Primary Message Research Articles

Response to rejoinder to: Cochrane et al., Errors and bias in marine conservation and fisheries literature: Their impact on policies and perceptions [Mar. Policy 168 (2024) 106329]

We welcome the broad agreement of Sherley et al. [1] in their rejoinder to our paper on errors and bias in marine conservation and fisheries literature with our primary message that scientists should strive for objectivity in their publications and try to avoid publishing misleading science. However, we do not agree with their criticisms of that paper. In their rejoinder, Sherley et al. [1] focus on the estimates of the effect of island closures on penguin demographics in some of the papers criticized by Cochrane et al., but it is the values in those papers of the precision (variance) of the estimates, and the associated implications for management advice, that are at issue. The challenge in the rejoinder of our observation that one of those papers provides an example of scientific neocolonialism is examined and refuted.

Using English General Practice Patient Survey data to explore Long Covid prevalence

Abstract Background High global burden of Long Covid (LC) has significant implications for population wellbeing, health/social care and the economy. We aimed to assess prevalence of LC, the level of uncertainty general practice (GP) patients felt about whether they were experiencing it and patient characteristics associated with LC. Methods This is a secondary data analysis of GP Patient Survey 2023 data (759,149 participants aged 16+yrs in England). The outcomes included self-reported LC, and being unsure about having LC. Identity and socioeconomic characteristics were explored in relation to these outcomes using univariable and multivariable regression analyses. Results 4.8% of respondents described themselves as having LC, and 9.1% were unsure whether they had it. Patient age (highest odds at 35-54 years), sex (females more than males), ethnicity (highest odds in Gypsy or Irish Traveller), sexual orientation (increased odds in gay or lesbian or bisexual compared to heterosexual), religion, smoking, carer status, parental status, having a long-term condition, and area-level index of multiple deprivation (higher odds in more deprived areas) were all significantly associated with reporting having LC in the multivariable model compared to answering that question with ‘no’. Generally, similar patterns of association to the above were observed in those who answered the Long Covid question with ‘unsure’ compared to those answering ‘no’, except for parental status and sexual orientation which were not significantly associated with the outcome in the multivariable model. Conclusions This study quantitatively highlights the high levels of uncertainty among primary care patients around experiencing LC, and the unequal distribution of LC burden among population groups. Our findings underline the need for better public health and primary care messaging to raise awareness around LC and ensure that those needing support can access services, particularly those already disadvantaged in society. Key messages • There are high levels of uncertainty about having Long Covid among people attending primary care services. • There is unequal burden of Long Covid in England underlining the need for improved awareness and access to support, particularly for minoritised groups.

Highly secure non-orthogonal multiple access with key accompanying transmission based on subcarrier-indexed modulation.

This paper proposes a key-accompanying transmission scheme based on subcarrier indexed modulation (SIM). The key is used to control the activation state of subcarriers, with key masking achieved through the position information of silent subcarriers, which enables the cooperative transmission of both key and primary messages. Meanwhile, a four-dimensional hyperchaotic model is adopted to ensure system security. By utilizing power multiplexing, the scheme realizes the parallel transmission of two signals and disrupts the carrier frequency and symbol of the original signals. The scheme is experimentally demonstrated with a 54.25 Gb/s SIM-chaotic power division multiplexing (CPDM) signal transmission over 2 km of 7-core fiber.. The results indicate that the proposed scheme does not degrade system transmission performance at either high or low power levels. At the limit of forward error correction (FEC)=3.8×10-3, the impact of our scheme on receiver sensitivity is no greater than 0.1 dB. The accuracy and sensitivity of the key are maintained, with the transmission performance of the key remaining excellent. The bit error rate (BER) for the main signal is consistently kept at 0, while the BER for the key rises to around 0.5 if the key is misaligned by one bit. Moreover, the key space can reach 10135, effectively verifying the system's high security.

Evaluating an obstetrics and gynecology teaching program for medical students incorporating simulation-based education underpinned by cognitive load theory.

Although there have been previous publications on curriculum innovations in teaching O&G to medical students, especially utilizing simulation-based education, there have been none, as far as we know, incorporating and evaluating the outcomes using cognitive load theory. The aim of this article was to describe the introduction, implementation, and evaluation of an innovative teaching program in O&G, incorporating simulation-based education, underpinned by cognitive load theory. Cognitive load is defined as the amount of information a working memory can hold at any one time and incorporates three types of cognitive load-intrinsic, extraneous, and germane. To optimize learning, educators are encouraged to manage intrinsic cognitive load, minimize extraneous cognitive load, and promote germane cognitive load. In these sessions, students were encouraged to prepare in advance of each session with recommended reading materials; to limit intrinsic cognitive load and promote germane cognitive load, faculty were advised ahead of each session to manage intrinsic cognitive load, an open-book MCQ practice session aimed to reduce anxiety, promote psychological safety, and minimize extraneous cognitive load. For the simulation sessions, the faculty initially demonstrated the role-play situation or clinical skill first, to manage intrinsic cognitive load and reduce extraneous cognitive load. The results of the evaluation showed that the students perceived that they invested relatively low mental effort in understanding the topics, theories, concepts, and definitions discussed during the sessions. There was a low extraneous cognitive load. Measures of germane cognitive load or self-perceived learning were high. The primary message is that we believe this teaching program is a model that other medical schools globally might want to consider adopting, to evaluate and justify innovations in the teaching of O&G to medical students. The secondary message is that evaluation of innovations to teaching and facilitation of learning using cognitive load theory is one way to contribute to the high-quality training of competent future healthcare workers required to provide the highest standard of care to women who are crucial to the overall health and wellbeing of a nation.

Abstract A010: Community dissemination and application training: Approach developed for research teams working with Native Nations and Native American urban communities

Abstract Trusted, sustained collaborations with Native American communities requires regular communication on research intention, process and outcomes. In the National Cancer Institute funded Native American Cancer Prevention Partnership (NACP), many research teams were not familiar with strategies to provide updates and outcomes to community audiences in Native American communities. The NACP Outreach Core used a 3-stage communication framework: 1) identification of components to consider, e.g., audience demographics, primary message, and communication channels; 2) practice in context, ideally with community partners or advisors; and 3) deliberative practice when knowledge and skills have been formed. The Outreach Core modified the Kellogg Foundation’s “Elements of a Strategic Communication Plan”, to develop a 3-hour training composed of didactic and interactive sessions, entitled Community Dissemination and Application Training (C-DAT). After the workshop, a one-hour technical assistance session was scheduled with each research team and Outreach Core members to discuss and guide the team’s community dissemination plans. The unique modifications made to create C-DAT included: 1) the research team’s obligation to develop and share clear messages, given the historic mistrust and miscommunication with Native Nations; 2) the importance of convening community advisors and/or to pilot draft materials to assure cultural appropriateness; and 3) the use of communication channels familiar and accessible by the intended audience. In addition, the Outreach developed a Directory for Reaching Relatives Using Media (DRRUM) that provides contacts and needed information on regional Native Nation or Native serving newsletters/newspapers and radio stations to support the dissemination process. To date, research teams have developed short videos, contributed to the NACP podcast series, designed an independent website and provided presentations at community centers. The impact of these efforts cannot be evaluated given information was widely broadcast o a variety of platforms. The frequency and locale of the downloads of the on-line resources indicate that audiences in Native American Urban communities and Native Nations, especially in rural areas, are interested in learning about the activities addressing cancer prevention in their communities. Citation Format: Nicolette I. Teufel-Shone, Carol Goldtooth-Begay, Andria Begay. Community dissemination and application training: Approach developed for research teams working with Native Nations and Native American urban communities [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 16th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2023 Sep 29-Oct 2;Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2023;32(12 Suppl):Abstract nr A010.

Strengthening mental health for migrant population: An ecosystem approach

Abstract COVID-19 and its impact and containment measures accentuated the challenges that migrant workers (MWs) faced including mental health. In Sep 2020, Singapore's Ministry of Manpower (MOM) formed a multi-agency taskforce called Project DAWN, and seeded a population health framework for MWs’ mental health support through: 1.Mental and social wellness awareness and promotion; 2. Identification of at-risk patients and risk factors; 3. Screening for mental health issues; 4. Surveillance for mental and emotional distress: 5. Counselling, and training of para-counsellors; 6. Timely escalation of care; 7. Provision of post-intervention support. Project DAWN's initiatives were co-created and co-delivered with social services agencies for effectiveness and relevance. It built on existing systems for expedited implementations while keeping the initiatives sustainable. Appropriate solutions were introduced to address care gaps. At the 2-year mark, a mixed-method analysis was done comprising focused group discussions with 84 stakeholders and data from helplines and distress incidents. Qualitatively, respondents cited materials to raise awareness were clear and helpful, trained peer support leaders (PSLs) could apply skills, processes were formed to enable officers, nurses and hospitals to support MWs’ recovery. Quantitatively, there was doubling of helpline callers from 2021 vs 2022 and a stabilisation of distress incidents. Other findings include: a) Creation and dissemination of translated mental health information to stakeholders b) Campaigns garnering >320k FB views and >1.7M TikTok views c) >750 MWs and >90% ground officers trained in basic psychological first aid d) Mental health assessment and basic psychiatric treatment included in primary care services coverage Key messages • Project DAWN and Singapore’s mental health programmes for MWs harnessed the public, private, civil and philantrophic communities and adopted an ecosystem approach for effectiveness and sustainability. • This is extended for another 3-year series of interventions.

Changing conversations about family violence in regional Western Australia: A primary prevention communication case study

ObjectiveTo illuminate the enablers and challenges of implementing a communication strategy designed to support Community, Respect, Equality (CRE) and a family and domestic violence (FDV) primary prevention plan in a regional Western Australian town. MethodThis research draws on documentation and interviews with members of Leading Lights, an advocacy group arising from a collaboration of local organisations to communicate the goals and priorities of the CRE action plan. Interviews explored how primary prevention messages were promoted to foster supportive community attitudes toward addressing the drivers of FDV. ResultsThe initiative fostered a learning community that coordinated public messaging about the drivers of FDV for organisations pledged to the CRE values. The diffusion of messaging was affected over time by inconsistent staffing, discontinuities in resourcing and individual organisational commitment, and concerns about gender equality messaging. ConclusionThe communications strategy increased awareness of the drivers of FDV among the members of the Leading Lights. In turn, this group produced media content that made visible each organisation’s commitment to addressing the attitudes and behaviours that enable FDV. Implications for public healthCommunity collaborations need time, resourcing, and coordination to sustainably prompt changes in social norms that underpin violence.

A Covert Jamming Scheme Against an Intelligent Eavesdropper in Cooperative Cognitive Radio Networks

In this work, we design a covert jamming scheme against an intelligent Eve towards physical layer security in a cooperative cognitive radio networks. To protect the primary message from being decoded by an intelligent eavesdropper (Eve), a secondary user is picked as a friendly jammer that transmits artificial noise (AN) to the Eve. However, the intelligent Eve can detect the existence of AN, and thus the AN is inclined to be covertly transmitted at a lower detection probability, thereby mistaking the AN as background noise by the Eve. In this paper, firstly, by using a binary hypothesis testing, the detection error probability (DEP) is explicitly derived for detection performance analysis of the Eve in the perfect as well as statistical channel state information (CSI) scenario, separately. With the DEP, a covert jamming scheme is formulated to transmit the AN in both cases. Then, an optimization problem is formulated, and then recast into a two-part problem to maximize the secrecy performance with the covert jamming scheme in the perfect CSI case. Finally, the effective secrecy throughput is maximized under convert constraints in the statistical CSI case. Numerical results are provided to validate the DEP at the Eve and secrecy performance analysis.

Microfluidic organ-on-a-chip models of human lungs and heart: A review

A micro-physiological system is another term for an organ-on-a-chip. Due to the idea's widespread use in drug discovery, precision medicine, and drug screening, interest in it has increased recently. The primary message of this article is to illustrate how artificial drug proof can closely imitate the human body in every regard. Important work for a biomimetic system of physiological organs based on a microfluidic chip using cell biology, engineering, and biomaterials technology. In addition, the use and effectiveness of the gut-on-a-chip, liver-on-a-chip, lung-on-a-chip, and heart-on-a-chip are examined. We have discussed the current status of this project, OOC prospects for the future, and opportunities for microfluidic devices and organs on a chip in this section.

Women of Color in the Aviation Industry

Women of Color in the Aviation Industry takes a gallant position on the contemporary state of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) initiatives within U.S. aviation through the lenses of several women of color working in the industry. The exploration of their experiences as women of color aviation professionals provides a compelling and nearly irrefutable backdrop for the many inequities, challenges, and barriers they face as a function of their race and/or gender. The author contends these inequities persist because aviation entities are engaged in “performative DEI” measures rather than reflecting upon their extant structures and systems to ascertain what is causing the inequities and why minoritized groups, particularly women of color, are adversely impacted. The text strives to encourage readers to critically reflect upon the reason(s) why minoritized groups, specifically women of color, continue to have low participation rates in an industry that proclaims to be committed to DEI to make a more just workforce. Such a conundrum is explored through semi-structured interviews with numerous women of color who hold various aviation positions. This approach was most apt to obtain first-person accounts of the challenges women of color and presumably other minoritized groups experience. Consequently, industry leadership can leverage these experiences and focus efforts on making equity-centric change instead of concerning themselves with remaining on the “right side” of DEI. The author provided several robust examples of how current DEI efforts, coupled with a lack of reflection, do more harm than good because they propagate a “diversity that maintains Whiteness.” Combined with the six commonly used controlling images, these examples help refute the state of social equity many believe the U.S. is in. The primary messages are written to make it easy for the layperson to understand, but the text falls short of providing actionable recommendations leadership can implement. Despite this limitation, the text may benefit a broad audience, especially for leadership overseeing commercial airlines, government, and collegiate aviation programs. Further, the experiences described have some transferability to sectors and industries external to aviation, meaning they can be incorporated within the public, private, and nonprofit sectors to enhance public administration and social policy to make a more just society.

Делиберативность в русскоязычном комментативном медиадискурсе

The article studies the phenomenon of deliberation as the main condition to create collectively meaningful content in the new social media discourse. The presence of an explicit dialogue in the form of a commentary text to the original message is considered the basis for generating a variant interpretation, as well as the most hypertext discourse in social media. Identification and description of key topics (situational media concepts) and commentary techniques for modifying their content are based on frame modeling. Distributive analysis of the lexical environment of the frequency verbalizers of the identified topics and its contextual interpretation make it possible to analyze the main directions for evaluating and gaining the significance of these markers of the media space. Based on the analysis of the primary text of the message, the obligatory character of the introduction of the implicit reader’s plan is established with the reference to the dialogue of the operational information presentation. An implicit reader from the status of a narrator, through the explication of his own opinion in the polycode space of social media, acquires the status of a narrator. The prototypes of messages and posts in the Russian-language segment of the social network VKontakte, as well as the metatexts of comments on these posts that support the original or generate new relevance vectors of key topics in the process of creating deliberative content, served as the material for the analysis. The study determined the ways of actualizing the individual content of the events described in the primary messages and mechanisms for further reinforcement of the evaluation vectors specified in the secondary commentary text. The intentional deliberativeness of the initially institutional media discourse is revealed. It manifests itself in the holistic perception of operational information, which undergoes meaningful transformation and clarification in the ad hoc commentary texts of user response.

Parking the bus

Abstract This paper explores defensive play in soccer. The analysis is predicated on the assumption that the area of the convex hull formed by the players on a team provides a proxy for defensive style where small areas coincide with a greater defensive focus. With the availability of tracking data, the massive dataset considered in this paper consists of areas of convex hulls, related covariates and shots taken during matches. Whereas the pre-processing of the data is an exercise in data science, the statistical analysis is carried out using linear models. The resultant messages are nuanced but the primary message suggests that an extreme defensive style (defined by a small convex hull) is negatively associated with generating shots.

The Art of Listening.

The Art of Listening.

Staying in bounds: A framework for setting workplace boundaries to promote physician wellness.

Staying in bounds: A framework for setting workplace boundaries to promote physician wellness.

РЕЛІГІЙНІ ОБРАЗИ У ВІЗУАЛЬНОМУ ПОЛІ ВІЙНИ: НОВІ РЕФЕРЕНЦІЇ ДО ТРАДИЦІЇ

The paper looks at the works of modern Ukrainian graphics (both printed and digital), which dealt with the events of the war in Ukraine from 2022 onwards. It focuses on the artworks, which use Christian symbolism and iconography and looks at how these symbols were reinterpreted in the context of modern visual culture and the current expectations of Ukrainian society. The study is structured around the categories of cultural memory and representation, in particular the visual and narrative strategies when dealing with the wartime events. It, too, is informed by approaches of visual studies, developed in the works of W.T.J. Mitchell, D. Freedberg, and T. Wright, which helped to determine the primary message of the artworks, secondary elements, and to treat them as a very specific visual message. To systematise the graphic material collected after the full scale invasion 2022, a topical approach was chosen, which means that the focus was not on the chronology of the war, but on the crucial categories in the subject matter of the religious imagery: images of the Mother of God, holy warriors, motifs of the Passions, martyrology, etc. The artworks in question demonstrated a shift from conventional patterns of religious iconography to updated ones. For example, the theme of Christ’s Passion and the tools for torture was altered to become an image of Ukraine's suffering in the course of history with all the struggles and losses of political independence and constant resistance through these centuries. Obviously, the photos and videos from the war omnipresent in the mass and social media became an important visual basis for most graphic works. The article reveals the process of transforming the local war narrative into a universal one, by virtue of the mental imagery fixed in the Ukrainian public consciousness. Analysing the graphic artists’ responses and their use Christian imagery demonstrated how the war stimulated the creation of a new mythology, a new pantheon of heroes, designed to motivate, resist and , ultimately, lead to victory. The images of Christian saints, whose iconography was reinterpreted in several graphic works, gained particular importance for forming this new mythology.

Cultivating security culture for information security success: A mixed-methods study based on anthropological perspective

The continuous information security failures in organizations have led focus toward organizational culture. It is argued that the development of culture of information security would subsequently lead to a secure organization. However, limited studies have been conducted to understand information security culture. This study aims to understand information security culture and its impact on success with information security efforts in an organization. The research model is based on the theory of primary message systems, which is an established theory from the anthropology discipline. We followed a mixed-methods research design involving two phases of the study. In the first phase, 25 semi-structured interviews with experienced cybersecurity practitioners were conducted to develop the research model. The second phase empirically validated the research model using survey data from 473 participants who completed a web-based survey in Southeast USA from multiple companies. For data analysis, we employed Partial Least Squares - Structural Equation Modeling using SmartPLS. Our findings indicate that group cohesiveness, professional code, information security awareness, and informal work practices have significant influence on information security culture. Further, the security culture has positive impact on information security success perception. The contribution of this research lies in establishing the role of security culture and information security awareness in contributing toward information security success.

A perspective on bridging academic research and advanced testing on a path towards pilot plant implementation: A case study of integrating CO2 capture and catalytic conversion with dual function materials

As climate change intensifies, the challenges associated with CO2, including emissions mitigation, atmospheric CO2 abatement, and conversion to valuable, carbon-based products will persist for decades. There is an abundance of academic research that addresses the need for CO2 capture and conversion materials, and many of the solutions examined in the academy have shown promise under ideal conditions. The primary message of this perspective is to recognize the value of initial testing under ideal laboratory conditions while emphasizing the pressing need for further evaluations that simulate the real conditions expected in the final application. By expanding laboratory test parameters to include more realistic elements, materials can be more rigorously validated for the intended application. Success at the small-scale warrants scaled up bench and pilot plant evaluations in advance of eventual commercialization. This perspective will use dual function materials (DFMs) as a case study for discussing a scalable approach to academic research of CO2 capture and catalytic conversion. These materials combine supported adsorbents and catalysts for integrated CO2 capture from point sources and ambient air and subsequent conversion to renewable methane.

ACL Research Retreat IX Summary Statement: The Pediatric Athlete, March 17-19, 2022; High Point, North Carolina.

ACL Research Retreat IX Summary Statement: The Pediatric Athlete, March 17-19, 2022; High Point, North Carolina.

Aristotle’s Conception of Arete and the Meaning of Records in Sport

The modern sports world is currently obsessed with records, data, statistics, and/or the objective measurement of human performance. A primary message originating from this trend—manifesting in youth, club, interscholastic, intercollegiate, and professional sport—is that breaking records and improving one’s statistical output is the main objective of sport. In this article, we argue for why a predominant focus on records, stats, and winning is self-limiting and thereby misses the mark of what sport and sporting performance are. It is human beings who play sports rather than mere physical mechanical objects. Furthermore, we propose an arete-based philosophical perspective—taken directly from the ancient Greeks and particularly Aristotle—for how we ought to conceptualize and pursue sport. An arete-based philosophy captures the true essence of what sport is about by rooting it in what is “good and beautiful” (kalokagathia as the Greeks called it). Arete or “virtue” is, for Aristotle, about the cultivation of human excellence. Excellence, however, is not myopically reduced to “being the best,” “achieving fame or honor,” or “winning.” Instead, arete aims at cultivating the skills, both kinesthetic and moral, that lead to a good life. Elite performance, no matter how impressive, is never more than one small aspect of such a life. Character matters too, which means human excellence is never reducible to the measurable. After articulating this Aristotelian philosophy of sport, we then conclude the article by offering five recommendations for how teachers, coaches, and leaders of sport organizations can improve the culture of sport. Physical educators and coaches would be wise to take this Aristotelian conception of arete to heart.

Implementation and Evaluation of a Social Marketing Campaign to Deter Hookah Smoking on a College Campus

Objective: For the past 2 decades, smoking from a hookah or waterpipe has been an evolving negative health behavior in the United States among college students, in part, because students have misconceptions about the potential risks involved with this practice. Methods: For this study, we used formative research to inform a college campus-based social marketing campaign to deter hookah smoking. This paper reports on the development and implementation of the social marketing campaign, with a key focus on the evaluation of behavior change using stages of change. Results: Overall, 828 of 1500 randomly selected students who were contacted responded to a survey following implementation of the campaign. The primary hookah message was recalled by 75% of students and key words describing it were ones included in message intent. The campaign also elicited students to change their social behaviors so as not to include hookah smoking or peers who smoked a hookah. Conclusions: Social marketing showed promise in getting some college students to reduce their exposure to hookah smoking. Messages became more relatable to the target audience through pretesting and formative research. Social marketing campaigns can influence college students to reduce personal use and deter exposure to hookah smoking.