Primordial Life Research Articles

Evidence for phospholipid self-organisation in concentrated ammonia-water environments

Titan, the largest moon of Saturn is thought to have the potential to support primordial life. The surface of Titan contains bodies of liquid hydrocarbons, and modelling suggests that an ammonia-water ocean resides deep beneath the surface, both of which have been speculated to support primordial chemistry. Here we present the first evidence that both preformed and self-organised phospholipid vesicles remain stable and can maintain concentration gradients in ammonia-water environments; a fundamental requirement for primordial chemistry and biology to originate. We further reveal the remarkable stability of a diether phospholipid, such as those found in extremophilic bacteria, under these conditions and demonstrate that electron microscopy and tomography are useful tools to investigate macromolecular structure under diverse physico-chemical environments.

Life at the interface: Engineering bio-nanomaterials through interfacial molecular self-assembly.

Interfacial self-assembly describes the directed organization of molecules and colloids at phase boundaries. Believed to be fundamental to the inception of primordial life, interfacial assembly is exploited by a myriad of eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms to execute physiologic activities and maintain homeostasis. Inspired by these natural systems, chemists, engineers, and materials scientists have sought to harness the thermodynamic equilibria at phase boundaries to create multi-dimensional, highly ordered, and functional nanomaterials. Recent advances in our understanding of the biophysical principles guiding molecular assembly at gas-solid, gas-liquid, solid-liquid, and liquid-liquid interphases have enhanced the rational design of functional bio-nanomaterials, particularly in the fields of biosensing, bioimaging and biotherapy. Continued development of non-canonical building blocks, paired with deeper mechanistic insights into interphase self-assembly, holds promise to yield next generation interfacial bio-nanomaterials with unique, and perhaps yet unrealized, properties. This article is categorized under: Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies.

Geoheritage in the making: the discovery and vulnerability of deep-sea hydrothermal vents

Abstract Some significant geological sites are inaccessible. Among the most inaccessible sites are the hydrothermal vents and their associated biological communities located deep in the ocean. These prime geoheritage sites, hosting what may be the most primordial life on Earth, are vulnerable to mineral and fishing exploitation. Many lie in international waters, protected only by non-binding agreements with no clearly defined means of enforcement. The discovery of these vents in 1977 fundamentally altered scientists’ view of basic Earth processes and the extreme conditions under which life can exist. The discovery of the vents was a group effort and required technological accomplishments not available to previous generations of researchers. Often overlooked in the credits for this discovery was the persistence and determination of Kathleen Crane, a graduate student at Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Many women of her era faced significant challenges as they attempted to break into an often-unwelcoming field, marine geology. The challenges were not unique to geology; women were not welcomed in many other disciplines, both scientific and non-scientific. In spite of the obstacles, few people have made as remarkable a geoscience discovery as Dr Crane.

RNA ligase ribozymes with a small catalytic core

Catalytic RNAs, or ribozymes, catalyze diverse chemical reactions that could have sustained primordial life in the hypothetical RNA world. Many natural ribozymes and laboratory evolved ribozymes exhibit efficient catalysis mediated by elaborate catalytic cores within complex tertiary structures. However, such complex RNA structures and sequences are unlikely to have emerged by chance during the earliest phase of chemical evolution. Here, we explored simple and small ribozyme motifs capable of ligating two RNA fragments in a template-directed fashion (ligase ribozymes). One-round selection of small ligase ribozymes followed by deep sequencing revealed a ligase ribozyme motif comprising a three-nucleotide loop opposite to the ligation junction. The observed ligation was magnesium(II) dependent and appears to form a 2′–5′ phosphodiester linkage. The fact that such a small RNA motif can function as a catalyst supports a scenario in which RNA or other primordial nucleic acids played a central role in chemical evolution of life.

Energy-harnessing problem solving of primordial life: Modeling the emergence of catalytic host-nested parasite life cycles.

All life forms on earth ultimately descended from a primordial population dubbed the last universal common ancestor or LUCA via Darwinian evolution. Extant living systems share two salient functional features, a metabolism extracting and transforming energy required for survival, and an evolvable, informational polymer-the genome-conferring heredity. Genome replication invariably generates essential and ubiquitous genetic parasites. Here we model the energetic, replicative conditions of LUCA-like organisms and their parasites, as well as adaptive problem solving of host-parasite pairs. We show using an adapted Lotka-Volterra frame-work that three host-parasite pairs-individually a unit of a host and a parasite that is itself parasitized, therefore a nested parasite pair-are sufficient for robust and stable homeostasis, forming a life cycle. This nested parasitism model includes competition and habitat restriction. Its catalytic life cycle efficiently captures, channels and transforms energy, enabling dynamic host survival and adaptation. We propose a Malthusian fitness model for a quasispecies evolving through a host-nested parasite life cycle with two core features, rapid replacement of degenerate parasites and increasing evolutionary stability of host-nested parasite units from one to three pairs.

Thioester synthesis by a designed nickel enzyme models prebiotic energy conversion

The formation of carbon-carbon bonds from prebiotic precursors such as carbon dioxide represents the foundation of all primordial life processes. In extant organisms, this reaction is carried out by the carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH)/acetyl coenzyme A synthase (ACS) enzyme, which performs the cornerstone reaction in the ancient Wood-Ljungdahl metabolic pathway to synthesize the key biological metabolite, acetyl-CoA. Despite its significance, a fundamental understanding of this transformation is lacking, hampering efforts to harness analogous chemistry. To address these knowledge gaps, we have designed an artificial metalloenzyme within the azurin protein scaffold as a structural, functional, and mechanistic model of ACS. We demonstrate the intermediacy of the NiI species and requirement for ordered substrate binding in the bioorganometallic carbon-carbon bond-forming reaction from the one-carbon ACS substrates. The electronic and geometric structures of the nickel-acetyl intermediate have been characterized using time-resolved optical, electron paramagnetic resonance, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy in conjunction with quantum chemical calculations. Moreover, we demonstrate that the nickel-acetyl species is chemically competent for selective acyl transfer upon thiol addition to biosynthesize an activated thioester. Drawing an analogy to the native enzyme, a mechanism for thioester generation by this ACS model has been proposed. The fundamental insight into the enzymatic process provided by this rudimentary ACS model has implications for the evolution of primitive ACS-like proteins. Ultimately, these findings offer strategies for development of highly active catalysts for sustainable generation of liquid fuels from one-carbon substrates, with potential for broad applications across diverse fields ranging from energy storage to environmental remediation.

Ethnobotanical and Pharmacological Activity of Arthrospira Platensis

Abstract: Spirulina is also known as Arthrospira platensis is algae that belong to cyanobabcteria having lots of bioactivities. Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are among the most primordial life forms on the planet. It contains proteins, vitamins, carbohydrates, and lipids. It has been established that Arthrospira platensis has strong antioxidant activity, inhibits the colonisation of wounds by multi-resistant bacteria, and stops viruses from entering target cells. Anti-cancer action was also seen in mouth cancer, melanoma, and UV-induced non-melanoma skin cancer animals. Arthrospira platensis has an immunostimulating impact on humans, animals, chickens, and fish by increasing their resistance to infections, altering hemopoiesis, and stimulating the synthesis of antibodies and cytokines. Here we discussed about some pharmacological activities of Arthrospira platensis.

Presence of water on exomoons orbiting free-floating planets: a case study

AbstractA free-floating planet (FFP) is a planetary-mass object that orbits around a non-stellar massive object (e.g. a brown dwarf) or around the Galactic Centre. The presence of exomoons orbiting FFPs has been theoretically predicted by several models. Under specific conditions, these moons are able to retain an atmosphere capable of ensuring the long-term thermal stability of liquid water on their surface. We model this environment with a one-dimensional radiative-convective code coupled to a gas-phase chemical network including cosmic rays and ion-neutral reactions. We find that, under specific conditions and assuming stable orbital parameters over time, liquid water can be formed on the surface of the exomoon. The final amount of water for an Earth-mass exomoon is smaller than the amount of water in Earth oceans, but enough to host the potential development of primordial life. The chemical equilibrium time-scale is controlled by cosmic rays, the main ionization driver in our model of the exomoon atmosphere.

The physiology and evolution of microbial selenium metabolism.

Selenium is an essential trace element whose compounds are widely metabolized by organisms from all three domains of life. Moreover, phylogenetic evidence indicates that selenium species, along with iron, molybdenum, tungsten, and nickel, were metabolized by the last universal common ancestor of all cellular lineages, primarily for the synthesis of the 21st amino acid selenocysteine. Thus, selenium metabolism is both environmentally ubiquitous and a physiological adaptation of primordial life. Selenium metabolic reactions comprise reductive transformations both for assimilation into macromolecules and dissimilatory reduction of selenium oxyanions and elemental selenium during anaerobic respiration. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the physiology and evolution of both assimilatory and dissimilatory selenium metabolism in bacteria and archaea, highlighting mechanisms of selenium respiration. This includes a thorough discussion of our current knowledge of the physiology of selenocysteine synthesis and incorporation into proteins in bacteria obtained from structural biology. Additionally, this is the first comprehensive discussion in a review of the incorporation of selenium into the tRNA nucleoside 5-methylaminomethyl-2-selenouridine and as an inorganic cofactor in certain molybdenum hydroxylase enzymes. Throughout, conserved mechanisms and derived features of selenium metabolism in both domains are emphasized and discussed within the context of the global selenium biogeochemical cycle.

A Living Spatial Movement of Relation. Reconceptualising Ricœur’s Oneself as Another and Heidegger’s Being and Time

Beyond the disparate and mainly fleeting references to life in Ricoeur’s Oneself as Another, whether as life as power, living well and with others, or as Ricoeur’s attempt to develop a concept of embodied subjectivity as flesh, which is presumably living flesh, not dead flesh, a further and arguably primordial life principle needs emphasis, namely, living space. Ricoeur’s recognition of the vital significance of space primordiality, as a pivotal dimension that is even prior to language, offers a significant conceptual leap in Ricoeur’s later work, Oneself as Another. Ricoeur’s proposed ontology of the flesh is one dimension towards expression of an authentic phenomenology of spatiality, though not necessarily the only one. Building upon but going beyond Ricoeur, the article explores concentric and diametric spatial interplay in relation to the early Heidegger’s existential spatiality, Angst and care, as candidate living spatial movements. This proposed primordial spatial discourse re-examines Ricoeur’s conatus as power to act, and his quest for a structure of relation to the other that is not closure, separation, or diametric opposition.

Cyclophosphates, a new class of native phosphorus compounds, and some insights into prebiotic phosphorylation on early Earth

AbstractCyclophosphates are a class of energy-rich compounds whose hydrolytic decomposition (ring opening) liberates energy that is sufficient for initiation of biomimetic phosphorylation reactions. Because of that, cyclophosphates might be considered as a likely source of reactive prebiotic phosphorus on early Earth. A major obstacle toward adoption of this hypothesis is that cyclophosphates have so far not been encountered in nature. We herein report on the discovery of these minerals in the terrestrial environment, at the Dead Sea basin in Israel. Cyclophosphates represent the most condensed phosphate species known in nature. A pathway for cyclophosphate geosynthesis is herein proposed, involving simple pyrolytic oxidation of terrestrial phosphides. Discovery of natural cyclophosphates opens new opportunities for modeling prebiotic phosphorylation reactions that resulted in the emergence of primordial life on our planet.

High-Throughput Analysis and Engineering of Ribozymes and Deoxyribozymes by Sequencing.

Ribozymes and deoxyribozymes are catalytic RNA and DNA, respectively, that catalyze chemical reactions such as self-cleavage or ligation reactions. While some ribozymes are found in nature, a larger variety of ribozymes and deoxyribozymes have been discovered by in vitro selection from random sequences. These catalytic nucleic acids, especially ribozymes, are of fundamental interest because they are crucial for the RNA world hypothesis, which suggests that RNA played a central role in both the propagation of genetic information and catalyzing metabolic reactions in primordial life prior to the emergence of proteins and DNA. On the practical side, catalytic nucleic acids have been extensively engineered for various applications, such as biosensors and genetic devices for synthetic biology. Therefore, it is important to gain a deeper understanding of the sequence-function relationships of ribozymes and deoxyribozymes.Mutational analysis, or measurements of activities of catalytic nucleic acid mutants, is one of the most fundamental approaches for that purpose. Mutations that abolish, reduce, retain, or even increase activity provide useful information about nucleic acid catalysts for engineering and other purposes. However, methods for mutational analysis of ribozymes and deoxyribozymes have not evolved much for decades, requiring tedious and low-throughput assays (e.g., gel electrophoresis) of individually prepared mutants. This has prevented researchers from performing quantitative mutational analysis of ribozymes and deoxyribozymes on a large scale.To address this limitation, we developed a massively parallel ribozyme and deoxyribozyme assay strategy that allows >104 assays using high-throughput sequencing (HTS). We used HTS to literally count the number of cleaved (or ligated) and uncleaved (or unligated) ribozyme (or deoxyribozyme) sequences and calculated the activities of each mutant in a reaction mixture. This simple yet powerful strategy was applied to analyze the mutational effects of various natural and synthetic ribozymes and deoxyribozymes at scales impossible for conventional mutational analysis. These large-scale sequence-function data sets were used to better understand the functional consequences of mutations and to engineer ribozymes for practical applications. Furthermore, these newly available data are motivating researchers to employ more rigorous computational methods to extract additional insights such as structural information and nonlinear effects of multiple mutations. The new HTS-based assay strategy is distinct from and complementary to a related strategy that uses HTS to analyze ribozyme and deoxyribozyme populations subjected to in vitro selection. Postselection sequencing can cover a larger sequence space, although it does not directly quantify the activities of ribozyme and deoxyribozyme mutants. With further advances in DNA sequencing technologies and computational methods, there should be more opportunities to harness the power of HTS to deepen our understanding of catalytic nucleic acids and enhance our ability to engineer them for even more applications.

TECHNICS AND AGENCY

One of the orienting claims in Yuk Hui’s The Question Concerning Technology in China is that an adequate accounting for the pluralism of technicity remains forthcoming. Hui brings this to our attention by arguing that a cosmological dimension, animate in the evolution of technology, leads to distinct “local” technicities; this should be contrasted to the consensus that technology is a universal phenomenon. Hui defends this differentiating role of the cosmic, by way of a Kantian antimony between two genetic problems. In Hui’s presentation, this antimony specifically concerns the status of an “anthropological universality” within technics. On the one hand, technics as the “extension of somatic functions and the externalisation of memory” is only differentiated by its passage through local conditions, but on the other, technics would be genetically affected by a cosmological (cultural, mythic) dimension, that would differently orient distinctive evolutionary developments within it. In this paper, I consider another source for Hui’s technical pluralism by arguing that functional differences inhere within the technical, itself. What this implies, is not only a reconsideration of technic’s “universality,” but also the anthropomorphism implied in the image of homo faber: what defines technicity and technology as an immanent, extensive and human-exclusive prosthesis. In order to do so, I return to Aristotle’s primary (or primitive) centralisation of the technite to argue that his causal accounting of technics should not have been restricted exclusively to the human, but rather considered as a general property of how agents deviate primary processes. I then show how technē – reconstituted as the affective power of many agents – suggests that a technically mediated agency is not only constitutive of human difference (Stiegler’s foundational prosthesis) but must more generally be evident in the agential character of diverse, even primordial species. This also entails a reconsideration of the relationship between technics and telos. This is because it is not only the agential distinction Aristotle draws between humans and other species that requires renovation, but also the widely criticised move to extend telos (the efficient cause specific to the technites) into a teleological purpose animating nature. However, rather than follow the critique of teleology in the Aristotelianism of the early modern period (with Suarez, Descartes and Spinoza), I will rather argue that telos should be recast as a dynamic interventional power that belongs broadly to agents. That is to say, if technē is a model of agency inseparable from the emergence of even primordial life, then we require an analysis of how an artificial, technical dimension inheres within non-human agents. I will finally outline how this technicity of non-human agents remains compatible with Hui’s cosmotechnics.

The agony of integration and the blessings of finitude -facing 'extinction points' and moments of madness.

This paper explores the inevitable pain that integration requires in our individuation process. The unspeakable agony we defended against in order to survive we now experience consciously, including moments of going out of existence at the core of our madness. Clinical examples are given of these 'extinction points' and the abject helplessness analysand and analyst suffer in the face of this destructiveness. The first and second witness to this process (usually the analyst and the psyche itself) and the primordial creative life force are recognized in the process of recovery, a recovery that recoups the blessings of our finite human living.

"After Haeckel": An Exhibition of Microscopic Primitive Life Forms

Ernst Haeckel, the German naturalist, in 1868 depicted amoeboid microorganisms as primordial life forms. He claimed they were without nuclei or cell membranes but capable of feeding and reproducing. He called such organisms Moners. His remarkable illustrations of the presumably primordial life forms were very widely reproduced in both the scientific and popular press. By 1915 the primitive nature of the organisms and even their existence were in disrepute as no such organisms were found by anyone else. Today, they are largely forgotten. Here the remarkable variety of images of Haeckel's primordial Protomyxa, published from 1868 to 1913, are presented. Examination of Haeckel's original illustrations and the subsequent adaptations by others, provide insights into what was, and might still be, thought to be primitive. In the adaptations, the primordial life forms were most commonly shown with the remains of prey inside them and capturing a prey organism. The portrayals of primitive microorganisms as predatory and aggressive, mirrors portrayals of dinosaurs and primitive humans.

Nano−porous pyrite and organic matter in 3.5-billion-year-old stromatolites record primordial life

Abstract Stromatolites of the ∼3.5 billion-year-old Dresser Formation (Pilbara Craton, Western Australia) are considered to be some of Earth’s earliest convincing evidence of life. However, uniquely biogenic interpretations based on surface outcrops are precluded by weathering, which has altered primary mineralogy and inhibited the preservation of microbial remains. Here, we report on exceptionally preserved, strongly sulfidized stromatolites obtained by diamond drilling from below the weathering profile. These stromatolites lie within undeformed hydrothermal-sedimentary strata and show textural features that are indicative of biogenic origins, including upward-broadening and/or upward-branching digitate forms, wavy to wrinkly laminae, and finely laminated columns that show a thickening of laminae over flexure crests. High-resolution textural, mineralogical, and chemical analysis reveals that the stromatolites are dominated by petrographically earliest, nano-porous pyrite that contains thermally mature, N-bearing organic matter (OM). This nano-porous pyrite is consistent with a formation via sulfidization of an originally OM-dominated matrix. Evidence for its relationship with microbial communities are entombed OM strands and filaments, whose microtexture and chemistry are consistent with an origin as mineralized biofilm remains, and carbon isotope data of extracted OM (δ13COM = −29.6‰ ± 0.3‰ VPDB [Vienna Peedee belemnite]), which lie within the range of biological matter. Collectively, our findings provide exceptional evidence for the biogenicity of some of Earth’s oldest stromatolites through preservation of OM, including microbial remains, by sulfidization.

The Birthplace of Proto-Life: Role of Secondary Minerals in Forming Metallo-Proteins through Water-Rock Interaction of Hadean Rocks.

The surface of Hadean Earth was mainly covered with three types of rocks-komatiite, KREEP basalt and anorthosite-which were remarkably different from those on the modern Earth. The water-rock interaction between these rocks and water provided a highly reducing environment and formed secondary minerals on the surface of the rocks that are important for producing metallo-enzymes for the emergence of primordial life. Previous studies suggested a correlation between the active site of metallo-enzymes and sulfide minerals based on the affinity of their structures, but they did not discuss the origin of metallic elements contained in these minerals which is critical to understanding where life began. We investigated secondary minerals formed through water-rock interactions of komatiite in a subaerial geyser system, then discussed the relationship between the active site of metallo-enzymes and secondary minerals. Instead of komatiite, we used serpentinite collected from the Hakuba Happo area, Nagano Prefecture in central-north Japan, which is thought to be a modern analog for the Hadean environment. We found several minor minerals, such as magnetite, chromite, pyrite and pentlandite in addition to serpentine minerals. Pentlandite has not been mentioned in previous studies as one of the candidates that could supply important metallic elements to build metallo-enzymes. It has been shown to be a catalyst for hydrogen generation possibly, because of structural similarity to the active site of hydrogenases. We consider the possibility that nickel-iron sulfide, pentlandite, could be important minerals for the origin of life. In addition, we estimated what kinds of minor minerals would be obtained from the water-rock interaction of these rocks using thermodynamic calculations. KREEP basalt contains a large amount of iron and it could be useful for producing metallo-enzymes, especially ferredoxins-electron transfer enzymes, which may have assisted in the emergence of life.

Who is the last universal common ancestor? A brief discussion about its genetics, cellular properties, and metabolisms

Life, in essence, is defined as a chemical process characterized by the ability to self-replicate and metabolize. Abiogenesis (i.e., the origin of life) has been the subject of extensive controversies for centuries. Many scientists subscribe to Charles Darwin’s notion that all organic beings that have ever lived on Earth may be descended from a primordial life form commonly referred to as the last universal common ancestor (LUCA). The age of the Earth is about 4.5 billion years and the earliest life may exist more than 3.5 billion years ago according to fossil evidence. The precursor molecules necessary for life may have come from meteoroids, comets, interstellar dust, or from Earth itself. It has been posited that life on Earth, or LUCA, was an evolutionary outcome of the RNA world, a period of time when the primary living substances comprised of RNA — or something chemically similar. Several observations suggest that RNA could have served genetic, catalytic and regulatory roles before the evolution of DNA and proteins. However, the question that still remains to be answered is whether LUCA’s genetic information was carried within the RNA molecule, or had it already evolved to a higher stage of DNA genome. Carl Woese proposed that LUCA began as an ambiguous progenote, a community of organisms that lived in a pool where they could share genes with each other. He further theorized that it then separated to three lines of descent including bacteria, archaea and eukaryote. Phylogenetic analysis based upon whole genomes revealed that LUCA was common ancestor of bacteria and archaea, with eukaryote diverged from some lineages of Archaea. Recent work using phylogenetic and metabolic reconstruction analysis suggested that LUCA might have been anaerobic, thermophilic, CO2-fixing, H2-dependent with Wood-Ljungdahl pathway, and N2-fixing. Although many efforts have been made by scientists to understand LUCA, it still remains an enigma. Here, in this comment, we will briefly summarize different perspectives concerning the nature of LUCA, and at the same time share our opinions in the discussion about (1) the genetic material, (2) the cellular properties, and (3) the putative metabolic characteristics of the last universal common ancestor.

Research on Some Aspects of the Cytochrome P450 Proteins

The Cytochrome P450 was first described in 1958 as a brown pigment when carbon monoxide was added to hepatic microsomal preparations, which had been reduced with dithionite or NADH. This hemeprotein had probably arisen very early in chemical evolution (the origin of life). One of its early functions was probably the detoxification of molecular oxygen, which was poisonous to primordial life, which had not evolved other protective mechanisms. Since its initial discovery, it has been identified in a very large variety of animal tissues, plants and microorganisms. It is now known that there are various cytochromes P450, which perform a large variety of enzymatic functions. The cytochromes P450 have among other functions the metabolism or detoxification of ‘xenobiotics’ or ‘foreign chemicals’, which include drugs and environmental pollutants. The functioning of the steroid hydroxylases in adrenocortical mitochondria is influenced (regulated) by the dielectric constant in the immediate vicinity of the enzyme. Sodium and potassium ions influence the functioning of these hydroxylases differently in view of the different effect their ionic radii have on the dielectric constant. Spices have been found to bind to cytochrome P450. This may modify the activity of the enzyme. This may account for certain herbal medicinal preparations being effective in members of some communities but not in others, which have different dietary habits or preparations. Spices are also added as a component of some herbal medicinal preparations. More investigations need to be performed to ascertain the effect the consumption of spices may have on the efficacy of medicines in general.

Man creation had began since the creation of the first biological material very likely in Clay

Among conclusions deduced from my recent deep study of holy Qur’an verses related to the topic of man creation, the man creation had begun a very long period of time before his emergence. It had begun with the creation of his earthy and clayey nature in clay. Very likely “his earthy and clayey nature” means the basic structures of his bio-molecules that, common to all living beings, are formed from elements (ions) present in soil and clay. Thus the objective of the creation of living beings is to reach that of humans. In the present paper I will show that this conclusion is not in discordance with science. In fact, I present a synthesis of dispersed published data and new complementary insights for showing how montmorillonite clay could be the cradle of the early life evolution. I propose that the birth of life would occur within Earth’s surfaces on saturated clay bedrock, and in montmorillonite crystals. Considering the RNA like as the key component of primordial life by exhibiting both catalytic and genetic activities, I present hypothetical steps showing how the formation of precursors of this RNA like would be accomplished in montmorillonite. The distinguished structure of the later could help not only the formation of RNA like oligomers parallel to the surfaces sheets in the interlayer spaces, but also the fixing of some formed trimers to the edges of sheets of adjacent layers perpendicularly to their surfaces given that the length of the trimer is equal to the interlayer space during the wetted state. The encapsulation of each fixed trimer with an attracted oligomer in a fatty acid vesicle would be the start point of the formation of a pre codon-anticodon complex that could lead, since the beginning, to the emergence of a primitive genetic code. Keywords – Man creation, Early life evolution, Montmorillonite clay, RNA oligomerization, Codon-anticodon complex, Genetic code.