Primary Zinc Research Articles

Development and characterization of zinc ion conducting biopolymer electrolytes based on cellulose acetate for primary zinc ion batteries

Development and characterization of zinc ion conducting biopolymer electrolytes based on cellulose acetate for primary zinc ion batteries

A systematic evaluation of physiochemical properties and solar-driven photocatalytic activity of nanosized Mn doped CdS on Methylene Blue dye

Manganese ions were incorporated into CdS nanosystem using wet chemical protocol at different pH values namely 9.0,10.0 and 11.0 and the same were used for photocatalytic degradation of Methylene blue (MB) dye via adsorption phenomena. Several standard analytical techniques were employed to analyse the synthesized nanocompounds: XRD, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and vibrating-sample magnetometry. The structural analysis revealed the presence of primary cubic zinc blende structure with secondary phases. The morphological studies confirmed the formation of nanostructured particles for all pH values, amongst, pH 10.0 grown particles were showing less agglomeration and better particle stabilization. The TEM analysis confirmed the particle size of 23 nm. The absorption edge and its position shown by UV-Vis absorption analysis exhibited a broad envelope and strong blue shift due to an uneven size distribution and nanodimensional state formation of particles, respectively. The elevation to superparamagnetic state from native diamagnetic state of CdS due to Mn ions incorporation was confirmed by VSM studies. The dual phase composition significantly enhanced the photocatalytic efficiency by improving charge separation and extending light absorption. The MnS phase effectively trapped electrons, reduced recombination rates and facilitated the generation of reactive species. The photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye was more efficient (88.87 %) under direct sunlight exposure. Additionally, the enhanced surface properties and adsorption characteristics, as confirmed by the Freundlich isotherm and intraparticle diffusion model, contributed to the superior degradation performance.

Attribution of Global Warming Potential impacts in a multifunctional metals industry system using different system expansion and allocation methodologies

PurposeIn order to reach a more circular economy, materials previously classified as waste can be upgraded and turned into valuable co-products, with associated environmental benefits. The generation of co-products raises many questions around the multifunctionality issue from a life cycle perspective. This article explores the attribution of Global Warming Potential (GWP) impacts for an ironmaking process, HIsarna, which additionally produces two co-products: zinc-rich process dust and slag, suitable for the zinc and cement sectors, respectively.MethodsA wide range of LCA allocation methodologies are applied to attribute impacts between the main product, hot metal, and the two co-products. These include system expansion, physical allocation, economic allocation and zero burden allocation. Each method attributes a different GWP to each co-product. Additionally, different perspectives are explored to consider the most suitable methods according to the co-product user and the co-product producer. For instance, it might be in the co-product user’s interest that the co-product GWP was minimised, and lower than other material inputs performing a similar function. Conversely, the co-product producer may be incentivised to lower its primary product’s GWP by attributing the greatest possible burden to the co-products.Results and discussionThe GWP impacts for zinc-rich process dust range from 0 to 3.71 kg CO2 eq. per kg. At the higher end, the GWP of zinc-rich dust would be higher than that of primary zinc concentrate. A similarly wide range is applicable for slag, 0 to 1.27 kg CO2 eq. per kg. This impacts the final GWP applied to HIsarna hot metal, which has an initial GWP of 1.72 kg CO2 eq. per kg but could decrease to 1.17 kg CO2 eq. per kg depending on the allocation methods employed. This would be a substantial reduction of over 30%, larger than many decarbonisation options that are predicted to provide. This scenario would also heavily burden the co-products and could be in conflict with interests of a co-product user seeking to utilise low emissions feedstocks as part of a decarbonisation strategy.ConclusionsThe reduction in GWP impact attributed to hot metal with the different approaches highlights the relevance of harmonizing the allocation methods used for co-products. The appropriateness of each of the approaches for attributing GWP impacts has been explored, offering insights as to how the benefits of such systems could be assessed and attributed in the future as circularity strategies and valuable co-products become more prevalent.

Potential of psychrotolerant rhizobacteria for the growth promotion of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

Wheat is the second most important staple crop grown and consumed worldwide. Temperature fluctuations especially the cold stress during the winter season reduces wheat growth and grain yield. Psychrotolerant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) may improve plant stress-tolerance in addition to serve as biofertilizer. The present study aimed to isolate and identify PGPR, with the potential to tolerate cold stress for subsequent use in supporting wheat growth under cold stress. Ten psychrotolerant bacteria were isolated from the wheat rhizosphere at 4°C and tested for their ability to grow at wide range of temperature ranging from -8°C to 36°C and multiple plant beneficial traits. All bacteria were able to grow at 4°C to 32°C temperature range and solubilized phosphorus except WR23 at 4°C, whereas all the bacteria solubilized phosphorus at 28°C. Seven bacteria produced indole-3-acetic acid at 4°C, whereas all produced indole-3-acetic acid at 28°C. Seven bacteria showed the ability to fix nitrogen at 4°C, while all the bacteria fixed nitrogen at 28°C. Only one bacterium showed the potential to produce cellulase at 4°C, whereas four bacteria showed the potential to produce cellulase at 28°C. Seven bacteria produced pectinase at 4°C, while one bacterium produced pectinase at 28°C. Only one bacterium solubilized the zinc at 4°C, whereas six bacteria solubilized the zinc at 28°C using ZnO as the primary zinc source. Five bacteria solubilized the zinc at 4°C, while seven bacteria solubilized the zinc at 28°C using ZnCO3 as the primary zinc source. All the bacteria produced biofilm at 4°C and 28°C. In general, we noticed behavior of higher production of plant growth-promoting substances at 28°C, except pectinase assay. Overall, in vitro testing confirms that microbes perform their inherent properties efficiently at optimum temperatures rather than the low temperatures due to high metabolic rate. Five potential rhizobacteria were selected based on the in vitro testing and evaluated for plant growth-promoting potential on wheat under controlled conditions. WR22 and WR24 significantly improved wheat growth, specifically increasing plant dry weight by 42% and 58%, respectively. 16S rRNA sequence analysis of WR22 showed 99.78% similarity with Cupriavidus campinensis and WR24 showed 99.9% similarity with Enterobacter ludwigii. This is the first report highlighting the association of C. campinensis and E. ludwigii with wheat rhizosphere. These bacteria can serve as potential candidates for biofertilizer to mitigate the chilling effect and improve wheat production after field-testing.

Benchmarking La‐Based Perovskites as Bifunctional Cathodes For Primary and Rechargeable Zinc−Air Batteries with Biopolymer‐Based Electrolyte

AbstractState‐of‐the‐art perovskite‐based electrocatalysts for zinc−air batteries (ZABs) may include one or more Critical Raw Materials (CRMs) like Co, Ru, and rare earth elements, for oxygen reduction/evolution reactions. Under the warnings described by the CRMs Act in Europe, future research in this field must limit the use of these elements, find more sustainable formulations, and better design/integration strategies to trade off costs, supply, and performances. In this benchmarking study, three main perovskites, i. e., LaNiO3‐δ (LNO), LaMnO3+δ (LMO), and LaMn0.5Ni0.5O3 (LMNO), are studied as quasi‐CRM‐free benchmarks and integrated with a novel gel electrolyte from a natural biopolymer in primary and secondary ZABs. By comparing literature performances based on the number of total/active site CRMs for the first time, these reference perovskites showed Zn utilizations >90 % in primary ZABs, with LMO and LMNO approaching 94 % at 2 mA/cm2, the highest result in the field. In secondary ZABs, LMO demonstrated limited cyclability (62 cycles), while LMNO had a moderate number of cycles (117 cycles) and the highest round‐trip efficiency (54.3 %), while LNO presented the lowest charge potential (2.04 V) and longer cyclability (455 cycles). This work demonstrates encouraging performance with fewer CRMs and proper integration in more sustainable ZABs, opening the way to future CRM‐free perovskites.

Evaluation of the effects of L-cysteine addition on the bioleaching of zinc and cadmium from sphalerite flotation concentrate

The primary zinc ore in the world is sphalerite, and roasting-leaching-electrowinning (RLE) is the most typical method of processing. This method has different disadvantages, and bioleaching is an alternative and eco-friendly method for sphalerite treatment. The major drawback of bioleaching is its slow kinetics. In this study, an evaluation of the effects of L-cysteine addition on the bioleaching of zinc and cadmium from a concentrate of sphalerite was investigated in the presence of mixed cultures of mesophilic and moderately thermophilic microorganisms. The results showed that L-cysteine addition increased the dissolution rates of zinc and cadmium while reducing them at higher concentrations. The optimal conditions were achieved by using 0.1 g/L of L-cysteine in mesophilic cultures with zinc recovery of 73.92% and cadmium recovery of 81.45%, respectively. Similarly, zinc recovery was 92.54% in thermophilic cultures, while cadmium recovery was 88.66%. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses have detected the formation of jarosite and elemental sulfur on sphalerite surfaces in mesophilic conditions, as well as ammoniojarosite and elemental sulfur in moderately thermophilic conditions. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was employed to identify molecular structures and functional groups on the surface of bioleached residues in mesophilic and moderately thermophilic conditions. To assess the environmental risk of residues, a combination of synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP) and toxicology characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) methods were used.

The future availability of zinc: Potential contributions from recycling and necessary ones from mining

Society's increasing demand for metals led to the discussion as to whether scarcity of raw materials could lead to supply shortages and to which extend circularity can prevent resource depletion. This study investigates the need for and availability of secondary and primary zinc resources under moderate demand growth. A dynamic MFA model simulates future potentials of 9–14 Mt/a zinc recycling and the necessity of 17–22 Mt/a zinc mining in 2050. The MFA model estimates a cumulative required mine production of 500–560 Mt between 2020 and 2050, which equals less than 1% of the extractable global zinc resources estimated within a geological analysis. With continuous exploration contributing to new discoveries, primary zinc is sufficiently physically available. In contrast, recycling is limited to the amounts of post-consumer waste generation. Recycling capacities need to be extended, collection systems optimized and processing efficiencies increased worldwide to realize the full extent of modelled potentials.

Fully Biodegradable and Long-Term Operational Primary Zinc Batteries as Power Sources for Electronic Medicine.

Given the advantages of high energy density and easy deployment, biodegradable primary battery systems remain as a promising power source to achieve bioresorbable electronic medicine, eliminating secondary surgeries for device retrieval. However, currently available biobatteries are constrained by operational lifetime, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, limiting potential therapeutic outcomes as temporary implants. Herein, we propose a fully biodegradable primary zinc-molybdenum (Zn-Mo) battery with a prolonged functional lifetime of up to 19 days and desirable energy capacity and output voltage compared with reported primary Zn biobatteries. The Zn-Mo battery system is shown to have excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability and can significantly promote Schwann cell proliferation and the axonal growth of dorsal root ganglia. The biodegradable battery module with 4 Zn-Mo cells in series using gelatin electrolyte accomplishes electrochemical generation of signaling molecules (nitric oxide, NO) that can modulate the behavior of the cellular network, with efficacy comparable with that of conventional power sources. This work sheds light on materials strategies and fabrication schemes to develop high-performance biodegradable primary batteries to achieve a fully bioresorbable electronic platform for innovative medical treatments that could be beneficial for health care.

Thermogenic adipocyte-derived zinc promotes sympathetic innervation in male mice.

Sympathetic neurons activate thermogenic adipocytes through release of catecholamine; however, the regulation of sympathetic innervation by thermogenic adipocytes is unclear. Here, we identify primary zinc ion (Zn) as a thermogenic adipocyte-secreted factor that promotes sympathetic innervation and thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue and subcutaneous white adipose tissue in male mice. Depleting thermogenic adipocytes or antagonizing β3-adrenergic receptor on adipocytes impairs sympathetic innervation. In obesity, inflammation-induced upregulation of Zn chaperone protein metallothionein-2 decreases Zn secretion from thermogenic adipocytes and leads to decreased energy expenditure. Furthermore, Zn supplementation ameliorates obesity by promoting sympathetic neuron-induced thermogenesis, while sympathetic denervation abrogates this antiobesity effect. Thus, we have identified a positive feedback mechanism for the reciprocal regulation of thermogenic adipocytes and sympathetic neurons. This mechanism is important for adaptive thermogenesis and could serve as a potential target for the treatment of obesity.

Evaluation and Current State of Primary and Secondary Zinc Production—A Review

This article presents the history of zinc, its production and demand. The quantity of zinc production, both primary zinc from ores and concentrates, and secondary zinc from scrap and zinc-rich waste, was discussed. A comprehensive economic analysis covers zinc prices in the years 1960–2021. The basic methods of obtaining zinc from ores, including pyrometallurgical (Imperial Smelting Process ISP, Kivcet, Ausmelt) and hydrometallurgical (roasting–leaching–electrowinning RLE, atmospheric direct leaching ADL, Engitec Zinc Extraction EZINEX, zinc pressure leach) and their short characteristics, are presented. The global zinc market and the main areas of its application were analyzed. Technologies used for the recovery of zinc from scrap are discussed along with their characteristics. Galvanized steel is the main source of secondary zinc, both in the galvanizing process and in the remelting of galvanized steel. It can be easily recycled with other scrap steel in the electric arc furnace (EAF) for steel production. Currently, with high volatility in the price of zinc, as well as its natural resources in the earth’s crust, recycling is an important activity, despite the fact that zinc concentrates have a relatively constant chemical composition, while the resulting zinc waste contains zinc in varying amounts.

Spatial confinement of sliver nanoparticles in nitrogen-doped carbon framework with high catalytic activity and long-term cycling

Graphical AbstractWe prepared a Ag NP@N-C-900 catalyst by a in-situ assisted spatial confinement method. This obtained Ag NP@N-C-900 possesses superior ORR performance with a half-wave potential of 0.83 V, excellent stability and methanol resistance ability. Attractively, the primary zinc–air battery based on the Ag NP@N-C-900 air-cathode offers a long cycle of 3600 minutes as well as excellent durability. The catalytic activity and stability exceed most of the Ag-based catalysts reported so far, and are completely comparable to commercially available Pt/C. Spatial confinement of sliver nanoparticles in nitrogen-doped carbon framework with high catalytic activity and long-term cycling.

Dendritic hollow nitrogen-doped carbon nanospheres for oxygen reduction at primary zinc–air batteries

Role of pore size in the N-doped porous carbon in the mechanism of oxygen reduction reaction at electrochemical energy storage and conversion systems.

Chloroform Fraction of <i>Panax Ginseng</i> Extract Enhances Zip4-Mediated Zinc Influx into the Cytosol

Zinc is an essential nutrient with important biological functions, and its deficiency can lead to several diseases. The zinc transporter families, ZIP and ZNT, play essential roles in regulating zinc homeostasis and dynamics in the body and cells. Specifically, ZIP4 is the primary zinc transporter responsible for zinc absorption in the small intestine. Previous studies have shown that Panax ginseng (P. ginseng) extract can promote mouse Zip4 expression, and ginsenosides, including Rc and Re, enhance zinc uptake. However, the effects of other metabolites present in P. ginseng extract remain unclear. Therefore, we fractionated P. ginseng extract using chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butyl alcohol, and evaluated the effect of each fraction on zinc uptake using mouse Hepa and Hepa/MRE-Luc cells that stably expressed luciferase under the promoter of metal-responsive elements. Luciferase activity assays demonstrated that the chloroform (F1), ethyl acetate (F2), and n-butyl alcohol (F3) fractions increased cellular zinc uptake. In particular, F1 fraction was found to induce Zip4 mRNA and protein expressions, which significantly enhanced zinc uptake. Ginsenosides were mainly present in the F2 and F3 fractions, indicating that metabolites other than ginsenosides in the F1 fraction would enhance zinc uptake by inducing Zip4 mRNA and protein expressions. Our study offers novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying zinc uptake by P. ginseng.

Changes in bioavailability of zinc during malting process and wort production

Trace metals, particularly zinc, influence the growth and metabolism of yeast. In the literature the recommended concentration of zinc in pitching wort is > 0.15 mg/L; lower concentrations cause fermentation problems and reduce in consequence final beer quality. The aim of this study was the exploration of changes in bioavailability (available zinc), which was never considered before, and in the mass balance of total zinc during malting process and wort production. Therefore, the work comprised two parts: (1) investigating the effect of malt modification on zinc content and bioavailability of, respectively, produced malt depending on malt modification by varying the steeping degree (38–48%) in the malting process and (2) examining the effect of zinc losses and changes in bioavailability in the by-products (spent grain and hot break) by performing brewing trials up to pitching wort. Zinc was measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. We applied a specific extraction scheme to evaluate first the bioavailability of zinc in brewing-related samples. In the malting process, total zinc losses increased with greater modification level of the malt samples, although bioavailability increased simultaneously. Spent grain was the primary zinc loss by-product (98%) in the brewing process. The distribution of the binding forms of zinc in hot break and spent grain was significantly altered with an increase in the less water-soluble binding forms of zinc.

Influence of Ice Templating on Oxygen Reduction Catalytic Activity of Metal‐Free Heteroatom‐Doped Mesoporous Carbon Derived from Polypyrrole for Zinc–Air Batteries

The development of highly active, cost‐effective, and durable, noble metal‐free oxygen reduction electrocatalysts is inevitable for the full‐fledged implementation of fuel cells and zinc–air batteries. This work reports the synthesis of heteroatom (N, P, S)‐doped metal‐free mesoporous carbon‐based electrocatalyst derived from polypyrrole by combining the ice templating, freeze‐drying, and carbonization processes. The correlation between the structure and electrochemical activity of the polypyrrole‐derived carbon‐based electrocatalyst in the presence and absence of ice templating is investigated. The optimized electrocatalyst, aided by the ice‐templating and freeze‐drying step, shows an onset and half‐wave potential (E1/2) of 0.94 and 0.78 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode, respectively, in an alkaline electrolyte (0.1 m KOH). Later, the application of the optimized electrocatalyst is demonstrated in a primary zinc–air battery (ZAB) cell. The results prove that the ZAB device performance based on the homemade catalyst is on par with that of the state‐of‐the‐art Pt/C cathode. The catalyst performance is correlated with the heteroatom doping and the enhanced porosity of the sample benefitted from ice templating. Ultimately, this work depicts a facile and rational synthesis of a truly metal‐free electrocatalyst for the primary ZABs that can be a potential replacement for state‐of‐the‐art systems.

Design and synthesis of benzothiazole-based SLC-0111 analogues as new inhibitors for the cancer-associated carbonic anhydrase isoforms IX and XII

In this work, different series of benzothiazole-based sulphonamides 8a-c, 10, 12, 16a-b and carboxylic acids 14a-c were developed as novel SLC-0111 analogues with the goal of generating potent carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitors. The adopted strategy involved replacing the 4-fluorophenyl tail in SLC-0111 with a benzothiazole motif that attached to the ureido linker to produce compounds 8c and its regioisomers 8a-b. In addition, the ureido spacer was elongated by methylene or ethylene groups to afford the counterparts 10 and 12. In turn, the primary sulfamoyl zinc binding group (ZBG) was either substituted or replaced by carboxylic acid functionality in order to provide the secondary sulphonamide-based SLC-0111 analogues 16a-b, and the carboxylic acid derivatives 14a-c, respectively. All compounds (8a-c, 10, 12, 14a-c and 16a-b) were tested for their ability to inhibit CA isoforms CA I, II, IX and XII. Additionally, the in vitro anticancer properties of the developed CAIs were evaluated.

3,3-Difluoroallyl Sulfonium Salts: Practical and Bench-Stable Reagents for Highly Regioselective gem-Difluoroallylations.

The site-selective introduction of the difluoromethylene group into organic molecules has important applications in producing pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. However, the general and efficient methods that can construct both C(sp2 )-CF2 R and C(sp3 )-CF2 R bonds remain challenging. Here, we disclose a new type of practical and bench-stable difluoroalkylating reagent 3,3-difluoroallyl sulfonium salt (DFAS) that can be practically prepared from inexpensive and bulk chemical feedstock 3,3,3-trifluoropropene. This reagent allows highly regioselective gem-difluoroallylation of various organozinc reagents, including aryl, primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl zinc reagents, via copper catalysis under mild reaction conditions with high efficiency. The reaction can also be extended to a series of substituted DFASs. Application of the approach leads to the short synthesis of complex analogs, showing the prospect of DFASs in medicinal chemistry.

3,3‐Difluoroallyl Sulfonium Salts: Practical and Bench‐Stable Reagents for Highly Regioselective gem ‐Difluoroallylations

The site-selective introduction of the difluoromethylene group into organic molecules has important applications in producing pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. However, the general and efficient methods that can construct both C(sp2)-CF2R and C(sp3)-CF2R bonds remain challenging. Here, we disclose a new type of practical and bench-stable difluoroalkylating reagent 3,3-difluoroallyl sulfonium salt (DFAS) that can be practically prepared from inexpensive and bulk chemical feedstock 3,3,3-trifluoropropene. This reagent allows highly regioselective gem-difluoroallylation of various organozinc reagents, including aryl, primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl zinc reagents, via copper catalysis under mild reaction conditions with high efficiency. The reaction can also be extended to a series of substituted DFASs. Application of the approach leads to the short synthesis of complex analogs, showing the prospect of DFASs in medicinal chemistry.

Rational fabrication of S-modified Fe–N–C nanosheet electrocatalysts for efficient and stable pH-universal oxygen reduction

Constructing inexpensive, efficient, and stable pH-universal oxygen reduction electrocatalysts with controlled distribution of active species is of great importance for the exploration of green energy conversion devices. Herein, we demonstrated the rational preparation of S-modified Fe–N–C nanosheet catalysts with hierarchical porous architecture, large specific surface area (up to 1471 m2 g−1) and controlled S doping (up to 12.3 at.%) by the co-pyrolysis of cysteine, FeCl3 with Zn-mediated MgO template. Merited from rich and accessible active sites, the catalysts display outstanding oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity in terms of very small Ej3 (potential@3 mA cm−2, 0.87 V in 0.1 M KOH, 0.66 V in 0.1 M PBS (pH7.4) and 0.64 V in 0.5 M H2SO4) and overwhelming diffusion-limited current density (9.8, 6.1, 10.3 mA cm−2 in alkaline, neutral, acidic media, respectively), along with extremely respectable stability (∼90% activity retention for 53200, 26728, 43200 s in alkaline, neutral, acidic media, respectively), which underscore comparable or even better overall performance than commercial Pt/C and advanced pH-universal ORR catalysts ever reported. The as-assembled primary alkaline zinc–air battery delivers considerately large peak power density of 205 mW cm−2 and energy density up to 990.6 Wh kgZn−1 at 10 mA cm−2 (115 mW cm−2 and 676.7 Wh kgZn−1 for Pt/C-based battery), implying its highly promising application in practical energy conversion devices.

Preparation of Fe/N Double Doped Carbon Nanotubes from Lignin in Pennisetum as Oxygen Reduction Reaction Electrocatalysts for Zinc–Air Batteries

Obtaining high value-added products from renewable lignocellulosic biomass is very attractive but still a major challenge. The underutilization of lignin for a high value is considered one of the main obstacles. Herein, we report Fe/N double doped carbon nanotubes with a hollow structure prepared by pyrolysis of an Fe–lignin complex and dicyandiamide. Fe/N double doped carbon nanotubes are expected to replace Pt-based catalysts as efficient, low-cost, and sustainable non-precious metal electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction in zinc–air batteries. The Fe/N double doped carbon nanotubes as catalysts exhibited good ORR activity with a half-wave potential and onset potential of 0.846 and 0.972 V, respectively, which is comparable to the ORR performance of the state-of-the-art 20% Pt/C catalyst, and the catalyst also has good stability. The primary zinc–air batteries of this catalyst exhibit a high open-circuit voltage, and its good stability ensures that the zinc–air batteries assembled with this catalyst can still maintain high performance during long-term discharge. The enzymatic effect of the cellulosic material obtained by pretreatment in this work is substantially enhanced, and the use of the isolated lignin for the preparation of polyatomically doped catalysts and for zinc–air batteries makes this work demonstrate an integrated biorefinery strategy. This work provides a low-cost and high-efficiency route for the preparation of polyatomically doped carbon nanotubes from lignin, which provides a good direction for the high value-added utilization of lignin.