Primary Source Of Data Collection Research Articles

Improved drinking water planning challenges in Urban Households’ in Bamenda city, Cameroon

Access to improved drinking water remains a fundamental need and a basic human right vital for the dignity and health of all people. There is an urgent need to increase access to improved drinking water in urban households in Bamenda city where a low proportion currently appears to be having access. There also exist marked disparity in access amongst the different Sub-divisions which is still to be scientifically investigated. This study sets out to investigate the improved drinking water planning challenges in urban households in Bamenda, Cameroon. The study used systematic field observation, household surveys and administration of 520 copies of questionnaire to urban household heads as primary sources of data collection. The administration of the 520 copies of questionnaire was carried out using purposive and simple random sampling techniques within Bamenda I, II and III Sub-Divisions. Primary data were matched with secondary source information obtained from WHO, UNICEF, UN, CDC, UNDP, PAHO and The University of Bamenda Central Library. Findings revealed that standpipes (41.3%), protected dug well (51.9%), piped water connected to households (54.8%), boreholes (61.9%), rain water collection (63.3%) and spring water harnessed to households (38.6%) constitutes the main urban households improved drinking water sources. Also, natural factors (33.67%) and planning-related challenges (63.33%) work together to limit access to improved drinking water to households. Field observation and measurements revealed that less than 5 urban households share a common water source, while other 42.88% cover <50m to get to the nearest improved drinking water source point. The study highlights that improved drinking water in Bamenda city is currently a limited and non-basic service. The study recommends the expansion of improved drinking water infrastructure by the relevant stakeholders, systematic data collection on factors affecting access to improved drinking water by urban households for better decision making, seek ways to increase accessibility of improved drinking water by the government via MINEE and MINDUH and finally, households should build water towers to store water for continuous use.

Embracing the Academic Change Caused by the Proliferation of Generative Artificial Intelligence Chatbots in Higher Education

The World Economic Forum (World Economic Forum 2020) projects that, by 2025, the reorganisation of labour between humans and machines could result in the displacement of 85 million jobs while also creating 97 million jobs that are better suited to the new division of labour involving machines and algorithms. The aim of this small-scale study was to provide a basic understanding of one of the latest technological advancements, the Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) chatbot (Taecharungroj 2023), and how it is influencing teaching and learning in higher education. A particular focus was given to understanding the effectiveness of this technology, its adoption process, and challenges or limitations that arose, all from the perspectives of academics and policy-makers. Utilising a pragmatic stance towards grounded theory, this study employed an inductive and abductive approach towards understanding the real-world problem, generating actionable insights as theory. Rubin and Rubin’s (2012) responsive interviewing method was chosen for the primary source of data collection, utilising convenience and purposive sampling to identify information-rich sources. Data was analysed through a constant comparative process and qualitative coding techniques within MAXQDA software. The emergent prepositions highlight the necessity of revising assessment methods and academic policies in higher education to maintain a strong academic integrity. They go as far as to recommend the integration of multi-faceted evaluations, the adjustment of plagiarism policies, and fostering a culture of continuous pedagogical improvement to ensure a balanced and effective approach towards the utilisation of AI tools in higher educational settings.

Postmodernism: A Revolt Against Victorianism in Tess of the d’Urbervilles

Postmodernism embraces ambiguity, and challenges fixed meanings and universal truth. Tess of the d’Urbervilles represents the morality of the time. Tess of the d’Urbervilles can be read as a pointer to this problem. Hardy pleads, like the postmodernists, to employ more than one hermeneutic approach to decipher the meaning and purpose of Victorian morality. Hardy portrays Tess as a postmodern woman who rejects socially constructed values and truth in order to attack Victorian morality. Tess is more postmodern than Victorian in the sense that she opposes Victorian chastity and virginity as meta-narratives. Tess believes what she believes to be right or wrong, disregarding Victorian society and societal norms. Because postmodern theory is applied to the text, the proposed study is qualitative. The novel is the primary source of data collection. Secondary data sources include books and journal articles. Selected passages from the text are interpreted with a view to postmodern theory to address research questions. The research technique is interpretive content analysis.

Differentiated instruction for English learners: Teachers' understanding and practices

AbstractThe increase in the English learner (EL) student population in the United States and these students' placement in U.S. public schools have created high priority demands to address their language and learning needs. General education teachers, however, are often unprepared or underprepared to work with ELs, with limited knowledge and expertise to integrate differentiated instruction (DI) for them. This study examined two elementary teachers' understanding of differentiated instructional practices for EL students in a mainstream setting. Employing qualitative methods and following inductive data analytic processes, the study examined what these elementary teachers say facilitates DI for ELs. The researcher used semi‐structured individual interviews, a joint interview, and photo elicitation as the primary sources of data collection, and documents such as teachers' differentiated lesson plans and statements of teaching philosophy as secondary data sources. Findings revealed that a caring relationship between the teacher and ELs was essential and played a key role in student learning. By building caring relationships, the teachers learned about their EL students' needs and their interests and used that knowledge to implement DI for these students. Furthermore, teachers' proficiency in a language other than English and their metalinguistic awareness to bridge between one language and the other guided the teachers' differentiated instructional practices for their ELs.

The Impact of Coronavirus (Covid-19) Pandemic on Employee Engagement and Performance: A Case Study of MTN Nigeria Telecommunications Limited

The covid-19 pandemic has brought an unprecedented impact on employee engagement and performance. The changing workplace environment has triggered psychological pressure and uncertainty and caused negative consequences for employees. In light of this unplanned situation that affect employees and the predictive closed relationship between employee engagement and performance, this study was developed to identify the key drivers of staff engagement and performance and its impact on organizational performance in the current context. The literature review showed different ways that researchers, organizations, and scholars perceive employee engagement. Several models and theories explained the concept of Employee engagement and performance and provided a context that directs the impact of COVID-19 on staff engagement and performance. The primary source of data collection was the online questionnaire. A random sampling of 339 staff was selected from a population of 1,700 employees in the different departments in MTN Nigeria out of which 306 respondents provided their feedback and this constituted the sample size while no response from 33 employees. Five hypotheses were formulated, and a conclusion was drawn from them. The calculation and analysis were obtained using the IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) to get the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient while regression analysis was used to analyse the stated hypotheses. The result summary was analyzed considering the key objectives, it was evident that the majority of the employees felt alienated and disengaged due to the prolonged work-from-home, no informal meetings and socializations even though they still felt engaged while working for the organization.

The Semantics of before in the Nigeria Criminal Code Ac

This paper is premised on the semantic analysis of the preposition Before in the ‘Nigeria Criminal Code Act’. The study opts for the preposition due to its paramount importance in languages, and the vital roles its proper usage and understanding could play in the interpretation of laws. The Nigeria Criminal Code Act’ was used to determine the senses associated with the preposition serves as the primary source of data collection. The study gleans the semantics through the extensive reading from the primary source to detect the semantics from the contexts; and the reading of relevant Dictionaries and other published and unpublished books on the semantics of preposition before to collect the semantic networks of the selected preposition. A table is used to showcase the recurrence of the selected preposition before and its senses in the chosen legal text. The work advances the Principled Polysemy Approach to first explore both prototypical and extended senses of the preposition in English as a natural language with a view to serving as the threshold and premises for the examination of its senses in the chosen legal text; and to see if there is any peculiarity in the senses associated with the selected preposition in the text. The research concludes that, the extended senses are the only senses associated with the selected preposition in the document. There is no significant difference between the semantics of before, in the document and its senses in everyday English. Though, the language of the law is different from everyday language, this is not applied to all aspects of the language. This paper from the study concludes that the use of the one-word preposition in legal language is not different from their uses in everyday language.

Identifying Factors Affecting Green HRM Practices And Its Impact On Organizations’ Sustainability Of Multinational Corporations (Mncs)

Purpose: This study aims to help employees and organizations realize eco-friendly Human Resources Management (HRM) operations concerning sustainability. It will allow the MNCs of Pakistan to adopt green practices to reduce the pollutant environment in the organization to assess employee awareness regarding green practices, how green practices influence the employee as well and the organization’s sustainability.
 Design/Methodology: This work mainly emphasizes the primary source of data collection based on the quantitative method; 200 questionnaires were disseminated between the employees of MNCs in Pakistan, and Regression analysis was done through SPSS software.
 Findings: Findings revealed that the correlation between green recruitment (GR), selection and organization sustainability have a strong and positive relationship as compared to green pay, reward and green training which have a positive but average relationship with organization sustainability this shows that if the MNCs of Pakistan adopt a green recruitment and selection practice instead of the traditional method of recruitment and selection so it will increases the chances of a better sustainable environment that will ultimately lead to the organization sustainability
 Originality: This study contributes as one of the first studies about the adaptation of Green Human Resources Management (GHRM) practices of MNCs in Pakistan.
 Keywords: Organization, sustainability, green recruitment, green training, green practices, green human resource, Pakistan

TRAVEL INFLUENCERS AND INFLUENCER MARKETING IN TOURISM: THE CASE OF LIBYA

Influencer marketing has become an increasingly popular tool for promoting tourism, but the use of this strategy in Libya is not well understood and it is not widely implemented. The current study is meant to investigate the existing situation of influencer marketing in the tourism industry in Libya, a country that is currently facing political and economic challenges after the Arabic spring. A qualitative research design was used, with the utilization of online interviews as the primary source of data collection. The participants in the study were selected through a random sampling technique and included two travel influencers, two tourism professionals, and four travel agency managers. The interviews were conducted in the form of online video meetings which they were held through the google meet application and the data collected was scrutinized and then grouped accordingly using thematic analysis. The findings revealed that the current use of influencer marketing in promoting tourism in Libya is limited. Some participants reported that they have not yet implemented influencer marketing in their tourism promotions, while others have recently begun working with a few travel influencers on Instagram. The study also found that the main challenges faced by participants in implementing influencer marketing in their tourism promotions are identifying the right influencers and measuring the success of influencer marketing campaigns. Participants reported difficulties in finding influencers with a large following who are also knowledgeable about and passionate about Libyan tourism. This aligns with the literature which indicates that recognizing suitable influencers is one of the main challenges of influencer marketing.

Green Banking Practices and Green Financing of Listed Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria

This study examined the nexus between green banking practices and green financing sources of listed deposit money banks in Nigeria. The study anchored on the institutional theory and cross sectional survey research design was adopted with a population consisting of listed banks in Nigeria. The study used stratified random sampling of seven hundred and fifty (750) bank employees with questionnaire as the primary source of data collection from the respondents while only five hundred (500) were used for data analysis using univairate, bivariate and multivariate methods of data analysis. The results from the regression analysis disclosed that banks’ employee-related practices of green banking positively and significantly influence sources of green financing of deposit money banks in Nigeria; banks’ daily operations-related practices of green banking positively and significantly affect sources of green financing of deposit money banks in Nigeria; banks’ customers-related practices of green banking positively but significantly influence sources of green financing of deposit money banks in Nigeria; banks’ policy-related practices of green banking positively and significantly influence sources of green financing of deposit money banks in Nigeria and banks’ green investment related practices of green banking positively and significantly impact on sources of green financing of deposit money banks in Nigeria. Consequently, on the basis of the findings the study concluded that green banking practices positively influences the sources of green financing of deposit money banks in Nigeria. Therefore, the study recommends amongst others that banks’ in Nigeria should adopt contemporary banking practices that are ecofriendly as a means of enhancing the sources of green financing in Nigeria.

Role of Emotional Intelligence on Retaining Faculty Members at Higher Educational Institutions: A Phenomenological Analysis of Selected Business Schools

Competent faculty retention in any academic institution requires its leaders to have adequate competencies of emotional intelligence. The purpose of this study, hence, has been to examine the importance of emotional intelligence in faculty retention in higher educational institutions in Nepal. A qualitative, phenomenological approach was used to achieve the purpose of this study. In this context, eleven faculty members shared their experiences highlighting the value of emotional intelligence in their work environment. Transcription of interviews and focus group discussions were used as primary sources of data collection. Five themes and sixteen sub-themes revealed that competency factors of emotional intelligence such as empathy, self control, and inspirational leadership, conflict management, delivering services, effective communication, teamwork, and collaboration have profound roles in retaining faculty at the academic institution. According to the description of the participants, organizational policies, leadership behavior, and motivational factors also play important roles in retaining the faculty. Furthermore, it was revealed that sports, pairing protocol, spacing effect, and environmental enrichment initiatives would also enhance faculty retention from a brain science perspective. As a result, leaders who want to retain their employees for a longer period need to portray emotional intelligence at their workplace. This research, therefore, serves as a guideline for leaders at selected business schools to connect towards all ongoing debates that contribute to the body of literature as a new area of emotional intelligence in faculty retention.

Multi-Stakeholder Innovation Based Quadruple Helix Thinking : Teenage Promiscuity Prevention in Indonesia

The rising rates of teenage pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections demand a collaborative solution involving multiple stakeholders. To prevent promiscuity among teenagers, the Quadruple Helix Thinking approach is employed. The objective of this investigation is to examine the cooperation among stakeholders, notably Polsek, Puskesmas, and the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI), in curbing promiscuity among teenagers residing around Pasir Jambu Village. This study employs a descriptive qualitative methodology to elucidate the role and efficacy of stakeholder collaboration in mitigating promiscuity among adolescents. The primary sources of data collection comprise input gathered from informants while the secondary data include supporting documents and records. The data gathering techniques involve surveys and interviews. The participants selected for this study consisted of junior and senior high school students from Jambu Village who were at risk for promiscuity. Interviews were conducted with both MUI and parents, following the specified criteria. Descriptive analysis was utilized, and the interactive model was adapted to analyze the data. The findings demonstrate that inter-agency collaboration effectively prevented promiscuity in Pasir Jambu Village

Effects of Debtors’ Management on Financial Performance of Savings and Credit Cooperative Organizations in Nandi County, Kenya

Savings and Credit Cooperative Organizations (SACCOs) are key components of the economy and social development. However, it’s experiencing both internal and external issues that should be handled. The study attempted to identify the effects of business financial parameters on the performance of SACCOS in Nandi County. Specifically, the study investigated the effects of the management of loan debtors on the financial performance of SACCOs in Nandi County. The study was guided by liquidity preference theory, human capital theory, efficient structure theory, and Pecking order theory. The study used a descriptive research design to examine all the influences on financial performance. The target population was therefore all the ten SACCOS in Nandi County registered and licensed as of January 2023, where eighty-seven employees were randomly sampled to participate. The primary sources of data collection used in data collection were structured questionnaires as the main tool. Content validity was used to determine the validity, while Cronchbach’s alpha coefficient was used to determine the reliability of the research instrument. The data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. For descriptive statistics, tables and narratives were used, and for inferential statistics, correlations and regression analyses were used. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences software (SPSS) helped with data analysis. The study findings indicated that there was a positive and significant effect of loan debt management on the performance of Saccos in Nandi County (t = 9.833, P < 0.05). The study recommended that Sacco management should maintain a credit policy manual to help in debt recovery and even avail the required resources needed for effective management of loan debtors.

Penerapan Analisis SWOT pada Keboon Kopi Cafe & Resto

This study applies SWOT analysis to Keboon Coffee Cafe and Resto, a culinary business located in Batam City. Its purpose is to provide insights to the management of Keboon Coffee Cafe & Resto to effectively manage the business in the long term. The Strengths of this business include its strategic location, attractive and Instagram-worthy interior design, comprehensive facilities, spacious premises, a diverse menu offering both Western and Indonesian cuisine, high-quality food at affordable prices, active social media promotion, and a strong reputation among customers. The business also has some Weaknesses, such as challenges with parking during peak hours, relatively slow food service, limited menu availability during certain hours, inflexible beverage packages, the need for ongoing innovation in food and beverages, and the necessity of adjusting portion sizes and prices. Opportunities for Keboon Coffee Cafe & Resto include its central and strategic location in the city, the broad appeal of its food and beverage concept across different demographics, and its family-friendly atmosphere. However, there are also Threats to consider, such as competition from similar businesses in the vicinity, business reliance on a leased location, which could impact long-term sustainability, and the continual need for innovation in menu offerings. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach with key informants as the primary source of data collection.

Reflecting on the use of freedom of information requests in mental health research

Freedom of information (FoI) legislation has been represented as a valuable but underused means of generating otherwise unavailable data from public authorities in health and social care research. This article complements extant literature on the use of FoI requests for research intended to inform health and social care policy and improve the quality of practice. Reflections are provided on challenges and ethical considerations, drawing on relevant literature and the authors’ experience undertaking studies addressing different topics in mental health and child welfare using FoI requests as the primary source of data collection. The recommendations are practically orientated and aimed primarily at social work and health and social care researchers who may have limited knowledge of how FoI requests might be utilised in their work but be curious about this method’s application.

The Role of Henchard’s Character in Loss and Profit of His Business in the Novel the Mayor of Casterbridge

To identify and explore the role of Michael Henchard’s character in loss and profit of his business in Thomas Hardy’s novel The Mayor of Casterbrdige, a qualitative research method is used in this study. The novel portrays the protagonist’s journey from being a poor helpless hay trusser to a successful mayor and businessman of the town who finally ends up meeting a miserably tragic downfall at the end of the plot. The article discusses whether Henchard was driven by fate to the misery or was that his own decision making ability (character) that was flawed. The text of the novel is used as primary source of data collection. Many other research articles, journals and books served as secondary sources for data collection. After a diligent analysis of the textual data the researcher reaches to the conclusion that the novel is a great presentation of indeterminism. Through the protagonist’s character Hardy has depicted the philosophy of ‘Character is Fate’ in a very artistic and realistic manner. As per findings of the study it is strongly recommended that other scholars may work on the role of fate in Hardy’s characters, the impacts of genetics on his characters’ lives and his profound philosophy of pessimism and nihilism are yet to be discovered areas where further research could easily be carried out.

Developing a trilingual glossary for the physico-chemical properties of alternative sources of edible potash (culiash) from unripe plantain peelings (UPP)

Due to the rising correlation between food additives and several health disorders, it is important that researchers in this area disseminate their findings to rural artisans, translators, indigenous newscasters and consumers. This will promote healthy living and consequently reduce health risks which may be associated with artificial food additives. However, this has been quite challenging in that it has been hampered by the lack of indigenous technical terms, especially in the Igbo language. Against this backdrop, this study develops a trilingual glossary for the physico-chemical properties of alternative sources of edible potash (UPP). The convenience sampling technique was employed in selecting twenty female participants who were not above 50 years of age from the Mbaise community, a town in Imo State of Nigeria. Personal interviews, observation/participation and documentation in the field were the primary sources of data collection, while the secondary sources included textbooks, journals, theses, dissertations, magazines, newspaper articles and the internet. The chemical compositions of the edible ash were ascertained using standard analytical methods. To generate its technical terms, four major linguistic principles (indigenisation, terminologisation, semantic shift, paraphrasing with explanation and compounding) were applied in developing equivalent terms in the Igbo language. Findings show that indigenisation and compounding are more productive in the development of terms in the Igbo language for the physico-chemical properties/constituents of alternative sources of edible potash than pure loaning. Terminographers are encouraged to standardise these developed terms while working to fill the gap of terminology scarcity in African languages.

Exploring the Philosophy of the Local Wisdom of “Gusjigang” for Understanding Zakat and Tax Compliance

<em>Zakat and tax play a crucial role in fostering the development of a country. Zakat is an obligation for Muslims, while tax is an obligation for all citizens. Therefore, this research aims to explore the prevailing local wisdom in the Kudus community, in order to gain insights into how these obligations are observed and complied with. The local wisdom philosophy of the Kudus community, known as ‘Gusjigang’, originated from the esteemed heritage of Holy Sunan. It embodies the values of good behavior, studiousness, and tenacious trading (entrepreneurship). Grounded by this philosophy, this study aims to comprehend the motivations behind the adherence of local entrepreneurs to zakat and tax using a case study approach. Following this, in order to gather relevant data, qualitative open-ended interviews and document analysis were employed as the primary source of data collection. Through this process, it was found that the prioritization of zakat over tax stems from the religious regulations and laws, which take precedence over the mandates of fellow human beings. It is also important to note that from the perspective of the zakat administration, the distribution of zakat was considered more transparent and fairer as evidenced by the insights gleaned from the interviews. </em>

Generic Strategies: A driver for Firms Competitiveness in Nigerian Fast Moving Consumers Goods (FMCGs) Sector

Competitiveness has become one of the objectives of firms in today’s world especially in consumer goods sector. Every firm wants to have a reasonable share in the market to achieve specific firm goals which competitiveness is part of. To achieve this objective, consumers goods firms need to adopt appropriate strategies. Thus, the need to see how Porter generic strategies could drive competitiveness strength of Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FCMB) in Nigeria. The study employed survey research design and primary source of data collection via questionnaire as well as multiple sampling techniques (simple and stratified). Simple regression was utilized as data analytical tool and it was found that differentiation and focus strategies have significant effect on FMCGs firms competitiveness. The study concluded that generic strategies (differentiation and focus) are determinants for firms competitiveness in FMCGs sector. It was therefore recommended that FMCGs firms should continue to deploy differentiation and focus strategies to achieve their competitive objectives.

Understanding the Effects of Politicizing Media Operations: A Study of the Patriotic Front Regime (2011–2021)

There are various forms of Media that have a wider reach of communication, such as newspapers, radio, television, internet-based websites, and magazines. These have a major impact on politics, especially television, radio and newspapers. However, media reporting has received a reaction from political leaders and, in some cases, banned for what is deemed negative reporting against the ruling government. This paper explores the relationship between media and politics in the context of democratic tenets. The study used both secondary and primary sources of data collection. A total of 25 participants took part in this study as key informants. These were selected through purposive sampling and several official and academic documents were reviewed to address this study's aim. The collected data were analysed through a thematic, methodological approach. The findings show that the influence that the Patriotic Front (PF)'s time in government was defined by both successes and a shrinking media space for political debates and information sharing with the public. It was found by this study that television stations, such as Prime TV, with highly politicised content being aired, were bridled by the government to the point of their closure. This study has revealed that various political party structures of the Patriotic Front were used to intimidate the media. Based on the findings, it can be argued here that media houses' critical role in politics was not consolidated but rather constrained during the period under study. 

Education Management Information Systems in High Schools of Balochistan: A Case Study of District KECH

The utilization and advancement of information and communication technologies (ICTs) have made significant contributions to the improvement and innovation of educational institutions such as schools, colleges, and universities in Balochistan. The Management Information System (MIS) has played a vital role in accelerating managerial functions, leading to effective and result-oriented decision-making in the educational paradigm. This research aimed to explore the issues and challenges related to the Education Management Information System (EMIS) in Balochistan.. The study had two main objectives: firstly, to evaluate the internal dynamics of EMIS in Balochistan, including data collection, installation, storage, and distribution processes, and secondly, to propose a plan of action for the establishment of a comprehensive and functional EMIS in Balochistan that meets the information requirements of decision-makers at different levels. Explanatory sequential mixed methods were employed as the research design, with a population of 31 EMIS cell data entry operators in District Kech, Balochistan. Cluster random sampling was used to select a sample size of 100% (09) data entry operators from the primary EMIS cell of District Kech. Data collection was conducted through a five-point Likert scale questionnaire and an interview guide. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (percentage, frequency, mean score), while qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The study findings revealed that 67% of the respondents agreed that the need for data was determined during meetings with stakeholders, while 100% of the respondents believed that the annual school census was the primary source of data collection. Additionally, all respondents reported collecting data from primary, middle, and secondary schools. Respondents also stated that the district's EMIS cell was the main source of data entry and that data verification was done at the district level. Furthermore, respondents cited wrong entries as the main issue related to data entry, and data dissemination was primarily done at the district level. The study recommends the establishment of well-furnished EMIS cells in each district, the systematic training of data entry operators and concerned officers and staff, and the streamlining of EMIS data to support policy-making and service delivery in institutions.