Primitive Mode Research Articles

On the certainty of hidden moralism: Rethinking the ethical turn in psychoanalysis

ABSTRACT It is well known that Heinz Kohut’s papers on narcissism brought forth a re-evaluation of a patient’s healthy self-regard. Indeed, those pivotal essays open up a novel perspective and, with it, clinical possibility by ceasing to cast a patient’s narcissistic concern in a purely pejorative light—as more primitive or less adaptive mode of being—to seeing it as an approvable sign of psychic health. Less well known, however, is Kohut’s corollary insight, notably that an emotional climate, what he calls the deeply ingrained value system of the Occident, is responsible, in large part, for the wholesale devaluation of narcissism. My focus in this paper is with this less well known but equally important insight, and my aim is to properly understand Kohut’s observation that an allegiance to this deeply ingrained value system may have a deleterious impact on clinical practice. I close by suggesting that we let Kohut caution us that smuggling in altruistic moral presuppositions can be a hindrance to clinical work, and that we pause before we follow the trend in contemporary psychoanalysis that encourages us to take an ethical turn.

PEPNet: A barotropic primitive equations-based network for wind speed prediction

In wind speed prediction technologies, deep learning-based methods have achieved promising advantages. However, most existing methods focus on learning implicit knowledge in a data-driven manner but neglect some explicit knowledge from the physical theory of meteorological dynamics, failing to make stable and long-term predictions. In this paper, we explore introducing explicit physical knowledge into neural networks and propose Physical Equations Predictive Network (PEPNet) for multi-step wind speed predictions. In PEPNet, a new neural block called the Augmented Neural Barotropic Equations (ANBE) block is designed as its key component, which aims to capture the wind dynamics by combining barotropic primitive equations and deep neural networks. Specifically, the ANBE block adopts a two-branch structure to model wind dynamics, where one branch is physic-based and the other is data-driven-based. The physic-based branch constructs temporal partial derivatives of meteorological elements (including u-component wind, v-component wind, and geopotential height) in a new Neural Barotropic Equations Unit (NBEU). The NBEU is developed based on the barotropic primitive equations mode in numerical weather prediction (NWP). Besides, considering that the barotropic primitive mode is a crude assumption of atmospheric motion, another data-driven-based branch is developed in the ANBE block, which aims at capturing meteorological dynamics beyond barotropic primitive equations. Finally, the PEPNet follows a time-variant structure to enhance the model’s capability to capture wind dynamics over time. To evaluate the predictive performance of PEPNet, we have conducted several experiments on two real-world datasets. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art techniques and achieve optimal performance.

Simple, miniaturized biosensors for wireless mapping of thermoregulatory responses

Temperature is the most commonly collected vital sign in all of clinical medicine; it plays a critical role in care decisions related to topics ranging from infection to inflammation, sleep, and fertility. Most assessments of body temperature occur at isolated anatomical locations (e.g. axilla, rectum, temporal artery, or oral cavity). Even this relatively primitive mode for monitoring can be challenging with vulnerable patient populations due to physical encumbrances and artifacts associated with the sizes, weights, shapes and mechanical properties of the sensors and, for continuous monitoring, their hard-wired interfaces to data collection units. Here, we introduce a simple, miniaturized, lightweight sensor as a wireless alternative, designed to address demanding applications such as those related to the care of neonates in high ambient humidity environments with radiant heating found in incubators in intensive care units. Such devices can be deployed onto specific anatomical locations of premature infants for homeostatic assessments. The estimated core body temperature aligns, to within 0.05 °C, with clinical grade, wired sensors, consistent with regulatory medical device requirements. Time-synchronized, multi-device operation across multiple body locations supports continuous, full-body measurements of spatio-temporal variations in temperature and additional modes of determining tissue health status in the context of sepsis detection and various environmental exposures. In addition to thermal sensing, these same devices support measurements of a range of other essential vital signs derived from thermo-mechanical coupling to the skin, for applications ranging from neonatal and infant care to sleep medicine and even pulmonary medicine.

Extended embryo retention and viviparity in the first amniotes

The amniotic egg with its complex fetal membranes was a key innovation in vertebrate evolution that enabled the great diversification of reptiles, birds and mammals. It is debated whether these fetal membranes evolved in eggs on land as an adaptation to the terrestrial environment or to control antagonistic fetal–maternal interaction in association with extended embryo retention (EER). Here we report an oviparous choristodere from the Lower Cretaceous period of northeast China. The ossification sequence of the embryo confirms that choristoderes are basal archosauromorphs. The discovery of oviparity in this assumed viviparous extinct clade, together with existing evidence, suggests that EER was the primitive reproductive mode in basal archosauromorphs. Phylogenetic comparative analyses on extant and extinct amniotes suggest that the first amniote displayed EER (including viviparity).

Aedes aegypti exhibits a distinctive mode of late ovarian development

BackgroundInsects live in almost every habitat on earth. To adapt to their diverse environments, insects have developed a myriad of different strategies for reproduction reflected in diverse anatomical and behavioral features that the reproductive systems of females exhibit. Yet, ovarian development remains largely uncharacterized in most species except Drosophila melanogaster (D. melanogaster), a high Diptera model. In this study, we investigated the detailed developmental process of the ovary in Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti), a major vector of various disease-causing pathogens that inhabits tropical and subtropical regions.ResultsCompared with Drosophila melanogaster, a model of higher Diptera, the processes of pole cell formation and gonad establishment during embryonic stage are highly conserved in Ae. aegypti. However, Ae. aegypti utilizes a distinct strategy to form functional ovaries during larval/pupal development. First, during larval stage, Ae. aegypti primordial germ cells (PGCs) undergo a cyst-like proliferation with synchronized divisions and incomplete cytokinesis, leading to the formation of one tightly packed “PGC mass” containing several interconnected cysts, different from D. melanogaster PGCs that divide individually. This cyst-like proliferation is regulated by the target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway upon nutritional status. Second, ecdysone-triggered ovariole formation during metamorphosis exhibits distinct events, including “PGC mass” breakdown, terminal filament cell degeneration, and pre-ovariole migration. These unique developmental features might explain the structural and behavioral differences between Aedes and Drosophila ovaries. Importantly, both cyst-like proliferation and distinct ovariole formation are also observed in Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles sinensis, suggesting a conserved mode of ovarian development among mosquito species. In comparison with Drosophila, the ovarian development in Aedes and other mosquitoes might represent a primitive mode in the lower Diptera.ConclusionsOur study reveals a new mode of ovarian development in mosquitoes, providing insights into a better understanding of the reproductive system and evolutionary relationship among insects.

ANARCHO-PRIMITIVISM IN D.H. LAWRENCE’S POST WAR FICTION: AN ECO-CRITICAL ANALYSIS

Eco-criticism is an emerging area of investigation in literary and critical studies aiming at the analysis of the role and representation of nature and environment in literary works. Eco-critics speak for nature which, they believe, is silenced, and oppressed by anthropocentric mindset and human lust for profit and comfort. Critique of modern industrial civilization and celebration of pre-colonial primitive cultures are the important concerns in the contemporary eco-critical discourse. Anarchism aims at the eradication of modern civilization, advocating the restoration of pre-modern and pre-egalitarian primitive mode of existence. Anarcho-primitivism, combining anarchists’ distrust for modern civilization and authoritarianism with primitivists’ interest in simple and primitive mode of living, involves a critique of modern industrial civilization, advocating a return to non-civilized primitive ways of life. Anarchist and anarcho-primitivist elements are perceptible in Lawrence’s post-war fiction which exudes his aversion for modern industrial civilization for its barrenness, decay and sterility, and its unspeakable damage to the natural environment, and his predilection for non- European primitive cultures and societies which, in comparison to dead European existence, present a better alternative with their vitality and healthier mode of existence. This paper, by adopting the qualitative research method and using the key concepts of the representative anarchist, primitivist and ecocritical thinkers as theoretical framework, has attempted to analyse anarcho-primitivism in Lawrence’s post-war fiction from ecocritical perspective. Keywords: Eco-criticism, Anarchism, Primitivism, Anarcho-primitivism, Future primitive

Tribals education in Bhoksa Tribe of India: Status, challenges and issues

India has been rightly described as a ‘melting pot’ of race & tribes. The aboriginal tribes of India are the oldest inhabitants of the country, for millennia tribal societies have been subjugated by more recently arrived groups, their land was taken away, they were pushed further into the hilly gorges & wilds and also assimilated into the dominant caste & culture of the country. Chronic indebtedness has been, and is still, probably the most difficult problem facing almost the entire tribal population of India. Reliable ethnographic evidence proved that the tribal people were handicapped in their struggle to live carefree life when their place ofhabitation was isolated and divided between middle man and contractors, except that there were many other problems such as the problem of safe drinking water, loss of their rights over land andforests, poor and primitive mode ofagriculture resulting in deficit supply of food grain and no other programmes for their economic development and health facilities. The major problem faced by tribals is the lack of education andfacilities provided by the government. Most tribals are illiterate and have no idea how they can use their fundamental rights provided by India's constitution. In this paper, an attempt has been made on tribal problems in India but the main focus is on the problem of education of tribal people, and the lack of resources & equipment. It also includes the role performed by NGOs and other Programmers recommended by Government.

Coordinated crawling via reinforcement learning.

Rectilinear crawling locomotion is a primitive and common mode of locomotion in slender soft-bodied animals. It requires coordinated contractions that propagate along a body that interacts frictionally with its environment. We propose a simple approach to understand how this coordination arises in a neuromechanical model of a segmented, soft-bodied crawler via an iterative process that might have both biological antecedents and technological relevance. Using a simple reinforcement learning algorithm, we show that an initial all-to-all neural coupling converges to a simple nearest-neighbour neural wiring that allows the crawler to move forward using a localized wave of contraction that is qualitatively similar to what is observed in Drosophila melanogaster larvae and used in many biomimetic solutions. The resulting solution is a function of how we weight gait regularization in the reward, with a trade-off between speed and robustness to proprioceptive noise. Overall, our results, which embed the brain-body-environment triad in a learning scheme, have relevance for soft robotics while shedding light on the evolution and development of locomotion.

SYMBOLS OF BORDER IN FOLKTALES AND WAYS OF THEIR TRANSLATION

Being one of the vital categories for all living beings on earth, space determines the boundaries for all humans in general as well as for an individual in particular. To define such boundaries, people employ a specific code that consists of the symbols of space. The latter are distinctly manifested in one of the most archaic forms of oral folk literature, the genre of folktale, which is imbued with the elements of the mythological worldview of primitive people, their mentality and mode of existence. One of the groups of symbols that foreground the symbolism of space in folktales is the symbols of border. They designate the boundary between ‘our’ and ‘their’ space in folktales as well as in daily life. Despite relatively extended research in the field of folktale symbols, there are few studies devoted to the issue of conveying the symbols of border into the target language. The goals of the article include the highlighting of the ways of rendering the symbols of border taken from English and Ukrainian folktales and the assessment of the adequacy of their reproduction in the target language. According to the results of the research, it can be concluded that due to its universal character, the symbols of border are easily rendered into the receiving linguocultures. However, an adequate reproduction of the symbols of border requires the identification of their role in a certain folktale text, and, consequently, the importance of their rendering into the target language. Moreover, it is essential to note, that elimination or change of the symbols of border may cause the violation of the integrity of the symbolic picture of the folktale and at the same time lead to the inadequate perception of the text by the receiving culture. Keywords: adequate translation, folktale, symbols of space, symbols of border, universal symbols.

The ventral epithelium of Trichoplax adhaerens deploys in distinct patterns cells that secrete digestive enzymes, mucus or diverse neuropeptides.

ABSTRACTThe disk-shaped millimeter-sized marine animal, Trichoplax adhaerens, is notable because of its small number of cell types and primitive mode of feeding. It glides on substrates propelled by beating cilia on its lower surface and periodically pauses to feed on underlying microorganisms, which it digests externally. Here, a combination of advanced electron and light microscopic techniques are used to take a closer look at its secretory cell types and their roles in locomotion and feeding. We identify digestive enzymes in lipophils, a cell type implicated in external digestion and distributed uniformly throughout the ventral epithelium except for a narrow zone near its edge. We find three morphologically distinct types of gland cell. The most prevalent contains and secretes mucus, which is shown to be involved in adhesion and gliding. Half of the mucocytes are arrayed in a tight row around the edge of the ventral epithelium while the rest are scattered further inside, in the region containing lipophils. The secretory granules in mucocytes at the edge label with an antibody against a neuropeptide that was reported to arrest ciliary beating during feeding. A second type of gland cell is arrayed in a narrow row just inside the row of mucocytes while a third is located more centrally. Our maps of the positions of the structurally distinct secretory cell types provide a foundation for further characterization of the multiple peptidergic cell types in Trichoplax and the microscopic techniques we introduce provide tools for carrying out these studies.

Growth zone segmentation in the milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus sheds light on the evolution of insect segmentation

BackgroundOne of the best studied developmental processes is the Drosophila segmentation cascade. However, this cascade is generally considered to be highly derived and unusual, with segments being patterned simultaneously, rather than the ancestral sequential segmentation mode. We present a detailed analysis of the segmentation cascade of the milkweed bug Oncopletus fasciatus, an insect with a more primitive segmentation mode, as a comparison to Drosophila, with the aim of reconstructing the evolution of insect segmentation modes.ResultsWe document the expression of 12 genes, representing different phases in the segmentation process. Using double staining we reconstruct the spatio-temporal relationships among these genes. We then show knock-down phenotypes of representative genes in order to uncover their roles and position in the cascade.ConclusionsWe conclude that sequential segmentation in the Oncopeltus germband includes three slightly overlapping phases: Primary pair-rule genes generate the first segmental gene expression in the anterior growth zone. This pattern is carried anteriorly by a series of secondary pair-rule genes, expressed in the transition between the growth zone and the segmented germband. Segment polarity genes are expressed in the segmented germband with conserved relationships. Unlike most holometabolous insects, this process generates a single-segment periodicity, and does not have a double-segment pattern at any stage. We suggest that the evolutionary transition to double-segment patterning lies in mutually exclusive expression patterns of secondary pair-rule genes. The fact that many aspects of the putative Oncopeltus segmentation network are similar to those of Drosophila, is consistent with a simple transition between sequential and simultaneous segmentation.

Faith and belief in The Anti-Christ: A re-evaluation of Nietzsche’s relation to Jesus

This paper re-evaluates the significance of Jesus for Nietzsche by looking at The Anti-Christ. Specifically we will ask whether a re-evaluation of this relation can shed new light on Nietzsche’s critique of Christianity. And we will do this first by surveying the standard interpretations of this issue, as well as the existing literature on The Anti-Christ. Arguing that the latter picks out nothing new regarding a critique of Christianity, we nonetheless suggest that a new criticism can be developed via the discussion of Jesus there. Further, this can be done by looking at the account given of faith and belief in that text. That is, we will explore the status of Jesus for Nietzsche by looking at the origins and development of “faith” as a mode of belief. In particular, we trace the former’s development as a type from a basic mode of faith. As such, we begin by looking at the psychological origins of this kind of belief in “decadence”, and why Nietzsche is critical of this. However, we will then discuss the emergence of a more positive faith in the form of Buddhism, and see how this represents an analogue for Jesus’s faith. Continuing, we will see how Jesus signifies a similar problematic development, but also “overcoming”, of initial decadence faith. And we will argue, also, that this overcoming is rooted in his emphasis on the immediacy of lived experience. Finally though, we will look at how Christianity returns Jesus’s more productive relation to the world again to a primitive mode of faith. In other words, we will see how Christianity converts the fluid, lived, “faith” of Jesus into something again based on transcendent belief. And lastly, we will ask what new light this point sheds on Nietzsche’s critique of Christianity, and his affinity with Jesus the man.

The bourgeois hawks in market arena: a Marxist reading of A Market of Betrayal

Society, at its different stages of development, is said to evolve different modes of economic production- ranging from primitive mode, slavery mode, feudal mode, capitalist mode and sociological mode. Deploying Marxist literary theory, the paper focused on the effects and the implications of socio-economic evolution in A Market of Betrayals by examining the prevailing mode of production in the play, the type of social relations that exist among the people and govern their relation; those who determine these rules and the means of enforcing them as well as the implication for the opposing force and the society at large. Through textual analysis, it is established that the inherent contradictions in the world of A Market of Betrayals stem from the hidden selfish interest and hypocrisy of the dominant economic force which is in conflict with the interest of the working class. The hidden interests are presented as having universal values meant for the well-being of the people. The paper concluded that any socio-economic relations geared towards exploiting the people will eventually lead to a conflict because of its inherent contradictions. This conflict does not always resolve itself into a new position, essentially different from the original position.Keywords: Bourgeois, Proletariat, Superstructure, Hawks, Dialectical materialism

Light-mediated self-organization of sunflower stands increases oil yield in the field

Here, we show a unique crop response to intraspecific interference, whereby neighboring sunflower plants in a row avoid each other by growing toward a more favorable light environment and collectively increase production per unit land area. In high-density stands, a given plant inclined toward one side of the interrow space, and the immediate neighbors inclined in the opposite direction. This process started early as an incipient inclination of pioneer plants, and the arrangement propagated gradually as a "wave" of alternate inclination that persisted until maturity. Measurements and experimental manipulation of light spectral composition indicate that these responses are mediated by changes in the red/far-red ratio of the light, which is perceived by phytochrome. Cellular automata simulations reproduced the patterns of stem inclination in field experiments, supporting the proposition of self-organization of stand structure. Under high crop population densities (10 and 14 plants per m2), as yet unachievable in commercial farms with current hybrids due to lodging and diseases, self-organized crops yielded between 19 and 47% more oil than crops forced to remain erect.

Development of cyclic shedding teeth from semi-shedding teeth: the inner dental arcade of the stem osteichthyan Lophosteus.

The numerous cushion-shaped tooth-bearing plates attributed to the stem group osteichthyan Lophosteus superbus, which are argued here to represent an early form of the osteichthyan inner dental arcade, display a previously unknown and presumably primitive mode of tooth shedding by basal hard tissue resorption. They carry regularly spaced, recumbent, gently recurved teeth arranged in transverse tooth files that diverge towards the lingual margin of the cushion. Three-dimensional reconstruction from propagation phase-contrast synchrotron microtomography (PPC-SRµCT) reveals remnants of the first-generation teeth embedded in the basal plate, a feature never previously observed in any taxon. These teeth were shed by semi-basal resorption with the periphery of their bases retained as dentine rings. The rings are highly overlapped, which evidences tooth shedding prior to adding the next first-generation tooth at the growing edge of the plate. The first generation of teeth is thus diachronous. Successor teeth at the same sites underwent cyclical replacing and shedding through basal resorption, producing stacks of buried resorption surfaces separated by bone of attachment. The number and spatial arrangement of resorption surfaces elucidates that basal resorption of replacement teeth had taken place at the older tooth sites before the addition of the youngest first-generation teeth at the lingual margin. Thus, the replacement tooth buds cannot have been generated by a single permanent dental lamina at the lingual edge of the tooth cushion, but must have arisen either from successional dental laminae associated with the individual predecessor teeth, or directly from the dental epithelium of these teeth. The virtual histological dissection of these Late Silurian microfossils broadens our understanding of the development of the gnathostome dental systems and the acquisition of the osteichthyan-type of tooth replacement.

The stem osteichthyan Andreolepis and the origin of tooth replacement.

The teeth of gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates) show rigidly patterned, unidirectional replacement that may or may not be associated with a shedding mechanism. These mechanisms, which are critical for the maintenance of the dentition, are incongruently distributed among extant gnathostomes. Although a permanent tooth-generating dental lamina is present in all chondrichthyans, many tetrapods and some teleosts, it is absent in the non-teleost actinopterygians. Tooth-shedding by basal hard tissue resorption occurs in most osteichthyans (including tetrapods) but not in chondrichthyans. Here we report a three-dimensional virtual dissection of the dentition of a 424-million-year-old stem osteichthyan, Andreolepis hedei, using propagation phase-contrast synchrotron microtomography, with a reconstruction of its growth history. Andreolepis, close to the common ancestor of all extant osteichthyans, shed its teeth by basal resorption but probably lacked a permanent dental lamina. This is the earliest documented instance of resorptive tooth shedding and may represent the primitive osteichthyan mode of tooth replacement.

Diversity and convergences in the evolution of feeding adaptations in ankylosaurs (Dinosauria: Ornithischia)

Ankylosaurian dinosaurs were low-browsing quadrupeds that were traditionally thought of as simple orthal pulpers exhibiting minimal tooth occlusion during feeding, as in many extant lizards. Recent studies, however, have demonstrated that effective chewing with tooth occlusion and palinal jaw movement was present in some members of this group. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of feeding characters (i.e. craniodental features, tooth wear patterns, origin and insertion of jaw adductors) reveal at least three different jaw mechanisms during the evolution of Ankylosauria. Whereas, in basal members, food processing was restricted to simple orthal pulping, in late Early and Late Cretaceous North American and European forms a precise tooth occlusion evolved convergently in many lineages (including nodosaurids and ankylosaurids) complemented by palinal power stroke. In contrast, Asian forms retained the primitive mode of feeding without any biphasal chewing, a phenomenon that might relate to the different types of vegetation consumed by these low-level feeders in different habitats on different landmasses. Further, a progressive widening of the muzzle is demonstrated both in Late Cretaceous North American and Asian ankylosaurs, and the width and general shape of the muzzle probably correlates with foraging time and food type, as in herbivorous mammals.

Posibilidades prácticas y posibilidades modales como base de actos reales en el curso Introducción a la filosofía de Edmund Husserl

What can it mean for the phenomenological analysis that modalization consists in a primitive intentional variation according to a horizonts formally founded? What would be a variation of this order and how it is related to the philosopher’s life and his temporality? To these questions we need to ad done more. How to discover the formal correspondences that do not vary and what holds all contents in any act of conscience? The variations described in the following pages should be considered as acts that emerge from possibilities, acts of presumption, doubtfulness, probability, etc., but also as statements in which we say something is wrong or invalid, namely, those the type «this is really so». If we take the latter, this means that synthetic events are given in «modes» complexes that should be supported in simple certitudes because, by nature, modalities should be based on «the simple pure certitude» understood as his «primitive mode».

Filamentation as primitive growth mode?

Osmotic pressure influences cellular shape. In a growing cell, chemical reactions and dilution induce changes in osmolarity, which in turn influence the cellular shape. Using a protocell model relying upon random conservative chemical reaction networks with arbitrary stoichiometry, we find that when the membrane is so flexible that its shape adjusts itself quasi-instantaneously to balance the osmotic pressure, the protocell either grows filamentous or fails to grow. This behavior is consistent with a mathematical proof. This suggests that filamentation may be a primitive growth mode resulting from the simple physical property of balanced osmotic pressure. We also find that growth is favored if some chemical species are only present inside the protocell, but not in the outside growth medium. Such an insulation requires specific chemical schemes. Modern evolved cells such as E. coli meet these requirements through active transport mechanisms such as the phosphotransferase system.

Brain readiness and the nature of language.

To identify the neural components that make a brain ready for language, it is important to have well defined linguistic phenotypes, to know precisely what language is. There are two central features to language: the capacity to form signs (words), and the capacity to combine them into complex structures. We must determine how the human brain enables these capacities. A sign is a link between a perceptual form and a conceptual meaning. Acoustic elements and content elements, are already brain-internal in non-human animals, but as categorical systems linked with brain-external elements. Being indexically tied to objects of the world, they cannot freely link to form signs. A crucial property of a language-ready brain is the capacity to process perceptual forms and contents offline, detached from any brain-external phenomena, so their “representations” may be linked into signs. These brain systems appear to have pleiotropic effects on a variety of phenotypic traits and not to be specifically designed for language. Syntax combines signs, so the combination of two signs operates simultaneously on their meaning and form. The operation combining the meanings long antedates its function in language: the primitive mode of predication operative in representing some information about an object. The combination of the forms is enabled by the capacity of the brain to segment vocal and visual information into discrete elements. Discrete temporal units have order and juxtaposition, and vocal units have intonation, length, and stress. These are primitive combinatorial processes. So the prior properties of the physical and conceptual elements of the sign introduce combinatoriality into the linguistic system, and from these primitive combinatorial systems derive concatenation in phonology and combination in morphosyntax. Given the nature of language, a key feature to our understanding of the language-ready brain is to be found in the mechanisms in human brains that enable the unique means of representation that allow perceptual forms and contents to be linked into signs.