Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax In Adolescents Research Articles

Evaluation and Management of Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Systematic Review From the APSA Outcomes & Evidence-Based Practice Committee

Controversy exists in the optimal management of adolescent and young adult primary spontaneous pneumothorax. The American Pediatric Surgical Association (APSA) Outcomes and Evidence-Based Practice Committee performed a systematic review of the literature to develop evidence-based recommendations. Ovid MEDLINE, Elsevier Embase, EBSCOhost CINAHL, Elsevier Scopus, and Wiley Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases were queried for literature related to spontaneous pneumothorax between January 1, 1990, and December 31, 2020, addressing (1) initial management, (2) advanced imaging, (3) timing of surgery, (4) operative technique, (5) management of contralateral side, and (6) management of recurrence. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. Seventy-nine manuscripts were included. Initial management of adolescent and young adult primary spontaneous pneumothorax should be guided by symptoms and can include observation, aspiration, or tube thoracostomy. There is no evidence of benefit for cross-sectional imaging. Patients with ongoing air leak may benefit from early operative intervention within 24-48h. A video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) approach with stapled blebectomy and pleural procedure should be considered. There is no evidence to support prophylactic management of the contralateral side. Recurrence after VATS can be treated with repeat VATS with intensification of pleural treatment. The management of adolescent and young adult primary spontaneous pneumothorax is varied. Best practices exist to optimize some aspects of care. Further prospective studies are needed to better determine optimal timing of operative intervention, the most effective operation, and management of recurrence after observation, tube thoracostomy, or operative intervention. Level 4. Systematic Review of Level 1-4 studies.

Histopathologic Findings Associated With Matrix Metalloproteinases Proceeding to Recurrence of Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax in Adolescents.

Background: Primary spontaneous pneumothorax is potentially life-threatening, and its recurrence is always a serious problem. Pathological examination provides molecular insights into the pathophysiology of primary spontaneous pneumothorax.Objectives: To investigate the association of histopathologic features of primary spontaneous pneumothorax with matrix metalloproteinase expression and their relevance to the recurrence.Methods: A total of 217 tissue section slides in 172 adolescent patients with primary spontaneous pneumothorax were retrospectively reviewed from January 2001 to June 2020. All histopathologic features were recorded and pathologic findings related to ipsilateral recurrence and second surgery were analyzed. Serum levels of matrix metalloproteinases were prospectively measured in 25 primary spontaneous pneumothorax patients receiving surgery and 18 healthy controls. Their relevance to the histopathologic features of primary spontaneous pneumothorax related to its recurrence was also examined.Results: The major presenting histopathologic findings of primary spontaneous pneumothorax were bleb/bulla (98%) followed by fibrosis (68%). Low prevalence of the pathologic findings of granulation tissue and macrophage accumulation were significantly associated with recurrent primary spontaneous pneumothorax, whereas fibrosis was significantly higher in patients receiving more than once surgery. Furthermore, the ratios of matrix metalloproteinase-2/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 and matrix metalloproteinase-9/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 were significantly higher in theses pathological findings as well as multinucleated giant cells and mesothelial cell hyperplasia in comparison with healthy controls.Conclusions: Low prevalence of macrophage accumulation and granulation tissue related to the overexpression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and−9 activities may contribute to healing impairment and primary spontaneous pneumothorax recurrence.

Primary spontaneous pneumothorax in adolescents: a single-center retrospective case series

Primary spontaneous pneumothorax in adolescents: a single-center retrospective case series

High-Resolution CT Following Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax in Adolescents: Useful Tool or Wasted Radiation?

BackgroundThe current trend in management of first-time primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) in children is to obtain a high-resolution chest computerized tomography (HRCT) scan to look for bleb/bullae disease or other forms of structural lung disease. We aimed to evaluate the significance of HRCT findings in relation to initial management strategies, and we hypothesized that these findings do not guide management. MethodsWe evaluated patients with first-time PSP in a single-institution, retrospective, longitudinal study. Data were obtained through direct chart review. The primary endpoint was the percentage of patients who underwent surgical intervention after HRCT.ResultsWe identified 10 children from 10 to 17 years old from January 2013 to November 2019 who met criteria for the study. Seven out of 10 patients (70%) had HRCT after the first-time PSP during the same hospital stay. Blebs/bullae were discovered in five out of seven (71%) of those patients. Two of those five patients had subsequent surgical intervention (40%) before a recurrence. Of the three patients with blebs/bullae identified on HRCT treated without initial surgery, two had a recurrence of PSP and subsequently underwent VATS with blebectomy and pleurodesis. Among the patients without initial HRCT, there were no recurrent cases of PSP noted.ConclusionsOur study suggests there is value in obtaining HRCT after the first time PSP, as these results can be used to guide management strategies. Further studies in pediatric PSP are needed to validate the sensitivity of HRCT in bleb detection, the predictive value of bleb disease and recurrence, and the benefits and risks of early surgical intervention.

Correlation of Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax and Air Pollution in Adolescents.

BackgroundWe aimed to investigate the characteristics of primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) in adolescents and to analyze the relationship between the occurrence of PSP and air pollutants.MethodsData pertaining to age, sex, body mass index, smoking status, initial pneumothorax volume, presence of bullae, treatment methods, and city of residence were retrospectively obtained from January 2010 to December 2014. We investigated the association between short-term exposure to air pollutants (SO2, NO2, O3, CO, and PM10) and the occurrence of PSP using a case-crossover design with conditional logistic regression.ResultsWe collected information from 598 patients who were admitted for PSP, with a mean follow-up duration of 62.9 months. The majority (91.1%) of the patients were male. In the case-crossover design, conditional logistic regression showed that no air pollutant was associated with the occurrence of pneumothorax. The results were consistent across all city subgroups (Anyang, Gunpo, Uiwang, and Gwacheon).ConclusionIn our study, the incidence rate of pneumothorax was 153.8 per 100,000 person-years in male adolescents and 16.7 per 100,000 person-years in female adolescents. The case-crossover design showed that PSP in adolescents is unlikely to be related to air pollution.

The results and outcome of primary spontaneous pneumothorax in adolescents.

Primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) is a rare pulmonary pathology that occurs in the absence of known lung disease. A retrospective study was performed to evaluate the results and outcome of PSP treatment in adolescents. The cases with PSP from January 2004 to December 2017 were evaluated for age, sex, family and smoking history, clinical and radiological findings and results of treatment. Ten cases with PSP were included. The mean age of the patients was 15 years (10-17 years) and the male to female ratio was 9:1. Two of the patients (20%) had family history of PSP and four cases (40%) had smoking history. The initial complaints were chest pain (n=8), acute onset of cough (n=1) and breathing difficulty (n=1). Tube thoracostomy was performed in nine cases in which three of them were bilateral. Chest computed tomography (CT) demonstrated bullae (n=4; 40%) and subpleural blebs (n=2; 20%). Pleurodesis with talc was performed in four patients with pneumothorax for longer than a week in follow-up (n=4; 40%). Five cases had recurrent PSP within one year (n=5; 50%) and underwent pleurodesis with talc (n=4), autologous-blood (n=1) and bleomycin (n=1). Bleb excision was performed in two cases with persistent pneumothorax despite pleurodesis. Tube thoracostomy and oxygen supplementation, are considered as initial and adequate treatment of PSP in most of the adolescents. Prolonged air leaks require pleurosdesis as the first line treatment and surgical excision of blebs should be reversed for the patients who are unresponsive to other treatment options.

Factors associated with proceeding to surgical intervention and recurrence of primary spontaneous pneumothorax in adolescent patients.

Primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) is not uncommon, and its recurrence is often a challenging clinical problem. Surgical management and predisposing factors for the recurrence of PSP, however, have not yet been well elucidated in adolescent patients. The major aim of this study was to investigate factors associated with proceeding to surgical intervention and recurrence of PSP in adolescents. Two hundred and nineteen episodes of PSP in 171 adolescent patients were retrospectively reviewed. The clinical and radiological spectrum of PSP and factors for proceeding to surgical intervention were assessed in these 171 patients. Risk factors for the recurrence of PSP were further analyzed in 128 patients with first attack of PSP. The male-to-female ratio of the 171 PSP patients was 9:1, and the mean age was 17.6 ± 1.5years. The median body mass index (BMI) percentile was 11 (range 2-31), and 45 (34%) patients had underweight BMI. The incidence of recurrent PSP was high with a total recurrence rate of 21%. Ipsilateral recurrence rate of PSP after video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) was much less than that of the conservative treatment (4 vs. 18%). A large-size pneumothorax with a persistent air leak was the most significant factor for proceeding to VATS surgery (P = 0.001). In addition, it was a significant factor influencing the recurrence of PSP (P = 0.014). Other factors that did not significantly affect the recurrence rate were BMI, smoking status, and the number of bullae. Adolescent PSP has a high recurrence rate of 21% after a 2-year follow-up. A large-size pneumothorax with a persistent air leak may not only lead to surgical intervention but also the risk of a recurrence of PSP. The initial size of pneumothorax may not only guide the management process but also predict the risk of a recurrence in adolescent patients with PSP.

Clinical characteristics of primary spontaneous pneumothorax in adolescents: factors for recurrence

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics of primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) in adolescents and identify risk factors for the recurrence of PSP. Methods: A total of 292 patients diagnosed with PSP from January 1998 to December 2011 were retrospectively studied. Clinical data on demographics, diagnostic imaging, therapies, and risk factors of recurrence were collected and analyzed. Results: The sex ratio of 292 patients was 19.8:1 (male:female), and the average age of the patients was 17.0 years. The average body mass index of the patients was 18.8 kg/m2. The most common presenting symptom was chest pain. There was no seasonal variation in the incidence of PSP. Thirty patients (10.2%) had a history of smoking. The most common location of PSP was the left side. Out of 249 patients, 169 (67.9%) had cysts (blebs/bullae). Fifty-four patients (18.5%) received oxygen therapy, 3 patients (1%) needle aspiration, 119 patients (40.8%) closed tube drainage, and 116 patients (39.7%) surgery. The recurrence rate was 38.6%. Smoking was associated with the size of pneumothorax (P=0.002). Also, the size of pneumothorax and surgery was associated with recurrence (P=0.040 and P=0.004). However, previously reported risk factors for recurrence were not identified in our patients. Conclusion: Pediatric PSP occurred mainly in males in late adolescence with normal body mass index. No significant risk factors were related to recurrence of PSP in our study. (Allergy Asthma Respir Dis 2014;2:251-258)