Principal Elastic Strain Research Articles

Finite element analysis of non-ultraviolet and ultraviolet-irradiated titanium implants.

The purpose of this study is to calculate von Mises stresses, von Mises strains, deformation, principal stresses and principal elastic strains of non-UV and UV-irradiated hybrid SLA (sandblasted, large-grit, acid-etched)-coated titanium implants. A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted at the Institute of Dentistry, CMH Lahore Medical College. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) data of One Hundred and Thirty Eight Dio Hybrid sandblasted and acid-etched implants of identical dimensions (10mm in length and 4.5mm in diameter) were allocated in the three groups. Control group A samples were not given UV irradiation, while groups B and C were given UVA (382nm, 25 mWcm-2) and UVC (260nm, 15 mWcm-2) irradiation, respectively. The CBCT data were analyzed using FEA (ANSYS software). CBCT images were taken before functional loading (8thweek) and after functional loading (26thweek). A 3-way ANOVA test was employed to see the difference between the three groups. Tukey test was utilized for multiple comparisons. p ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. The control group exhibited the highest average values for maximum von Mises stress, von Mises strain, deformation, principal stress, and principal elastic strain in both the maxilla and mandible compared to the UV-irradiated groups. Additionally, these measures consistently displayed higher averages in the maxilla across all groups compared to the mandible. Particularly, the UVC-irradiated group demonstrated the lowest von Mises stresses around the implants compared to the UVA group. Insignificant differences were observed between UVA- and UVC-irradiated implants in terms of principal stress, deformation, von Mises strain, and principal elastic strain. The only notable distinction was in von Mises stress, where the UVC-irradiated group exhibited lower von Mises stress around SLA-coated titanium implants.

Innovative spoke design for non-pneumatic tyres with enhanced load-bearing capacity and customizability for all vehicles

For over a century, pneumatic tyres have been a crucial part of automobiles. Recently, non-pneumatic (airless) tyres have emerged, offering innovation but facing challenges in complexity, vehicle safety, adaptability, and load-bearing capacity. This research introduces a new spoke design for non-pneumatic tyres that outperforms conventional honeycomb and diamond spokes tyres in load-bearing capacity, while being less complex and customizable for various vehicles, including public transport. The study is structured into two phases. In Phase 1, the spoke design is selected from various CAD models using SolidWorks. This involves comparing the parabola design against prior design studies and honeycomb and diamond spokes concerning total deformation, maximum shear stress, equivalent (von Mises) stress, and maximum principal elastic strain with the help of FEA software Ansys. Results show that the Parabola design surpasses the pneumatic tyres in terms of load-bearing capacity, The parabola spoke design shows a consistent vertical stiffness under varying loads, ranging from 1500 N to 4500 N, with no sudden spikes or drops indicating structural instability. The objective is to identify the spoke design that best meets the performance objectives for phase 2 analysis. In Phase 2, the material selection and analysis are conducted. The goal is to determine the optimal polyurethane durometer rating for bus tyres. In this phase, the insights from Phase 1 are applied to scale up the design and choose suitable materials, showcasing the design’s adaptability from car tyres to bus tyres. Ansys will be used for analysing the total deformation of the tyre under a force of 40,000N, simulating the extreme operating conditions for bus tyres. This paper provides valuable data on non-pneumatic tyre spoke design, material selection, deformation analysis, design optimization, and standardization, enhancing vehicle safety and performance in public transport.

Structural and Fatigue Analysis of a UAV Wing

In this study, the structural and fatigue analyses of an unmanned aerial vehicle wing are investigated together. The spar, which is the main load carrier of the wing, and the ribs, which are the structural support parts that give the wing its aerodynamic shape, are analyzed using different numbers. Accordingly, 5 cases with different rip and spar numbers were examined with the finite element method. Additionally, aluminium and carbon epoxy materials were considered for the wing material in the simulations. The wall thickness for the wing is 0.5 mm and 1 mm, and the applied loads are 80 N, 150 N, and 250 N, respectively. As a result of these inputs, total deformation, maximum principal elastic strain, and fatigue analyses were performed.

Biomechanical behavior of three‐dimensional bioactive composite constructs on extraction socket remodeling

AbstractObjectivesLoss of mechanostimulation leads to dimensional alterations in the extraction socket. The study aims to use three‐dimensional spatial stimulation of the socket wall to assess if bioactive composite constructs could generate mechanostimulative activity.MethodsAnalysis of the biomechanical behavior of the three‐dimensional bioactive composite constructs was done in a model created using ANSYS, and mechanical properties were assessed using finite element analysis.ResultsTotal deformation on the mandible was higher in alginate bioglass and chitosan alginate bioglass than gelatin. Bioglass composites were capable of generating a higher strain on the surrounding alveolar bone than gelatin. The maximum principal elastic strain and equivalent (von Mises) stress of chitosan and bioglass were higher than those of gelatin.SignificanceDifferential stress/strain generated on the alveolar bone with a three‐dimensional approach from early stages of remodeling will have a profound effect on the reduction of alveolar bone loss.

Investigation of subcrestally placed dental implants with and without apical cortical bone anchorage under conventional or immediate loading

There is no firm evidence regarding the effect of apical cortical bone anchorage of subcrestally placed dental implants in terms of the stress and strain distribution in the peri-implant bone, implant and prosthetic components and in terms of the micromotion of the implant. The purpose of this study was to form an estimate of the effect of different apical bone anchorages of subcrestally placed implants on the stress and strain values of peri-implant bone, implant and prosthetic components and micromotion of the implants by making use of three-dimensional (3D) finite element analysis (FEA). Six 3D FEA models with different apical bone anchorages and different implant loading protocols were created. Both the von Mises stress values for implant and prosthetic components and the maximum (tensile) principal stresses (TPS) and minimum (compressive) principal stresses (CPS) and principal elastic strain (PES) values in peri-implant bone were obtained. Additionally, micromotion values in the implants were analyzed. In subcrestally placed implants, it is observed that providing apical cortical anchorage diminishes the average values of TPS and CPS in the trabecular bone (TPS oblique M2A-0.63 MPa, TPS oblique M3A-0.58 MPa; CPS oblique M2A-0.82 MPa, CPS oblique M3A-0.65 MPa; TPS axial M2A-0.37 MPa, TPS axial M3A-0.14 MPa; CPS axial M2A-0.78 MPa, CPS axial M3A-0.30 MPa). Similarly, it is seen that the apical cortical anchorage diminishes the maximum and minimum PES values in the trabecular bone in subcrestally placed implants (min PES oblique M2A-15542 µɛ, min PES oblique M3A-14334 µɛ; max PES oblique M2A-9607 µɛ, max PES oblique M3A-8850 µɛ; min PES axial M2A-5156 µɛ, min PES axial M3A-2206 µɛ; max PES axial M2A-4487 µɛ, max PES axial M3A-3096 µɛ). It was also found that apical cortical bone anchorage is advantageous in terms of micromotion in the subcrestally placed implant (trabecular bone-implant (4th) micromotion values: oblique M2A-3.23 μm, oblique M3A-2.36 μm; axial M2A-0.96 μm, axial M3A-0.49 μm; trabecular bone-implant (6th) micromotion values: oblique M2A-3.45 μm, oblique M3A-2.72 μm; axial M2A-1.32 μm, axial M3A-0.59 μm). The present study demonstrated that apical cortical bone anchorage in subcrestally placed implants provided more favorable values of stress and strain in the peri-implant bone and reduced the micromotion of the implant.

Structural Safety Analysis of Cantilever External Shading Components of Buildings under Extreme Wind Environment

The high intensity of solar radiation and long sunshine time in the Turpan area lead to the necessity of sunshade construction. Sunshade components can effectively block direct solar radiation and the secondary heating of buildings. Through the analysis of the importance and sensitivity of sunshade components, it was found that the importance of sunshade components accounts for the largest proportion of multi-parameters, and the sensitivity of sunshade components accounts for about 60% of the total. At the same time, the change in sunshade length has an important influence on the proportion of air conditioning energy consumption and space comfort when the sunshade length reached the 0.6 m–0.8 m range. The energy consumption curve of air conditioning no longer decreased and tended to be horizontal, which showed that a sunshade could effectively reduce the energy consumption of air conditioning, while the PMV comfort curve gradually increased and tended to be horizontal, indicating that a sunshade could effectively improve indoor comfort; therefore, a sunshade could reduce direct solar radiation, reduce the energy consumption of air conditioning and improve indoor thermal comfort. In view of the extremely harsh climate characteristics of Turpan, although Turpan needs to carry out shading design, as a typical wind-sensitive component, the structural safety of the visor under the action of an extreme wind environment is the primary focus of designers. The design requires wind loads as control loads. Based on the ANSYS Workbench platform, this study used the fluid–structure coupling technology to calculate and solve for the wind load stress and strain of a horizontal sunshade and a vertical sunshade in a cantilevered external sunshade of different buildings orientations. In this study, by solving for the maximum principal stress and maximum principal elastic strain under 10 working conditions, the results showed that the maximum principal stress of the sun visor under all working conditions was 0.39 MPa, which is much smaller than the tensile strength of C25 concrete. The calculated maximum principal elastic strain of the sun visor was 0.12 × 10−4, which is much smaller than the maximum strain value of concrete. Therefore, the wind load under this research condition had no great influence on the structural safety of the concrete sunshade, which proves the structural feasibility of the building sunshade member in the Turpan area, and provides a reference for the future practical engineering of cantilever members in the Turpan area.

The opening size of the laminoplasty is dependent on the groove size: A numerical study

BackgroundThe expansion of the cervical vertebrae lamina appears to be crucial to related surgical procedures. The dimensions of the groove influence the strain concentration within the lamina of the vertebra and, thus, the potential success or failure of respective surgical procedure. The aim of this computational study is to clarify both the role of the size of the groove with concern to both the open door and the double door laminoplasty techniques. MethodsFinite element models were created via computer tomography with varying lamina groove dimensions. Displacements were applied to the models at the open side of the vertebral arch and the vertebral body was constrained prior to movement along all the axes. The maximal opening size measured on the inner side of the lamina and the percentage increase in the initial spinal areas were subsequently analyzed. FindingsThe elastic strain concentration value was observed for the groove in all cases, while the maximal principal elastic strain concentration value was observed at the opposite side to the groove cut into the lamina, also in all cases. The maximal area increase related to the 4 mm groove accompanied by the preservation of the ventral cortex of the bone. InterpretationThe study suggested three conclusions a) the wider the groove, the greater is the opening potential, b) the maximal opening size following laminoplasty is not dependent on the depth of the bone cut for this type of groove, c) no benefit accrues in terms of the opening size following the cutting of a supplementary groove at the beginning of the lamina.

Influence of dislocations on the apparent elastic constants in single metallic crystallites: an analytical approach

Intricate knowledge of dislocation networks in metals has proven paramount in understanding the constitutive behaviour of these materials but current experimental methods yield limited information on the characteristics of these networks. Recently, the isotropic anelastic response of metals has been used to investigate complex dislocation networks through the well-known phenomenon that the observed elastic constants are influenced by dislocations. Considering the dependence of the behaviour of a Frank-Read (FR) source on its initial dislocation character and using discerning characteristics of dislocations, i.e. Burgers vector, line sense and slip system, the present paper takes dislocation character, crystal structure and dislocation network geometry into account and obtains the anisotropic mechanical response for a generic Poisson’s ratio. In this work, the tensile test tangent moduli and yield points are presented for spatially uniform and nonuniform dislocation distributions across slip systems. First, the reversible shear strain of the FR source is derived as a function of initial dislocation character. The area swept by a mobile and initially straight dislocation segment pinned at both ends is given as an explicit function of the line stress. Secondly, the anisotropic anelastic strain contribution of FR sources to the total pre- and at-yield strain in single crystallites is calculated. For a given normal stress and superposition of the principal infinitesimal linear elastic lattice strain and anelastic dislocation strain, the tangent moduli are presented. The moduli and the inception of plastic flow have a notable dependence on initial dislocation character, spatial dislocation distribution and loading direction.

Comparative Analysis of Sn–Pb–Sb Babbitt bearing alloys material with and without copper

The most frequently used bearing is the deep groove ball bearing. It is found in almost all kinds of products in general mechanical engineering. Babbitts, also known as white metals, are either tin or lead-base alloys having excellent embed abilityand conformability characteristics. The Babbitts,are among the most widely used materials for lubricated bearings.The development of new advanced material is an important activity for continues progress in science and technology. Considerable research and development efforts are underway towards the development of tin-based bearing alloys. The effect of Copper in Babbittmaterial is considered as the Bearing Materials for comparative analysis in between the Babbittshaving copper and doesn’t. A Numerical analysis has been carried out for constant speed and at different bearingloads. The comparative analysis is based on the parameters like Elastic Strain, Maximum Principal Elastic Strain, Maximum Shear Elastic Strain, Equivalent Stress (MPa), Maximum Principal Stress (MPa), Maximum Shear Stress (MPa), Stress Ratio, Strain Energy (J) and Safety Factor. A structural analysis has been carried out. The design considers for the study of SKF6003 Bearings with the maximum load carrying capacity of 35MPa.As the results it has been find out that the copper mixing of 5% in Babbitt consider for study is profitable for enhancing the material property for the bearing applications

Computational simulation of pacifier deformation and interaction with the palate.

ObjectivesThe objective of this study is to demonstrate that computational finite element models can be used to reliably simulate dynamic interaction between a pacifier, the palate, and the tongue during nonnutritive sucking (NNS). The interactions can be quantified by the results of finite element analyses which include deformation, strain, stress, contact force, and contact area.Materials and MethodsA finite element model was created based upon CAD solid models of an infant pacifier and palate. The silicone pacifier bulb is represented by a hyperelastic constitutive law. Contact surfaces are defined between the pacifier and palate. A time and spatially varying pressure load is applied to the bulb representing peristaltic interaction with the tongue. A second time‐varying, periodic pressure representing NNS is applied to the model simultaneously. A large displacement, nonlinear transient dynamic analysis is run over two NNS cycles.ResultsResults from the finite element analysis show the deformed shape of the bulb with maximum principal elastic strain of 0.23 and a range of maximum principal stress on the palate from 0.60 MPa (tensile) to −0.27 MPa (compressive) over the NNS cycles. The areas of contact between the pacifier and the palate are shown in surface contour plots.ConclusionsA nonlinear transient dynamic finite element model can simulate the mechanical behavior of a pacifier and its interaction with the tongue and contact with the palate subject to NNS. Quantitative results predicting deformation, strain, stress, contact force, and contact area can be used in comparative studies to provide insight on how pacifiers cause changes in dental, orthognathic, and facial development.

Dynamic Simulation of Gear System Based on 2D Space Multibody Physics: A Sustainable Gear Design Approach

The study employed a two-dimensional (2D) space with multibody dynamics as the physics to simulate the dynamic behaviour of intermeshing gears. Both the gear teeth and the gear body were employed to simulate the principal stress and strain as well as the Von Mises stress of the gear system. A pair of meshing teeth were examined from the pinion and the other from the gear for accurate contact stress-strain simulation. The validity of the proposed gear simulation was verified from principal surface stress, Von Mises stress, principal surface strain, elastic strain and total displacement. The results show that the dynamic behaviour of the gear could be attributed to the critical meshing characteristics of the single and double teeth. The peak-to-peak pattern of the Von Mises stress indicates the essential points of stress, which could cause the occurrence of the failure modes. The research of the gear motion study is profoundly enriched and served as a critical reference for gear design.

A FEA simulation study of ball end mill for fixed 3+1 / 3+2 axis machining of Ti-6Al-4V

This paper presents a Finite Element Analysis (FEA) simulation study conducted on ball endmill for fixed 3 + 1 and 3 + 2 axis orientations for machining Ti-6Al-4 V. This work adopts a tungsten carbide (WC) Ø18.6 mm diametrical/6fluted ball endmill to analyse maximum principal elastic strain (εmax-max-principal-elastic), maximum principal stress (σmax-principal) along with cutting tools forces in the axial (Fz), radial (Fy), tangential (Fx) and total (Ftotal) directions. The machining orientations considered for 3 + 1 and 3 + 2 axis are (i) tilt angles of 5°, 10°, 15° & 20° and (ii) lead angles of 5°, 10° & 15° with a constant fixed tilt angle of 10°. The cutting speed and feed rate per tooth is taken as 450 m/min and 0.5 mm/tooth. These are based on a high speed machining (HSM) scenario and has been dynamically simulated for a maximum of 175,000 cycles. From the simulation study considered at 16–20 valid cutting points, it can be noticed that in 3 + 1 axis, for a tilt angle of 10° and 3 + 2 axis for a Tilt 10°/Lead 10° the σmax-principal and εmax-max-principal-elastic are higher when compared with all tilt/lead angles. In case of total forces (Ftotal) from all 3 directions (Fx, Fy and Fz) not much variation can be noticed for different tilt/lead angles, but higher values are recorded with 3 + 1 axis at 5° tilt angle and 3 + 2 axis at tilt/lead angle of 10°. The paper provides a critical comparative study on the 3 + 1/ 3 + 2 axis orientations highlighting the cutting strain/stress with tool forces at valid cutting points considering entry, middle and exit region of the blank by emphasizing the importance of cutting tool design parameters.

Design and Modeling of a Soft Artificial Heart by Using the SolidWorks and ANSYS

Investigating the biomechanical behaviour of a soft artificial heart is a hard task as such things are very complicated in terms of both material properties and geometry. This work focused on developing, designing, modelling and analysing a new generation, low cost, easily operable, full-size, low power consumption, and durable soft artificial heart intended to replace an original heart on a parmanent basis. Numerical simulation and investigation of the artificial heart were implemented using SolidWorks 17 and ANSYS 15.7, with a Multiphysics static structural model, fluent fluid flow (CFX), and fluent fluid poly-flow (CFD) analysis systems used in order to determine the dynamic response and effects of pressurised blood on heart performance during blood flow cycles. The biomechanical modeling and analysis of the soft artificial heart were implemented using the finite element modelling in ANSYS R18.0. To improve and verify the biomechanical performance, Design Expert 11.0 software and a response surface methodology (RSM) technique were used. The simulation results showed that as maximum levels of absolute pressure were applied on the ventricles and air pressurised chambers, the performance of the heart remained secure. The results also showed that strain energy, total deformation, maximum principal elastic strain, stress and fatigue safety factors, and fatigue life all reached thier optimum values when using the SIBSTAR 103T with polyetherimide/silicone (PSN4) Nano-composite elastomers.

Static structural analysis of cross flow vertical axis wind turbine

The focus of this study is to perform structural analysis on the cross flow vertical axis wind turbine using finite element code ANSYS. Two different materials, namely aluminium alloy 2024 and magnesium is chosen. The wind turbine is tested for two different applied force namely 26.16 N and 13.08 N obtained based on the wind velocity (4 m/s to 10 m/s). These materials are chosen as it is lighter in weight and possess higher strength. The static mechanical properties of these materials used for making cross flow wind turbine are investigated and the properties namely, maximum principal stress, equivalent stress, total deformation, equivalent elastic strain and maximum principal elastic strain are plotted. The maximum principal elastic strain and total deformation of magnesium material based cross flow turbine is almost negligible compared to aluminium alloy based wind turbine. The maximum principal stress as well as equivalent stress induced in magnesium material based cross flow wind turbine is lesser by nearly 175% and 100% respectively. Therefore, magnesium material is found to be the suitable material that can be used for fabricating cross flow wind turbine.

Analysis of Prosthetic Running Blade of Limb Using Different Composite Materials

Prostheses are used as an alternative to organs lost from the body. Flex-Foot Cheetah is considered one of the lower limb prostheses used in high-intensity activities such as running. This research focused on testing two samples of Flex-Foot Cheetah manufactured of two various materials (carbon, glass) with polyester and compare between them to find the foot with the best performance in running on the level of professional athlete. In the numerical analysis, the maximum principal stress, maximum principal elastic strain, strain energy; finally, the blade total deformation were calculated for both feet. In experimental work, the load-deflection test was done for foot to calculate the bending the results were very close to the numerical results and the curve of the carbon foot sample was lower than that for the glass foot sample that indicates the strength of carbon fiber.

Non-Linear Filtering Technique Used for Testing the Human Lumbar Spine FEA Model.

In this paper, the objective is to generate a mesh model of a spine that simulates numerically the biomedical properties of two vertebrae (L4 and L5) of human spine and an inter vertebrae disc using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) technique. Here, different types of non-linear filters and different edge detection techniques are used to segment the edges and the results are compared. The result shows that median filter obtains improved segmented output results in terms of edge length density, average magnitude, final threshold, initial position, and fine-tuned image. The behaviour of spine FEA model is analysed in terms of various parameters like equivalent elastic strain, total deformation, maximum principal elastic strain, minimum principal elastic strain, shear elastic strain, normal elastic strain, and minimum and maximum principal stress, equivalent stress, shear stress and normal stress. These parameters are used to analyse the human spine model under different conditions and different angles using ANSYS simulation tool. Further, MATLAB is carried out to implement various filters and edge detectors on proposed spine model.

Rational modelling of elastic soil behaviour in 3D condition

A simple and rigorous formulation of elastic component of elastoplastic model for geomaterials is presented. Although linear relation between elastic volumetric strain and mean principal stress in log scale is assumed in most of the usual models, linear relation between each principal stress and the corresponding principal elastic strain in log scale is assumed. Incorporating Poisson's ratio, three principal stresses vs. three elastic principal strain relation is obtained. Also, assuming coaxially between stresses and elastic strains, this relation can be transformed to stress- elastic strain relation in general coordinate. The material parameters of the proposed model of the elastic component are the same as those of the usual models, i.e., swelling index κ and Poisson's ratio ν. This proposed model can describe typical unloading behaviour of various shear tests and constant stress ratio unloading tests reported before.

A hierarchical thermo‐hydro‐plastic constitutive model for unsaturated soils and its numerical implementation

SummaryUnsaturated soils are highly heterogeneous 3‐phase porous media. Variations of temperature, the degree of saturation, and density have dramatic impacts on the hydro‐mechanical behavior of unsaturated soils. To model all these features, we present a thermo‐hydro‐plastic model in which the hydro‐mechanical hardening and thermal softening are incorporated in a hierarchical fashion for unsaturated soils. This novel constitutive model can capture heterogeneities in density, suction, the degree of saturation, and temperature. Specifically, this constitutive model has 2 ingredients: (1) it has a “mesoscale” mechanical state variable—porosity and 3 environmental state variables—suction, the degree of saturation, and temperature; (2) both temperature and mechanical effects on water retention properties are taken into account. The return mapping algorithm is applied to implement this model at Gauss point assuming an infinitesimal strain. At each time step, the return mapping is conducted only in principal elastic strain space, assuming no return mapping in suction and temperature. The numerical results obtained by this constitutive model are compared with the experimental results. It shows that the proposed model can simulate the thermo‐hydro‐mechanical behavior of unsaturated soils with satisfaction. We also conduct shear band analysis of an unsaturated soil specimen under plane strain condition to demonstrate the impact of temperature variation on shear banding triggered by initial material heterogeneities.

Investigation on human lumbar spine MRI image using finite element method and soft computing techniques

In an overall human population, maximum number of adults suffers from back pain. Low back pain in any individual will greatly affect their daily routine. Recent Developments of Bio Science and the superior availability of Computer Technology enabled abundant active researches combining digital technologies like magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with finite element analysis (FEA) offer better diagnosis and treatment options. Clinically, lumbar degenerative disc disease (LDDD) is of the main reason for low back pain. Degenerative disc disease in the lumbar region of the lower back is due to a compromised disc leading to low back pain. Aging and overloading factors are also some of the causes for low back pain. Once the chronic disc problem has been diagnosed, the conservative treatments like: specific rest, friction force medical aid or physiotherapy and exercise are followed. When correctly diagnosed, an excessive amount of medical/surgical treatments can be avoided. The aim of the study is to generate a mesh model and numerically simulate the biomechanical characteristics of the human spine, namely two vertebrae (L4 and L5) and inter vertebrae disc using finite element analysis (FEA) technique. In this process the bony areas of every MRI scanned image is segmented and the boundary lines are stacked into a smooth surface. Additionally, the technique generates the quantity mesh exploitation linear unit that is used to process the mesh for agreement. Moreover, L4 and L5 with disc were considered as linear materials with the exception of the ligaments. The contact behaviour of the two bones, simulation of disc and obtained displacements and stress describe about the pre-operation of human lumbar spine. The results depict that the potential fracture of the considered patient with respect to displacements. In this paper the implementation of various filtering techniques like median filter technique, Wiener filter technique and bilateral filter technique have been discussed. Using various edge detection algorithms namely, Canny edge detection, Sobel edge detection, Prewitt edge detection and Roberts edge detection, the results were compared. Among them, spine Canny edge detection algorithm produced effective output using MATLAB estimating the following parameters like total deformation, equivalent elastic strain, maximum and minimum principal elastic strain, normal elastic strain, shear elastic strain, equivalent stress, maximum and minimum principal stress, normal stress and shear stress. With the help of these parameters, the human spine model was analyzed and computed under different conditions at various degree of angles like 30°, 60° and 90° using the simulation software ANSYS and CATIA. The implementation has done with MATLAB, whereas the stress and strain have been found at the plate bone of aspect joint of L4 and L5.

Research: Design and Analysis of a Low-Stiffness Porous Hip Stem.

Two major problems are associated with total hip replacement: 1) stress shielding and 2) the adverse tissue reaction to certain elements of the implant material. In this regard, a porous implant provides lower stiffness and vacancies for bone ingrowth, making it more suitable for the human bone compared with a solid stem. Moreover, second-generation titanium biomedical alloys, such as TNZT (Ti35Nb7Zr5Ta) and TMZF (Ti12Mo6Zr2Fe), have been introduced to prevent the adverse tissue reactions related to aluminum and vanadium elements of the popular Ti6Al4V alloy. In the current work, an analysis was performed based on uniaxial compression testing of cubic Ti6Al4V structures of different porosities to predict the governing equations that relate the relative density of the structure to the mechanical properties of the structure according to the Gibson-Ashby model. A numerical study was conducted to evaluate the change in stress distribution obtained by incorporating the new titanium alloys in porous hip stem implants. Implants modeled with the mechanical properties of TNZT and TMZF showed a minimum safety factor of 1.69 and 3.02, respectively, with respect to the yield strength. The results demonstrated an increase in the equivalent von Mises stresses and maximum principal elastic strain up to 7% and 15%, respectively, compared with the porous Ti6Al4V implant and up to 108% and 156%, respectively, compared with the solid Ti6Al4V implant.