigh means both northeast pathway through Russia to China and northwest route to eastern riches via Strait in Pacific.9 It is these Arctic passage programs launched by English in sixteenth century that led ultimately to discovery of New World or America, the fourth part of world (PN, 7:160) Western Europeans encountered in race for Far East (PN, 12:8). …

Some Analysis of Automated Guided Vehicle

AGV is mostly used in industrial application to move material around manufacturing facility. Here assembling of AGV is done by using components like chassis, wheels, wiper motors, gear motor, LED sensors, tactile sensor, actuators etc. AGV is designed with the help of electrical design of sensors which are used to control AGV during operation when it is moved on guided path. AGV design was modelled and simulated using catiaV5 software .Design was modelled and drawing preparation was done using catiaV5.Static analysis was done for stress using catiaV5 .Here principal stresses at different point were obtained having different deflection .Graphs are plotted for principal stress verses deflection and Navigation performance of AGV uses electric motor .Thus AGV is used to pick up the object with proper gripping system. A navigation system has been developed using sensors. AGV contains software and hardware components and is primarily used for material handling in industries. Static analysis was done for stress using catiaV5. Graphs are plotted for principal stress vs. deflection. The same analysis can be done for different material depending on loading condition. Stress analysis concept can be used to study dynamic analysis. Optimization of AGV can be possible by using different material. To evaluate the performance simulations were conducted using catiaV5 maintaining a constant setup inputs all over. IndexTerms:Catia,navigation,optimization

Framing "Nova Albion": Marking possession in Richard Hakluyt’s The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation

This article examines the textual framing of a cluster of items in Richard Hakluyt’s The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation (1598-1600) relating to the area on the Pacific coast of North America that Francis Drake named “Nova Albion.” Contextualised in relation to the colonial programmes of Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Walter Ralegh, it explores how a variety of editorial techniques combine to encourage a particular understanding of the history of exploration in this region that privileges English territorial claims over those of Spain. What is revealed is a delicate negotiation of the tensions raised by Hakluyt’s use of pre-existing, mainly non-English materials to attempt to legitimise Drake’s actions by aligning them with the Spanish conquistadorial tradition, while at the same time down-playing the extent and significance of previous Spanish activity in that region.

Arthur and Amazons: Editing the Fabulous in Hakluyt's &lt;em&gt;Principal Navigations&lt;/em&gt;

Arthur and Amazons: Editing the Fabulous in Hakluyt's &lt;em&gt;Principal Navigations&lt;/em&gt;