Primary Teeth In Children Research Articles

Clinical Outcome of Prefabricated Zirconia Crowns Cemented with Self-Adhesive Resin and Pure Glass Ionomer on Primary Teeth: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Retentive strength data are critical to predicting the long-term clinical performance of zirconia crowns for primary teeth. Objectives: This research assessed the clinical outcome of prefabricated zirconia crowns (PZCs) cemented with either self-adhesive resin cement or pure glass ionomer cement in the primary teeth of children. Method: In the present research, a sample of 162 prefabricated zirconia crowns were collected through convenience sampling. A follow-up examination was conducted at 12 and 24 months to assess the clinical outcomes of PZCs post cementation. Results: Zirconia crowns cemented with self-adhesive resin showed high clinical outcomes at both 12 and 24 months, with 95.1% of crowns retained. In contrast, crowns cemented with glass ionomer cement had slightly lower clinical outcomes, with 91.4% retained at 12 months and 84.0% retained at 24 months, indicating a significant difference (p-value). Long-term follow-up is crucial for the optimal maintenance of crown stability. Conclusions: Self-adhesive resin cement is a viable option for cementing PZCs in pediatric dentistry, demonstrating satisfactory clinical performance over both 12 and 24 months. Future studies comparing different types of cement are recommended for further validation of these results.

Apoptotic effects of biodentine, calcium-enriched mixture (CEM) cement, ferric sulfate, and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) on human mesenchymal stem cells isolated from the human pulp of exfoliated deciduous teeth.

Preservation of primary teeth in children is highly important. Pulpotomy is a commonly performed treatment procedure for primary teeth with extensive caries. Thus, biocompatibility of pulpotomy agents is highly important. Biodentine, calcium enriched mixture (CEM) cement, ferric sulfate, and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) Angelus are commonly used for this purpose. Thus, this study aimed to assess the apoptotic effects of Biodentine, CEM cement, ferric sulfate, and MTA on stem cells isolated from the human pulp of exfoliated deciduous teeth. In this in-vitro, experimental study, stem cells isolated from the human pulp of exfoliated deciduous teeth were exposed to three different concentrations of Biodentine, CEM cement, ferric sulfate, and MTA for different time periods. The cytotoxicity of the materials was evaluated by flow cytometry using the annexin propidium iodide (PI) kit. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's test at P<0.05 level of significance. All four tested materials induced significantly greater apoptosis compared with the control group. The difference in cell apoptosis caused by the first concentration of ferric sulfate and MTA was not significant at 24 hours. In other comparisons, the cytotoxicity of ferric sulfate was significantly lower than that of other materials. Biodentine showed higher cytotoxicity than MTA at first; but this difference faded over time. The cytotoxicity of CEM cement was comparable to that of MTA. The highest cell viability was noted at 24 hours in presence of the minimum concentration of ferric sulfate. The lowest cell viability was noted at 72 hours in presence of the maximum concentration of CEM cement. In comparison with other materials, ferric sulfate showed minimum cytotoxicity; the cytotoxicity of the three cements was comparable. It appears that the concentration of ferric sulfate and the composition of cements are responsible for different levels of cytotoxicity.

Root resorption of primary molars and dental development of premolars in children with Osteogenesis Imperfecta medicated with bisphosphonates, grouped according to age and gender

BackgroundOsteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is an inherited disorder characterized by bone fragility and skeletal alterations. The administration of bisphosphonates (BPs) to patients with OI reduces pain, thereby improving their quality of life. The main mechanism of action of BPs is the inhibition of osteoclast action. In the oral cavity of children with OI during growth and development, physiological processes that require the function of osteoclasts occur. The aim of this investigation was to study the dental development of premolars and the root resorption of primary molars in children with OI medicated with BPs according to age and sex.MethodsAn observational and analytical study was designed. The study sample consisted of 26 6- to 12-year-old children with a confirmed diagnosis of OI treated with BPs with available panoramic radiographs. The control group consisted of 395 children with available panoramic radiographs. Both groups were divided into subgroups according to sex and age. The third quadrant was studied, focusing on the first left temporary molar (7.4), the second left temporary molar (7.5), the first left permanent premolar (3.4) and the second left permanent premolar (3.5). The Demirjian method was used to study the dental development of 3.4 and 3.5, and the Haavikko method was used to study the root resorption of 7.4 and 7.5. The Mann‒Whitney U test was used for comparisons, and p < 0.05 indicated statistical significance.ResultsThe mean chronological age of the 421 patients was 9.21 years (95% CI 9.05–9.37). The sample was reasonably balanced by sex, with 52.5% (221 patients) boys versus 47.5% (200 patients) girls. Delayed exfoliation and tooth development were described in children with OI (p = 0.05). According to sex, the root resorption of primary molars and tooth development were significantly lower in boys in both groups and in girls in the OI group, but the differences between the age groups were not significant.ConclusionsChildren with OI treated with BPs exhibit delayed dental development of the premolars and delayed root resorption of the primary molars. Boys exhibited delays in both variables, but the differences by age subgroup were not significant. These clinical findings support the importance of clinically and radiographically monitoring the dental development and root resorption of primary teeth in children with OI treated with BPs to avoid alterations of the eruptive process.

Parental acceptability of silver diamine fluoride: The UK and US experiences.

International data suggest that parents may have reservations about the use of silver diamine fluoride (SDF). The aims of this study were to: (1) examine the acceptance of parents/carers towards the use of SDF for the management of caries in children's primary teeth in secondary care dental settings in the UK and the United States and (2) determine which factors may affect the acceptance of the use of SDF. This was a cross-sectional questionnaire of SDF acceptability, completed by parents of young children. It was validated and adapted to local populations. Data were analysed with descriptive and inferential statistics. Of the 113 Sheffield parents, 73% reported that they would accept SDF treatment of children's posterior teeth, with 58% reporting this for anterior teeth. Parents having less concern about posterior aesthetics had a statistically significant effect on reported acceptance of SDF (p = .013). In the Colorado sample (n = 104), 72% reported that they would accept SDF on posterior teeth, and 58% reported that they would accept SDF on anterior teeth. Concerns about aesthetics had an effect on decreasing SDF acceptance overall (p = .0065) in anterior (p = .023) and posterior teeth (p = .108). The majority of parents in the two study populations accepted the treatment using SDF. However, concern about aesthetics had an influence on acceptability.

Current Status and Family Factors Influencing Caries in the Deciduous Teeth of Children 3-6 Years of Age in Families Residing in Rural Heishanzui Township.

To determine the caries status in children's deciduous teeth and examine the influence of family oral health behaviours on the caries status. This cross-sectional study included 329 children aged 3-6 years in rural Heishanzui Township, Hebei Province, China, and used a completely random sampling method. These children underwent physical and oral health examinations. The questionnaires were given to the parents and caregivers of the examined children. The prevalence of caries in the deciduous dentition among children aged 3-6 years was 80.55%, with a dmft index of 4.93. Children in the caries group ate sweets, chocolates, and carbonated drinks more frequently than did children in the caries-free group (p < 0.05). Children in the caries-free group brushed their teeth more frequently, with parents helping their children brush, more often than did those in the caries-affected group (p < 0.05). The level of parental education and annual household income also had statistically significant effects on the prevalence of caries in the two groups (p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed that the frequency of eating sweets was a risk factor for caries in deciduous teeth (odds ratio = 2.20; p < 0.05). The prevalence of caries in deciduous teeth among children aged 3-6 years in rural Heishanzui Township was high. Compared to children in the caries-affected group, the families and children in the caries-free group had better oral hygiene behaviours. Moreover, the frequency of eating sweets was shown to be a risk factor for caries in deciduous teeth in children aged 3-6 years.

A Cross-Sectional Study Looked into the Incidence of Early Missing Primary Teeth in Children Aged 6 to 12 in the Southern Iraqi City of Nasiriya

Objectives: One of the potential risk factors for poor dental arch length growth, which in turn affects the formation of permanent teeth, is the early loss of primary teeth, which is common in childhood dental disease. For the formation of permanent teeth, the dental arch must be the proper length. The length of the weak arc may cause crowding, preterm birth, or impaction of these teeth, which could harm the student's health and development throughout the course of their life. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of early primary tooth loss in students aged 6 to 12 years old. Materials and Methods: 259 students made up the study group, 135 boys and 124 girls. An expert examiner performed the dental examination in an environment with enough artificial light. The age of the patient and the number of lost teeth were recorded. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics, and based on the findings, Chi-square tests were conducted at a level of significance of 5% (P 0.05). Results: Boys lost their primary teeth at a rate of 49%, while girls of the same age lost their teeth at a slightly higher rate of 51%. The study also revealed that first molars (42.6%) are the dental arch's most often missing teeth. Conclusion: In the study group, there was a high prevalence of early loss of primary teeth, students could retain a healthy primary dentition and eventually avoid disruptions in the development of appropriate occlusion with the support of effective educational and preventive programs for oral health. Reducing malocclusion issues would be made possible with the early detection and treatment of the space issues brought on by the early loss of primary teeth.

Circadian clock genes REV-ERBα regulates the secretion of IL-1β in deciduous tooth pulp stem cells by regulating autophagy in the process of physiological root resorption of deciduous teeth

Physiological root resorption is a common occurrence during the development of deciduous teeth in children. Previous research has shown that the regulation of the inflammatory microenvironment through autophagy in DDPSCs is a significant factor in this process. However, it remains unclear why there are variations in the autophagic status of DDPSCs at different stages of physiological root resorption. To address this gap in knowledge, this study examines the relationship between the circadian clock of DDPSCs, the autophagic status, and the periodicity of masticatory behavior. Samples were collected from deciduous teeth at various stages of physiological root resorption, and DDPSCs were isolated and cultured for analysis. The results indicate that the circadian rhythm of important autophagy genes, such as Beclin-1 and LC3, and the clock gene REV-ERBα in DDPSCs, disappears under mechanical stress. Additionally, the study found that REV-ERBα can regulate Beclin-1 and LC3. Evidence suggests that mechanical stress is a trigger for the regulation of autophagy via REV-ERBα. Overall, this study highlights the importance of mechanical stress in regulating autophagy of DDPSCs via REV-ERBα, which affects the formation of the inflammatory microenvironment and plays a critical role in physiological root resorption in deciduous teeth.

Influence of streptococcal infection on the appearance of caries in the background of chronic rheumatoid arthritis and the transmitted coronavirus infection COVID-19 (literature review)

Relevance. Caries of hard dental tissues is one of the most common diseases throughout the world. It affects not only the primary teeth of children, but also the permanent teeth of adults, which can lead to serious consequences for human health. In recent years, the dental community has paid special attention to the possible connection between streptococcal infection and the development of caries, and therefore this topic is extremely relevant and requires detailed consideration. Chronic rheumatoid arthritis (CRA) is one of the most common joint diseases, which is characterized by inflammation of the joint lining and destruction of cartilage. Patients with CPA are also at high risk of developing dental caries, which may be due to many factors, including changes in saliva composition and long-term use of medications.Purpose of the study: to study the effect of streptococcal infection on the occurrence of caries among patients suffering from chronic rheumatoid arthritis. To assess the incidence of caries complications caused by streptococcal infection among patients who have had COVID-19.Materials and methods of research. The authors analyzed domestic and foreign literature in order to conduct a literature review regarding the etiology of the occurrence and relationship of streptococcal infection and caries against the background of rheumatoid arthritis. The authors also analyze the incidence of caries complications caused by streptococcal infection as a consequence of COVID-19. Data from 160 patients, 100 men and 60 women, were studied.Conclusion. From the studies conducted, we can conclude that streptococcal infection is one of the factors influencing the development of caries. However, the exact mechanisms of interaction between bacteria and hard dental tissues have not yet been established. As a result of the analysis, it was revealed that the relationship between streptococcal infection and the occurrence of caries against the background of chronic rheumatoid arthritis is significant. The presence of streptococcal infections in patients with rheumatoid arthritis can lead to deterioration of oral health, which in turn contributes to the development of dental caries. Among patients who have had COVID-19, there is a fairly high percentage of caries, including those caused by streptococcal infection and a general deterioration in the health of the oral cavity and the body as a whole.

The results of vital pulpotomy in primary teeth in children with negative behavior

The aim of the study. Comparative assessment of the results of vital pulpotomy in primary teeth in children with negative behavior when using non-drug behavior correction or sedation with preserved consciousness. The proportions (%), 95% Confidence Interval (CI), the Student's criterion and χ2 for assessment of the difference between indicators were calculated. After 24 months, the pulpotomy efficiency in the 1st group was lower than in the 2nd group: 81.7% (95% CI 74.7-88.6%) and 89.2% (95% CI 83.6-94.7%), respectively, p>0.05. The proportions (%), 95% Confidence Interval (CI), the Student's criterion and χ2 for assessment of the difference between indicators were calculated. After 24 months, the pulpotomy efficiency in the 1st group was lower than in the 2nd group: 81.7% (95% CI 74.7-88.6%) and 89.2% (95% CI 83.6-94.7%), respectively, p>0.05. The treatment of the children aged 3-6 years with negative behavior under sedation with preserved consciousness increased the results of pulpotomy in primary teeth mainly due to the improvement of the quality of restorations.

Bacterial dynamics in the progression of caries to apical periodontitis in primary teeth of children with severe early childhood caries.

Early childhood caries (ECC) are a prevalent chronic disease in young children. However, there has been limited research on the microbiota in different tissue levels of the same tooth in children with ECC. This study aimed to investigate the dynamic changes in bacterial diversity during the progression of Severe Early Childhood Caries (S-ECC) within the same tooth, from the tooth surface to the root canal, by collecting tissue samples from different areas of the affected tooth. Twenty primary teeth with periapical periodontitis were selected from 20 children aged 3-5 years, with 100 samples collected from the different layers: uncavitated buccal enamel surface without white spot lesion (surface), the outermost layer of the dentin carious lesion (superficial), the inner layer of carious dentin (deep), necrotic pulp tissue (pulp), and root exudate (exudate). The taxonomy of each OTU representative sequence was analyzed against the 16S rRNA database. Comparisons of alpha diversity between groups were performed. The number of shared and unique genera between groups counted. Beta diversity was contrasted to evaluate differences in bacterial community composition, and the relationships between the microbiota and samples were analyzed. The heatmap analysis of the 30 most abundant genera was used, which highlighted their relative distribution and abundance. The significantly abundant taxa (phylum to genera) of bacteria among the different groups were identified. The differences of relative abundance between bacterial genera among the five groups were analyzed. Significant Spearman correlations were noted, and visualization of the co-occurrence network was conducted. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that most genera were present in all layers, with the number of shared genera increasing as the disease advanced. The bacterial communities and core genera in the co-occurrence network changed with progression to severe ECC. An increase in both the quantity and complexity of bacterial interactions was observed. This study emphasized the importance of paying attention to the relationship between microbial species rather than just checking changes in bacterial species structure when investigating the role of bacteria in disease progression.

Analysis of Primary Tooth Extractions and Associated Factors in 3 to 5-Year-Old Children in Kabul, Afghanistan: A Retrospective Study.

Understanding the patterns and reasons behind the extraction of children's primary teeth is crucial for improving oral health outcomes. This retrospective investigation aimed to discern the patterns and factors contributing to primary tooth extraction among pediatric patients aged 3 to 5 years treated at the Pediatric Surgery Department of the National Curative and Specialized Stomatology Hospital in Kabul, Afghanistan. Between January and May 2023, we conducted an extensive review of dental records, focusing on patients aged 3 to 5 years who had undergone primary tooth extraction. Data were collected on patients' age, gender, specif tooth extracted, and reasons for tooth extraction. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS Statistics version 25. Among 150 subjects reviewed, 53.3% were male. Primary first molars were the most commonly extracted teeth (29.3%). Dental caries was the leading cause of extraction (50%), followed by periodontitis (31.3%) and root resorption (18.7%). Mandibular extractions (58.6%) were more frequent than maxillary extractions (41.4%). No significant differences were found based on age or tooth type. Weak correlations were observed between specific tooth extractions, age, and etiology. This study reveals a higher frequency of extractions in older children, primarily due to dental caries, periodontitis, and root resorption, with a slight male predominance. While no significant differences were noted in extraction patterns based on age or tooth type, understanding these trends is essential for improving pediatric dental care.

GENDER DETERMINATION AMONG CHILDREN USING CAST ANALYSIS OF DECIDUOUS DENTITION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Objectives: To explore the literature search on cast analysis of deciduous teeth in children for identification of their gender, to describe the validity of cast analysis in gender determination and assess that either a diff erence exists between the deciduous teeth dimensions among girls and boys. Materials and Methods: Different online databases were used for searching articles in last 12 years, search terms were “gender determination among children using cast analysis”. Only those articles were analyzed for further review which worked on odontometric analysis of deciduous teeth used for gender estimation while we excluded those articles which studied cast analysis on permanent teeth and mixed dentition for gender determination, review articles and case reports. Results: Three cross sectional studies were included in this research article, based on pediatric population. In all studies deciduous teeth cast analysis was performed. One study showed that maxillary central incisors, lateral incisors, molar and mandibular canine exhibit sexual dimorphism. Other study found that primary molars dimensions were signifi cantly diff erent in both genders. Third study concluded that primary teeth dimensions were greater in male than female. Conclusion: This study concluded that primary teeth showed sexual dimorphism, so the primary dentition can used in forensic investigation for identifi cation of gender in children.

Prevalence in the prevention of premature loss of temporary teeth in children

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence in the prevention of premature loss of primary teeth in children at the "Unidad Educativa Ibarra" in Ecuador. A non-experimental cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 123 third-grade children, using structured surveys to identify associated risk factors. The results indicated that cavities, trauma, and inadequate oral hygiene are the main causes of premature loss of primary teeth. It was observed that 82% of the children brush their teeth three times a day, while 51% regularly visit the dentist. The proposed strategies include education on oral hygiene, promotion of a healthy diet, and implementation of preventive school programs. These findings highlight the importance of prevention and continuous monitoring to ensure children's dental health and the proper development of permanent dentition

The Effect of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus on Children's Primary Teeth: A Systematic Review

Background: Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease of autoimmune origin with early manifestations, which occur predominantly in childhood. Its incidence has been increasing in most European countries. Diabetes is a well-known predisposing factor for oral diseases; therefore, prevention at an early age is essential. Diabetes negatively affectsdeveloping enamel by altering the mineralization process, which can have a detrimental effect on oral health. Diabetes mellitus (DM) may affect the healing and survival of root-filled teeth with periapical lesions. Methods: An electronic search of the following databases was carried out to identify the literature evaluating the effect of type 1 diabetes on children's primary teeth: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and Embase. In total, 1244 studies were identified. After removing duplicates (n = 52), then screening based on title and abstract, and then performing full-text screening, a total of nine articles were included in this systematic review. Conclusion: This systematic review revealed that type 1 diabetes does not significantly increase the risk of dental caries or periodontal lesions for children's primary teeth.

The impact of pediatric congenital heart disease on primary teeth structure: a histological study.

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is an abnormality in the structure or function of the cardio-circulatory system present at birth and the ventricular septal defect (VSD) is the most common CHD in children. This study aimed to determine any differences in the histological structure of primary teeth between both healthy children and those children with ventricular septal defects in Erbil City. Methods enrolled children were divided into two groups. Group I (control) & group II (CHD) aged between 6-10 years old. A total of 44 children were collected, (22 children) in each group. Enamel, dentin, and odontoblast layers were examined histologically. Unpaired t-test used for statistical analysis. Results: The histopathological sections showed a significant difference in enamel, dentin, and odontoblast layer thickness (255.8 ± 41.68- 406.4 ±46.39), (1156 ± 116.0 - 1320 ± 117.4) and (29.74 ± 7.66 -41.38 ± 12.06) respectively, with p values (P < 0.0001) for enamel and dentin layer, and P < 0.0004 for odontoblast layer. A study of the images in the CHD group showed that the tooth tissue lost its integrity and cohesion in some places, and the thickness of the enamel and dentin layer in this group was significantly reduced compared to group I. Tissue loss in enamel, pulp, and dentin cell were observed. Also, connective tissue layers in the pulp were disrupted. Conclusions: CHD can alter the natural structure formation of primary teeth. Histologically, enamel, dentin, and odontoblasts layer thickness reduction are found in primary teeth in children with ventricular septal defects.

Influence of Birth Characteristics and Feeding Practices on Eruption of Primary Teeth in Children: A Preliminary Cross-sectional Observational Study.

The eruption process is under strong genetic control, external environmental factors also significantly contribute to this process. Therefore the present study was undertaken to identify the influence of birth characteristics and feeding practices on the eruption of the first primary tooth among healthy children in Pune, Maharashtra, India. The study was undertaken among 200 children aged 3-24 months. Children with any underlying conditions, those not accompanied by their mother and with neonatal teeth/natal teeth were excluded. The birth weight, gestational age, and type of delivery were obtained from medical records of the child. Data on feeding practices and the age of eruption of the first primary tooth was recorded after a structured interview of the mother followed by oral examination of the child. Gestational age was categorized into >37 weeks and <37 weeks, birth weight was divided into three groups-<1500, 1500-2500, and >2500 gm and four groups according to feeding practice during the first 6 months of life (exclusively breastfed, exclusively bottle fed, combination of breastfeeding and bottle feeding, and spoon-feeding). The mean age of eruption in the study population was 9.17 months. A9.05 months in males and 9.44 in females. A statistically significant correlation was noted with gestational age, birth weight, and feeding practices. Infants with a gestational age of >37 weeks, higher birth weight and those who were exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months had an earlier eruption of first primary teeth. External factors seem to influence the eruption of the primary tooth. More longitudinal studies with larger sample sizes and matching confounders are needed to clearly understand the factors affecting the primary tooth eruption. Shetty SS, Mathur A, Gopalakrishnan D, et al. Influence of Birth Characteristics and Feeding Practices on Eruption of Primary Teeth in Children: A Preliminary Cross-sectional Observational Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(5):724-727.

Effect of premature loss of primary teeth on prevalence of malocclusion in permanent dentition: A systematic review and meta-analysis

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the effect of premature loss of primary teeth in children of mixed dentition age on the prevalence of malocclusion in permanent dentition. A search was conducted in Medline through PubMed, Cochrane databases, Google Scholar, and Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) through March 2023. All observational studies that evaluated the association between premature loss of primary teeth and malocclusion in permanent dentition were included for analysis. Quality of studies was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa tool. Meta-analysis was conducted using Cochrane Review Manager (RevMan) Version 5.3. The association between different categories of malocclusion and premature loss of primary teeth was assessed using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity was explored through sensitivity analysis. Certainty of evidence was evaluated using GRADE analysis. This meta-analysis showed that the premature loss of primary teeth significantly increases the prevalence of overall malocclusion in permanent dentition (OR=2.54, P=0.003; I2: 83%). Subgroup analysis showed an insignificant relationship of premature loss of primary teeth with Class I malocclusion (OR=1.14, P=0.45; I2: 63%) and Class II malocclusion (OR=1.63, P=0.18; I2: 87%) but statistically significant relationship with Class III malocclusion (OR=3.73, P=0.006; I2: 71%). Sensitivity analysis reflected a significant reduction in I2 values. This meta-analysis provides substantial evidence supporting the relationship between premature loss of primary teeth and malocclusion in permanent dentition. Notably, Class III malocclusions exhibited a significant association with premature loss of primary teeth.

The Effect of Pulp Treatments on the Survival of Zirconia Crowns in Primary Teeth

Objectives: This study evaluated the effect of pulp treatment on the survival rate of zirconia crowns (ZCs) placed in primary anterior teeth of children under general anesthesia. Materials and Methods: A total of 80 anterior teeth of 32 children aged 18-60 months who underwent ZCs under general anesthesia were followed for 18 months. Failure cases of were categorized. Statistical analysis included independent sample t-test, chi-square test, and Kaplan-Meier survival method. Results: There was no difference in survival of ZCs between pulp treated and untreated teeth (p&amp;gt;0.05). Considering the survival time of ZCs according to the presence or absence of pulpal symptoms, it was observed that 4 out of 80 teeth were symptomatic (with or without crown loss) at the end of 18 months, and the success rate was 95%. Conclusions: Pedodontic ZCs had a high survival rate in anterior primary teeth in children treated under anesthesia.

Patterns and Reasons for Extracted Primary Teeth in Children Attending a Pediatric Dental Teaching Clinic

Introduction: Understanding the patterns and reasons why children’s primary teeth are extracted is crucial to improve oral health outcomes among children. Objective: This retrospective study aimed to determine the patterns and reasons for primary teeth extraction in children attending a dental teaching clinic in Malaysia. Materials and methods: Between 2009 and 2019, dental records were screened by undergraduate students for patients aged under 16 years who had undergone primary tooth extraction. Data were collected on age, gender, indications and year of tooth extraction, as well as type of tooth extracted. Descriptive statistics and bivariate association analysis were performed. A p value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: 1,785 teeth were extracted. Females had more tooth extractions than males. Tooth extraction was common among the 7–9 years old group (47.2%). The most frequently extracted primary tooth was the first molar (29.1%), whereas the lateral incisor was the least (11.7%). Extraction due to dental caries was the main reason among all age groups (57.5%), followed by shedding time (38.1%). Statistical differences were found between patterns and reasons for tooth extraction and age groups (p&lt; 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed in terms of the age and year of extraction (p&gt; 0.05). Conclusions: First molars were the most frequently extracted teeth. Dental caries and its sequelae remain the foremost cause of dental extraction among this sample of Malaysian children. The development of appropriate oral health education programs on the importance of primary teeth, alongside early dental examination, are recommended to prevent tooth extraction.

Caries arrest using silver diamine fluoride: Knowledge, attitude, and perception of parents in Saudi Arabia.

The objective was to assess the current knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of parents toward the use of Silver Diamine Fluoride in children's primary teeth and identify related factors. In this cross-sectional study, data were collected from Parents of pediatric patients who had appointments at the King Saud University Pediatric Dentistry Clinic and several private clinics in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia from Jan to April 2021. A simple random sampling method was used. An electronic questionnaire was designed to collect data regarding participants' demographics and their knowledge, attitude, and perception toward the use of SDF for their children. A higher proportion of parents/relatives (87.3%) was strongly satisfied with the speed of treatment and its benefits. In terms of disadvantages, 23.8% and 30.4% of the parents/relatives were satisfied and dissatisfied, respectively (P < 0.05). Regarding attitudes, the majority of participants 22.8% responded as neutral to using SDF to treat their children's anterior primary teeth (P < 0.05), whereas 32.2% agreed to the use of SDF in their children's posterior primary teeth (P < 0.05). A higher proportion of parents/relatives who were in the age group of >50 years (27.8%) had responded as "satisfied" compared with the responses of other age groups (P < 0.05). The present study demonstrates that SDF is acceptable among Saudi parents/relatives to arrest dental caries. However, pigmentation of anterior teeth is a major concern.