Primitive Characteristics Research Articles

A trajectory planning method for robotic arms based on improved dynamic motion primitives

PurposeTraditional robot arm trajectory planning methods have problems such as insufficient generalization performance and low adaptability. This paper aims to propose a method to plan the robot arm’s trajectory using the trajectory learning and generalization characteristics of dynamic motion primitives (DMPs).Design/methodology/approachThis study aligns multiple demonstration motion primitives using dynamic time warping; use the Gaussian mixture model and Gaussian mixture regression methods to obtain the ideal primitive trajectory actions. By establishing a system model that improves DMPs, the parameters of the nonlinear function are learned based on the ideal primitive trajectory actions of the robotic arm, and the robotic arm motion trajectory is reproduced and generalized.FindingsExperiments have proven that the robot arm motion trajectory learned by the method proposed in this article can not only learn to generalize and demonstrate the movement trend of the primitive trajectory, but also can better generate ideal motion trajectories and avoid obstacles when there are obstacles. The maximum Euclidean distance between the generated trajectory and the demonstration primitive trajectory is reduced by 29.9%, and the average Euclidean distance is reduced by 54.2%. This illustrates the feasibility of this method for robot arm trajectory planning.Originality/valueIt provides a new method for the trajectory planning of robotic arms in unstructured environments while improving the adaptability and generalization performance of robotic arms in trajectory planning.

Record Second-Harmonic Generation and Birefringence in an Ultraviolet Antimonate by Bond Engineering.

Oxides have attracted considerable attention owing to their potential for nonlinear optical (NLO) applications. Although significant progress has been achieved in optimizing the structural characteristics of primitives (corresponding to the simplest constituent groups, namely, cations/anions/neutral molecules) comprising the crystalline oxides, the role of the primitives' interaction in determining the resultant functional structure and optical properties has long been underappreciated and remains unclear. In this study, we employ a π-conjugated organic primitive confinement strategy to manipulate the interactions between primitives in antimonates and thereby significantly enhance the optical nonlinearity. Chemical bonds and relatively weak H-bonding interactions promote the formation of cis- and trans-Sb(III)-based dimer configurations in (C5H5NO)(Sb2OF4) (4-HPYSOF) and (C5H7N2)(Sb2F7) (4-APSF), respectively, resulting in very different second-harmonic generation (SHG) efficiencies and birefringences. In particular, 4-HPYSOF displays an exceptionally strong SHG response (12 × KH2PO4 at 1064 nm) and a large birefringence (0.513 at 546 nm) for a Sb(III)-based NLO oxide as well as a UV cutoff edge. Structural analyses and theoretical studies indicate that polarized ionic bond interactions facilitate the favorable arrangement of both the inorganic and organic primitives, thereby significantly enhancing the optical nonlinearity in 4-HPYSOF. Our findings shed new light on the intricate correlations between the interactions of primitives, inorganic primitive configuration, and SHG properties, and, more broadly, our approach provides a new perspective in the development of advanced NLO materials through the interatomic bond engineering of oxides.

Pairing relations within CO3 chondrites recovered at the Dominion Range and Miller Range, Transantarctic mountains: Constraints from chondrule olivines, noble gas, and H, C, N bulk and isotopic compositions

AbstractThe Dominion Range (DOM) and Miller Range (MIL) dense collection areas (DCAs) have yielded more than 20 and 200 CO3 chondrites (carbonaceous chondrites of the Ornans chemical group), respectively, over multiple field seasons. Several samples have exhibited primitive characteristics and have been the focus of interest. With so many CO3s recovered from this area, a natural question is if there are multiple pairing groups (where pairing refers to two or more meteorites that are part of a single fall) and if there is additional primitive material that would interest the meteorite community. This comprehensive study looks at all samples using several approaches: field and macroscopic observations; magnetic susceptibility; Cr in ferroan olivine; bulk elemental and isotopic analysis of H, C, N, and noble gas analyses to determine cosmic ray exposure (CRE) ages. Magnetic susceptibilities (measured as logχ) for all samples correlate with their type II (i.e., FeO‐rich) olivine Cr contents, with the most primitive CO3s (3.00) have logχ values near 5, while the higher grade CO3s have logχ values as low as 4.17. Altogether, there appear to be two distinct CO3 pairing groups and five other unpaired CO3s recovered at the Dominion Range: (a) the main DOM 08004 pairing group (16 specimens with a CRE age of 10–16 Ma), (b) the DOM 08006 group (2 specimens incl. DOM 10847 with a CRE age of 25 Ma), (c) DOM 14359 with a CRE age of 6 Ma, (d) DOM 18070 with a CRE age of 8 Ma (these two samples have similar ages but distinct trapped 20Ne contents), (e) DOM 10900 with a CRE age of 5.5 Ma, (f) DOM 18286 (with a CRE age of ~59 Ma), and (g) DOM 19034 (with a CRE age of ~43 Ma). There are three distinct age groupings of 3.00–3.05 COs, highlighting the diverse pristine CO3 materials present in the DOM area. There is one large MIL pairing group (MIL 07099; n = 199; 9–14 Ma CRE age where measured) and one smaller pairing group with distinctly lower Cr2O3 in type II olivines (8 samples of unknown CRE age), and five unpaired or unique CO3s. Notably, the large DOM and MIL pairing groups have 9–16 Ma exposure ages that could have been delivered in a single large fall event spanning ~200 km, two separate falls that were ejection paired, or two separate falls from two separate ejections. Finally, we recommend reclassifying several CO3 to CM2 based on new data and that from previous studies.

Epigenetic mechanism of Gtl2-miRNAs causes the primitive sheep characteristics found in purebred Merino sheep

BackgroundIt is not uncommon for some individuals to retain certain primitive characteristics even after domestication or long-term intensive selection. Wild ancestors or original varieties of animals typically possess strong adaptability to environmental preservation, a trait that is often lacking in highly artificially selected populations. In the case of the Merino population, a world-renowned fine wool sheep breed, a phenotype with primitive coarse wool characteristic has re-emerged. It is currently unclear whether this characteristic is detrimental to the production of fine wool or whether it is linked to the adaptability of sheep. The underlying genetic/epigenetic mechanisms behind this trait are also poorly understood.ResultsThis study identified lambs with an ancestral-like coarse (ALC) wool type that emerged during the purebred breeding of Merino fine wool sheep. The presence of this primitive sheep characteristic resulted in better environmental adaptability in lambs, as well as improved fine wool yield in adulthood. Reciprocal cross experiments revealed that the ALC phenotype exhibited maternal genetic characteristics. Transcriptomic SNP analysis indicated that the ALC phenotype was localized to the imprinted Gtl2-miRNAs locus, and a significant correlation was found between the ALC wool type and a newly identified short Interstitial Telomeric Sequences (s-ITSs) at this locus. We further confirmed that a novel 38-nt small RNA transcribed from these s-ITSs, in combination with the previously reported 22-nt small RNAs cluster from the Gtl2-miRNAs locus, synergistically inhibited PI3K/AKT/Metabolic/Oxidative stress and subsequent apoptotic pathways in wool follicle stem cells, resulting in the ALC wool type. The necessity of Gtl2-miRNAs in controlling primary hair follicle morphogenesis, as well as the wool follicle type for ALC wool lambs, was verified using intergenic differentially methylated region-knockout mice.ConclusionThe ALC wool type of Merino sheep, which does not reduce wool quality but increases yield and adaptability, is regulated by epigenetic mechanisms in the imprinted Gtl2-miRNAs region on sheep chromosome 18, with the maternally expressed imprinted gene responsible for the ALC phenotype. This study highlights the significance of epigenetic regulation during embryonic and juvenile stages and emphasizes the advantages of early adaptation breeding for maternal parents in enhancing the overall performance of their offspring.

Uncovering Financial Constraints

Abstract We use a random forest model to classify firms’ financial constraints using only financial variables. Our methodology expands the range of classified firms compared to text-based measures while maintaining similar levels of informativeness. We construct two versions of our constraint measures, one using many firm characteristics and the other using a small set of more primitive characteristics. Using our measures, we find that institutional investors hold a lower percentage of shares in equity-focused constrained firms, while retail investors show a preference for them. Equity issuance and investment of constrained firms also increases during periods of high investor sentiment.

A Survey of the Social Internet of Vehicles: Secure Data Issues, Solutions, and Federated Learning

The Social Internet of Vehicles (SIoV) is constructed so that the vehicle, as an entity, generates social awareness, which leads to the social behavior of the vehicle. The SIoV has multidimensional, heterogeneous, massive, real-time dynamic data, so its data security is a major concern. The structure of the SIoV and the characteristics of security primitives are studied in this review, which defines the social community by the vehicle. After this, the attack model is elaborated on, further refining the source, target, and capabilities of the attack. On this basis, typical data security solutions are compared and analyzed. In this survey, the focus is on the collaborative application of federated learning in SIoV data security protection. Ultimately, the current challenges and possible future research directions in this field are discussed.

A New Approach of Evaluating the Security Against Differential and Linear Cryptanalysis and Its Applications to Serpent, NOEKEON and ASCON

Abstract In recent years, Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP)-based automatic tools have played a significant role in providing security evaluations of symmetric-key primitives. Differential and linear cryptanalysis are the two most important cryptographic techniques. Although some methods have conducted a great effort in exploiting MILP-aided tools in searching for differential (linear) characteristics, traditional methods still suffer from primitives with strong diffusion layers and large sizes, such as NOEKEON. Typically, searching for differential (linear) characteristics of such primitives is difficult, and the corresponding MILP models are too heavy to be solved efficiently. To this end, we propose a simple yet efficient approach to employ MILP to evaluate the security against differential and linear cryptanalysis of such primitives. The core of our approach is to reduce the complex problem to a set of simpler subproblems and obtain the optimal solution of the complex problem by combining all the subproblems. A subproblem is equivalent to searching for all differential (linear) characteristics with a fixed number of active S-boxes in each round. Furthermore, we design an elaborate algorithm consisting of three MILP-aided methods to solve various subproblems and adopt some techniques to improve efficiency further. Applying our new algorithm to three SPN primitives Serpent, NOEKEON and ASCON, we obtain the tightest security bounds against differential and linear cryptanalysis for all three primitives so far and find improved differential and linear characteristics for Serpent and NOEKEON. For Serpent, we improve the upper bound of the maximum probability of 7-round differential characteristics from $2^{-71}$ to $2^{-76}$ and find for the first time 7-round differential characteristics. For NOEKEON, our results show that there is no 9-round (10-round) differential (linear) characteristic with a probability (correlation) higher than $2^{-128}$ ($2^{-64}$), whereas it needs 10 rounds (11 rounds) according to the previous results. In addition, we find an 8-round (9-round) differential (linear) characteristic with a probability (correlation) of $2^{-127}$ ($2^{-60}$). For ASCON permutation, we provide for the first time an upper bound of the maximum probability (correlation) of 5-round differential (linear) characteristics as $2^{-70}$ ($2^{-33}$).

Cord Blood Plasma and Placental Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived Exosomes Increase Ex Vivo Expansion of Human Cord Blood Hematopoietic Stem Cells While Maintaining Their Stemness.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been used for ex vivo expansion of umbilical cord blood (UCB) hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to maintain their primitive characters and long-term reconstitution abilities during transplantation. Therapeutic effects of MSCs mainly rely on paracrine mechanisms, including secretion of exosomes (Exos). The objective of this study was to examine the effect of cord blood plasma (CBP)-derived Exos (CBP Exos) and Placental MSCs-derived Exos (MSCs Exos) on the expansion of UCB HSCs to increase their numbers and keep their primitive characteristics. CD34+ cells were isolated from UCB, cultured for 10 days, and the expanded HSCs were sub-cultured in semisolid methylcellulose media for primitive colony forming units (CFUs) assay. MSCs were cultured from placental chorionic plates. CBP Exos and MSCs Exos compared with the control group significantly increased the number of total nucleated cells (TNCs), invitro expansion of CD34+ cells, primitive subpopulations of CD34+38+ and CD34+38-Lin- cells (p < 0.001). The expanded cells showed a significantly higher number of total CFUs in the Exos groups (p < 0.01). CBP- and placental-derived exosomes are associated with significant ex vivo expansion of UCB HSCs, while maintaining their primitive characters and may eliminate the need for transplantation of an additional unit of UCB.

Formation of an Intracontinental Orogen Above the Permo-Triassic Mantle Convection Cell in the Paleo-Tethys Tectonic Realm due to Far-Field Stress Derived From Continental Margins

The identification of intraplate orogens seemingly poses challenges to the plate tectonic theory. Delineating the formation processes of intraplate orogens can provide clues for the better understandings of the above issue. Although still controversial, the Indosinian (Permo-Triassic) orogeny in the South China Block (SCB) is potentially a good example of intracontinental orogen. In this paper, we carry out studies on the Indosinian high-grade rocks in the northeastern Cathaysia Block of the SCB, hoping to cast light on the features and formation processes of intraplate orogenic belts. These rocks exhibit HP/HT granulite facies mineral assemblages and reaction textures imply that they witnessed eclogite-facies metamorphism. Their clockwise P-T trajectories with isothermal decompression stages suggest significant crustal thickening followed by quick orogenic collapse. Immobile whole-rock trace elements indicate basaltic protoliths features, resembling E-MORB and OIB, respectively. SIMS zircon U-Pb age dating confirms Indosinian metamorphic ages of ∼248 Ma and a protolith age of ∼953 Ma. The mantle-like O isotopic compositions of the Neoproterozoic magmatic zircon cores further attest that they were primarily mantle derived rocks. The whole-rock Sm-Nd isotopic compositions show more enriched features because of metamorphic alteration, while zircon Lu-Hf isotopic results show primitive characteristics with Neoproterozoic model ages. These features suggest that the high-grade mafic rocks, as well as the metamorphosed early Precambrian metasedimentary rocks hosting them, are all continental crust components and juvenile oceanic crust components featuring plate margins are absent during the SCB Indosinian orogeny. Characteristics of these high-grade rocks and their spatial occurrences are both consistent with the proposal of an intracontinental orogen. After summarizations and comparisons of the Indosinian plate margin activities around the SCB, we suggest that this northeast-southwest trending orogenic belt is geometrically consistent with two mantle convection cells, with one conveying the SCB northward to collide with the North China Craton, and the other conveying the Paleo-Pacific plate northwestwards to form an active continental margin along the southeast SCB. The driving mechanism of the formation of the SCB Indosinian intracontinental orogenic belt could have broad implications for other intraplate orogens around the world.

The Genesis of Living FormsNeofinalism

The work of French philosopher Raymond Ruyer (1902–87) is making a belated appearance in English translation with the publication of these two works. Ruyer is a philosopher of science who continues a French tradition of finding Lamarck neglected and Darwin overrated. Ruyer is also among those who think the best hints for problems of evolutionary biology come from the theory of development. He advances arguments seldom aired in Anglophone philosophy, including a rehabilitation of biological teleology, a reformulation of the problem of consciousness, and a new statement of panpsychism. Finalist or teleological action advancing life-cycle goals is a primitive characteristic of life, and for Ruyer it is the primary expression of consciousness. He departs from default positions in Anglophone philosophy when he declines to equate consciousness with either mental representation or neurological action. Consciousness comes with organic form and is coextensive with life and even surpasses it, as Ruyer finds the activity characteristic of consciousness in all natural physical forms. This is his new panpsychism: nature is full of consciousness. Bergson lit the fuse of neofinalism when he dismissed biological finality as an inverted mechanism no less defective than its specular counterpart. What makes Ruyer's finalism new is its replacement of a Platonic-Christian teleology with a new theory based on a Stoic model, which includes the idea of a universe that is one ultimate domain of finality—a kosmos, with all finalist activity harmoniously one finalist activity: deus sive natura.

On Primitive Recursive Characteristics of Chess

Several characteristics of chess are investigated with methods of computability and number theories. It is shown that for an unfinished game it is primitive recursively decidable whether the game is winnable, drawable, or absolutely losable within a specified number of future moves for the player whose turn it is to play on the last board of the game. It is also shown that there exist primitive recursive procedures to compute optimal continuations of unfinished games within specified numbers of future moves and that the set of chess games is recursive.

On the Unbearable Lightness of FIPS 140–2 Randomness Tests

Random number generation is critical to many applications. Gaming, gambling, and particularly cryptography all require random numbers that are uniform and unpredictable. For testing whether supposedly random sources feature particular characteristics commonly found in random sequences, batteries of statistical tests are used. These are fundamental tools in the evaluation of random number generators and form part of the pathway to certification of secure systems implementing them. Although there have been previous studies into this subject (Becker, 2013), RNG manufacturers and vendors continue to use statistical tests known to be of dubious reliability, in their RNG verification processes. Our research shows that FIPS-140-2 cannot identify adversarial biases effectively, even very primitive ones. Concretely, this work illustrates the inability of the FIPS 140 family of tests to detect bias in three obviously flawed PRNGs. Deprecated by official standards, these tests are nevertheless still widely used, for example in hardware-level self-test schemes incorporated into the design of many True RNGs (TRNGs). They are also popular with engineers and cryptographers for quickly assessing the randomness characteristics of security primitives and protocols, and even with manufacturers aiming to market the randomness features of their products to potential customers. In the following, we present three <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">biased-by-design</i> RNGs to show in explicit detail how simple, glaringly obvious biases are not detected by any of the FIPS 140–2 tests. One of these RNGs is backdoored, leaking key material, while others suffer from significantly reduced unpredictability in their output sequences. To make our point even more straightforward, we show how files containing images can also fool the FIPS 140 family of tests. We end with a discussion on the security issues affecting an interesting and active project to create a randomness beacon. Their authors only tested the quality of their randomness with the FIPS 140 family of tests, and we will show how this has led them to produce predictable output that, albeit passing FIPS fails other randomness tests quite catastrophically.

The Oligopoly Lucas Tree

Abstract This paper proposes a novel quantitative framework with endogenous strategic competition in heterogeneous concentrated industries. Oligopolies compete strategically for profit margins in repeated games, trading off the benefits of future cooperation against those of reaping higher short-run profits by undercutting their rivals. Cross-industry dispersions in market leadership persistence and cash flow loadings on expected growth, as primitive characteristics, simultaneously determine the relationships among profitability, book-to-market ratios, and systematic risk exposures, thereby quantitatively rationalizing the gross profitability and value premium across industries and, importantly, their interactions. Controlling for the book-to-market ratio (gross profitability) makes the gross profitability (value) premium more pronounced. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.

New fossil genus and species of carrion beetle (Coleoptera, Silphidae) from the Lower Cretaceous Jinju Formation, South Korea

• A new fossil genus and species of Silphidae is described from the Jinju Formation. • This fossil can be assigned to Nicrophorinae based on morphological evidence. • Diagnostic differences of the fossil and extant genera of Nicrophorinae are provided. • Primitive characteristics presented in Mesozoic silphids are discussed. A new fossil genus of Silphidae, Cretosaja gen. nov., is described, based on a new fossil species, Cretosaja jinjuensis sp. nov. from the Lower Cretaceous Jinju Formation in South Korea. The association of Cretosaja with Nicrophorinae is discussed on the basis of morphological evidence. Diagnostic differences of the fossil and extant genera of Nicrophorinae are provided. Primitive characteristics presented in Mesozoic silphids are discussed.

Description of a new species of the genus Ameletus Eaton, 1885 (Ephemeroptera, Ameletidae) from Yunnan, China.

A new species with primitive characteristics, Ameletus daliensis Tong, sp. nov., is described, based on the morphology of imago, larva and egg with molecular data of the mitochondrial COI from Mount Cangshan, Dali, China. The new species is closely related to one of the most primitive mayflies, Ameletus primitivus Traver, 1939, by sharing persistent mouthparts in the alate stage, but it can be distinguished from the latter by the morphological differences of the mouthpart remains, wings and genitals in the imaginal stage. Both morphological and molecular evidence support that A. daliensis Tong, sp. nov. is a new member of the genus Ameletus. The discovery of the new species could help understand the origin and evolution of the genus Ameletus.

Una lectura girardiana de los sistemas totalitarios modernos: el caso de Cuba.

Girard (1986) afirma que “en el totalitarismo moderno reaparece todo un conjunto de características primitivas”. Bajo esta línea de pensamiento se enmarca nuestro trabajo. Intentaremos realizar una lectura del totalitarismo que se fundó en la isla de Cuba en 1959 y ver cómo este se ha desarrollado. ¿Se pueden encontrar los elementos esenciales de los sistemas arcaicos sacrificiales en el interior del sistema totalitario cubano? Esta es la pregunta a la que buscaremos dar una respuesta.

Toward a Quantitative General Equilibrium Asset Pricing Model with Strategic Competition

This paper proposes a novel quantitative framework with endogenous strategic competition in heterogeneous concentrated industries. Oligopolies compete strategically for profit margins in repeated games, trading off the benefits of future cooperation against those of reaping higher short-run profits by undercutting their rivals. Cross-industry dispersions in market leadership persistence and cash flow loadings on expected growth, as primitive characteristics, simultaneously determine the relationships among profitability, book-to-market ratios, and systematic risk exposures, thereby quantitatively rationalizing the gross profitability and value premium across industries and, importantly, their interactions --- controlling for the book-to-market ratio (gross profitability) makes the gross profitability (value) premium more pronounced.

Bstrongximab-MMAE, a novel antibody-drug-conjugate for metastatic gastric and pancreatic cancers.

e15620 Background: As of today, there are no current beneficial clinical therapeutic cancer treatments for advance metastatic gastric or pancreatic cancers. A new approach to finding effective and meaningful drugs to treat these cancers is based an emerging hypothesis that cancer is a reprogramming disease and its origin and development is due to retrograde-like malignant cells with primitive and embryonic characteristics which are responsible for the dissemination of the disease and the almost universal clinical response of tumor resistance when treated with standard current therapies. Methods: A pluripotent human germ cell tumor cell line, TERA-1, was used to isolate and purify embryonic antigens which where used to immunized mice and, with standard B-cell hybridoma technology, to generate monoclonal antibodies. Antibodies were screened by ELISA and SDS-PAGE Western blotting to identify antibodies specific to gastric and pancreatic cancers but not to normal tissues. A second assay was used to screen the potential of the antibodies to function as antibody-drug-conjugate therapeutics against cancer. Results: A lead therapeutic antibody, Bstrongomab, was identified in the antibody screens: it is positive for gastric and pancreatic cancers but does not react with normal tissues. Bstrongomab is an IgG1 monoclonal antibody which has high affinity and specificity to the embryonic target TRA-1-60. TRA-1-60 is a carbohydrate molecule which is highly expressed in normal embryonic stem cells and not expressed in normal tissues but is re-expressed in gastric and pancreatic cancers. Immunohistochemical tissue staining studies show TRA-1-60 is expressed in gastric and pancreatic cancers. Recent published scientific reports confirm this finding. A human/mouse therapeutic version of Bstrongomab was developed - Bstrongximab - and used to generate a novel therapeutic antibody-drug-conjugate with Bstongximab and the toxic payload MMAE (Monomethyl auristatin E). Pre-clinical i n-vitro and in-vivo studies show Bstrongximab-MMAE is a potent drug for gastric and pancreatic cancers. Conclusions: Bstrongximab is a novel IgG1 human/mouse chimeric therapeutic antibody that targets TRA-1-60, a novel and yet to be tried cancer target that is highly expressed in gastric and pancreatic cancers but not in normal tissues. Bstrongximab-MMAE has the potential to be a first-in-class cancer therapeutic that provides real and meaningful benefits to patients with metastatic gastric and pancreatic cancers.

Primary and immortalized cell lines derived from the Amami rabbit (Pentalagus furnessi) and evolutionally conserved cell cycle control with CDK4 and Cyclin D1

The Amami rabbit (Pentagulus furnessi) is a dark brown-furred rabbit classified as an endangered species and only found in the Amami Islands of Japan. They are often called living fossils because they retain primitive characteristics of ancient rabbits that lived approximately 1 million years ago, such as short feet and hind legs and small ears. Although the ancient rabbit has disappeared due to the competition with European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in the most of the Asian area, Amami rabbit survived since Amami Islands has isolated from Japan and Taiwan. Although Amari rabbit is one of the protected animals, their population decreases each year due to human activities, such as deforestation and roadkill. In this study, we collected roadkill samples of Amami rabbits and established primary and immortalized fibroblast cell lines. Combined expression of human-derived mutant Cyclin-dependent kinase 4, Cyclin D1, and hTERT allowed us to immortalize fibroblasts successfully in three individuals of Amami rabbits. The immortalized fibroblasts dramatically extended the cell culture period, when it was compared with the cell culture period of wild type cells. Furthermore, the immortalized cells maintained their normal chromosomal pattern (2n = 46). Our results suggest that cellular senescence which mainly regulated by p16-RB signaling pathway is conserved in animal evolution at least from 1 million years ago.

Interval-valued Choquet integral for set-valued mappings: definitions, integral representations and primitive characteristics

In this paper, a new kind of real-valued major Choquet integral, real-valued minor Choquet integral and interval-valued Choquet integrals for set-valued functions is introduced and investigated. The representations of the Choquet integral of set-valued functions with respect to a fuzzy measure are given. In particular, we focus on the case of the distorted Lebesgue measure as a fuzzy measure. Furthermore, the characteristics of the primitive of Choquet integral for set-valued functions are given as Radon-Nikodym property in some sense.