Primary Mechanism Research Articles

Natural plant materials as a source of neuroprotective peptides.

In many circumstances, some crucial elements of the neuronal defense system fail, slowly leading to neurodegenerative diseases. Activating this natural process by administering exogenous agents to counteract unfavourable changes seems promising. Therefore, looking for neuroprotective therapeutics, we have to focus on compounds that inhibit the primary mechanisms leading to neuronal injuries, e.g., apoptosis, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Among many compounds considered neuroprotective agents, protein hydrolysates and peptides derived from natural materials or their synthetic analogues are good candidates. They have several advantages, such as high selectivity and biological activity, a broad range of targets, and high safety profile. This review aims to provide biological activities, the mechanism of action and the functional properties of plant-derived protein hydrolysates and peptides. We focused on their significant role in human health by affecting the nervous system and having neuroprotective and brain-boosting properties, leading to memory and cognitive improving activities. We hope our observation may guide the evaluation of novel peptides with potential neuroprotective effects. Research into neuroprotective peptides may find application in different sectors as ingredients in functional foods or pharmaceuticals to improve human health and prevent diseases.

Targeting Ferroptosis: A Novel Strategy for the Treatment of Atherosclerosis.

Since ferroptosis was reported in 2012, its application prospects in various diseases have been widely considered, initially as a treatment direction for tumors. Recent studies have shown that ferroptosis is closely related to the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis. The primary mechanism is to affect the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis through intracellular iron homeostasis, ROS and lipid peroxide production and metabolism, and a variety of intracellular signaling pathways. Inhibition of ferroptosis is effective in inhibiting the development of atherosclerosis, and it can bring a new direction for treating atherosclerosis. In this review, we discuss the mechanism of ferroptosis and focus on the relationship between ferroptosis and atherosclerosis, summarize the different types of ferroptosis inhibitors that have been widely studied, and discuss some issues worthy of attention in the treatment of atherosclerosis by targeting ferroptosis.

Mechanical mechanism of shear cavitating water jet dissociation of flake graphite

Abstract To obtain the mechanical mechanism of shear-type cavitation water jet dissociating flake graphite to improve the grinding technology of flake graphite, the motion state of flake graphite particles in shear-type cavitation water jet, the micro-jet impact process, the high-pressure elastic potential energy pressure release process, and the water wedge stretching process have been analyzed using the theory of hydraulic transport of liquid-solid two-phase, the theory of jets, the cavitation primordial principle, the principle of capacity conversion, and the water wedge action. The primary mechanical mechanism of shear cavitation water jet dissociation of flake graphite is collision friction effect, micro-jet impact, pressure release, and water wedge stretching effect, under these four kinds of loads individually or jointly, to achieve the purpose of removing the surface of flake graphite particles of the veinstone minerals to realize the dissociation of flake graphite. Moreover, the collision friction, pressure release, and water wedge stretching effects destroy the material under tensile stress to remove the veinstone minerals, and the micro-jet impact effect is the destruction of the material under compressive stress to remove the veinstone minerals.

Sequence-based data-constrained deep learning framework to predict spider dragline mechanical properties

Spider dragline silk is known for its exceptional strength and toughness; hence understanding the link between its primary sequence and mechanics is crucial. Here, we establish a deep-learning framework to clarify this link in dragline silk. The method utilizes sequence and mechanical property data of dragline spider silk as well as enriching descriptors such as residue-level mobility (B-factor) predictions. Our sequence representation captures the relative position, repetitiveness, as well as descriptors of amino acids that serve to physically enrich the model. We obtain high Pearson correlation coefficients (0.76–0.88) for strength, toughness, and other properties, which show that our B-factor based representation outperforms pure sequence-based models or models that use other descriptors. We prove the utility of our framework by identifying influential motifs and demonstrating how the B-factor serves to pinpoint potential mutations that improve strength and toughness, thereby establishing a validated, predictive, and interpretable sequence model for designing tailored biomaterials.

Genetic and transcriptomic landscape of colonic diverticulosis

ObjectiveColonic diverticulosis is a prevalent condition among older adults, marked by the presence of thin-walled pockets in the colon wall that can become inflamed, infected, haemorrhage or rupture. We present...

Microstructure-based modeling of primary cilia mechanics.

A primary cilium, made of nine microtubule doublets enclosed in a cilium membrane, is a mechanosensing organelle that bends under an external mechanical load and sends an intracellular signal through transmembrane proteins activated by cilium bending. The nine microtubule doublets are the main load-bearing structural component, while the transmembrane proteins on the cilium membrane are the main sensing component. No distinction was made between these two components in all existing models, where the stress calculated from the structural component (nine microtubule doublets) was used to explain the sensing location, which may be totally misleading. For the first time, we developed a microstructure-based primary cilium model by considering these two components separately. First, we refined the analytical solution of bending an orthotropic cylindrical shell for individual microtubule, and obtained excellent agreement between finite element simulations and the theoretical predictions of a microtubule bending as a validation of the structural component in the model. Second, by integrating the cilium membrane with nine microtubule doublets and simulating the tip-anchored optical tweezer experiment on our computational model, we found that the microtubule doublets may twist significantly as the whole cilium bends. Third, besides being cilium-length-dependent, we found the mechanical properties of the cilium are also highly deformation-dependent. More important, we found that the cilium membrane near the base is not under pure in-plane tension or compression as previously thought, but has significant local bending stress. This challenges the traditional model of cilium mechanosensing, indicating that transmembrane proteins may be activated more by membrane curvature than membrane stretching. Finally, we incorporated imaging data of primary cilia into our microstructure-based cilium model, and found that comparing to the ideal model with uniform microtubule length, the imaging-informed model shows the nine microtubule doublets interact more evenly with the cilium membrane, and their contact locations can cause even higher bending curvature in the cilium membrane than near the base.

Diverse perspectives in zebrafish seizure models: An exploration of chemical inducers

Numerous studies have investigated seizures in zebrafish, employing diverse methods to induce and observe epilepsy. Chemical inducers have become indispensable tools for precisely manipulating neural activity in controlled experiments. This research is dedicated to a meticulous comparison and analysis of various seizure-inducing chemicals in zebrafish. The selected chemical inducers include pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), kainic acid (KA), picrotoxin (PTX), pilocarpine, and other substances. The primary mechanism of these inducers involves altering neurotransmitter receptors, particularly GABA and glutamate, at inhibitory or excitatory synapses. This alteration creates an imbalance between inhibitory and excitatory signals in the brain, contributing to epileptogenesis. The resulting hyperactivity in the zebrafish brain disrupts metabolism, elevates reactive oxygen species (ROS), and causes neuronal damage. Chemical induction offers valuable insights into the neurological activity of zebrafish, enabling the observation of behaviors such as whole-body contractions, loss of posture, or freezing. Various parameters can be adjusted to examine the effects of chemical inducers on zebrafish development and to replicate various types of seizures, such as status epilepticus and temporal lobe epilepsy. Despite the array of options available, many chemical inducers remain underutilized in zebrafish studies. To ensure the successful induction of models, monitoring gene expression markers such as c-fos, which represents neuronal activity, becomes crucial. Additionally, a scoring system is employed to analyze seizure severity and identify treatment efficacy. The existing gaps in utilizing chemical inducers present great opportunities for future model development. This chemically-induced seizure model in zebrafish is pivotal for unraveling seizure mechanisms, contributing significantly to advancements in neurological research.

Tracing the evolution of short-period binaries with super-synchronous fast rotators

Context. The initial distribution of rotational velocities of stars is still poorly known, and how the stellar spin evolves from birth to the various end points of stellar evolution is an actively debated topic. Binary interactions are often invoked to explain the existence of extremely fast-rotating stars (vsin i ≳ 200 km s−1). The primary mechanisms through which binaries can spin up stars are tidal interactions, mass transfer, and possibly mergers. However, fast rotation could also be primordial, that is, a result of the star formation process. To evaluate these scenarios, we investigated in detail the evolution of three known fast-rotating stars in short-period spectroscopic and eclipsing binaries, namely HD 25631, HD 191495, and HD 46485, with primaries of masses of 7, 15, and 24 M⊙, respectively, with companions of ∼1 M⊙ and orbital periods of less than 7 days. These systems belong to a recently identified class of binaries with extreme mass ratios, whose evolutionary origin is still poorly understood. Aims. We evaluated in detail three scenarios that could explain the fast rotation observed in these binaries: it could be primordial, a product of mass transfer, or the result of a merger within an originally triple system. We also discuss the future evolution of these systems to shed light on the impact of fast rotation on binary products. Methods. We computed grids of single and binary MESA models varying tidal forces and initial binary architectures to investigate the evolution and reproduce observational properties of these systems. When considering the triple scenario, we determined the region of parameter space compatible with the observed binaries and used a publicly available machine-learning model to determine the dynamical stability of the triple system. Results. We find that, because of the extreme mass-ratio between binary components, tides have a limited impact, regardless of the prescription used, and that the observed short orbital periods are at odds with post-mass-transfer scenarios. We also find that the overwhelming majority of triple systems compatible with the observed binaries are dynamically unstable and would be disrupted within years of formation, forcing a hypothetical merger to happen so close to a zero-age main-sequence that it could be considered part of the star formation process. Conclusions. The most likely scenario to form such young, rapidly rotating, and short-period binaries is primordial rotation, implying that the observed binaries are pre-interaction ones. Our simulations further indicate that such systems will subsequently go through a common envelope and likely merge. These binaries show that the initial spin distribution of massive stars can have a wide range of rotational velocities.

Liposome-siderophore conjugates loaded with moxifloxacin serve as a model for drug delivery against Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that annually affects millions of people, and resistance to available antibiotics has exacerbated this situation. Another notable characteristic of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the primary causative agent of TB, is its ability to survive inside macrophages, a key component of the immune system. In our quest for an effective and safe treatment that facilitates the targeted delivery of antibiotics to the site of infection, we have proposed a nanotechnology approach based on an iron chelator. Iron chelators are the primary mechanism by which bacteria acquire iron, a metal essential for their metabolism. Four liposomes were synthesized and characterized using the dynamic light scattering technique (DLS), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). All of these methods revealed the presence of spherical particles, approximately 200 nm in size. NTA indicated a concentration of around 1011 particles/mL. We also developed and validated a high-performance liquid chromatography method for quantifying Moxifloxacin to determine encapsulation efficiency (EE) and release profiles (RF). The EE was 51.31 % for LipMox and 45.76 % for LipIchMox. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the phagocytosis of liposomal vesicles by macrophages. Functionalizing liposomes with iron chelators can offer significant benefits for TB treatment, such as targeted drug delivery to intracellular bacilli through the phagocytosis of liposomal particles by cells like macrophages.

Combination of ethyl acetate fraction from Calotropis gigantea stem bark and sorafenib induces apoptosis in HepG2 cells.

The cytotoxicity of the ethyl acetate fraction of the Calotropis gigantea (L.) Dryand. (C. gigantea) stem bark extract (CGEtOAc) has been demonstrated in many types of cancers. This study examined the improved cancer therapeutic activity of sorafenib when combined with CGEtOAc in HepG2 cells. The cell viability and cell migration assays were applied in HepG2 cells treated with varying concentrations of CGEtOAc, sorafenib, and their combination. Flow cytometry was used to determine apoptosis, which corresponded with a decline in mitochondrial membrane potential and activation of DNA fragmentation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were assessed in combination with the expression of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/ protein kinase B (Akt)/ mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, which was suggested for association with ROS-induced apoptosis. Combining CGEtOAc at 400 μg/mL with sorafenib at 4 μM, which were their respective half-IC50 concentrations, significantly inhibited HepG2 viability upon 24 h of exposure in comparison with the vehicle and each single treatment. Consequently, CGEtOAc when combined with sorafenib significantly diminished HepG2 migration and induced apoptosis through a mitochondrial-correlation mechanism. ROS production was speculated to be the primary mechanism of stimulating apoptosis in HepG2 cells after exposure to a combination of CGEtOAc and sorafenib, in association with PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway suppression. Our results present valuable knowledge to support the development of anticancer regimens derived from the CGEtOAc with the chemotherapeutic agent sorafenib, both of which were administered at half-IC50, which may minimize the toxic implications of cancer treatments while improving the therapeutic effectiveness toward future medical applications.

A novel mutation in mitochondrial cytochrome b conferring resistance to bifenazate in two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acarina: Tetranychidae).

The two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae causes significant damage to ornamental, cotton, sugarcane and horticultural crops in Australia. It has a long history of developing resistance to many acaricides including bifenazate. A mutation in the conserved cd1- and ef-helices of the Qo pocket of cytochrome b is recognized as the primary mechanism of bifenazate resistance. To investigate the resistance mechanisms against bifenazate in Australian two-spotted spider mite, we sequenced the complete mitochondrion genome of five mite strains including a susceptible and bifenazate-resistant strain. We identified a novel mutation D252N in the G126S background at cytochrome b being the cause of bifenazate resistance in a bifenazate-resistant strain, Bram. We validated the role of this mutation combination by reciprocal crosses between a bifenazate resistant and susceptible strain. By doing these crosses we confirmed the pattern of inheritance was maternal. Additionally, mitochondrial heteroplasmy was not observed by single mite genotyping of the mutations in cytb in a known bifenazate-resistant strain Bram. The phylogenetic analysis with the complete mitochondrion genome sequences revealed that Australian two-spotted spider mite strains are closely related to the green form of T. urticae found in China. The novel mutation D252N found in the cytochrome b in the G126S background was revealed to be the main cause of bifenazate resistance in the Australian T. urticae strain Bram. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Isolating Antipathogenic Fungal Coumarins from Coriaria nepalensis and Determining Their Primary Mechanism In Vitro.

Through bioassay-guided isolation, eight undescribed coumarins (1-8), along with six reported coumarins (9-14), were obtained from Coriaria nepalensis. The new structures were determined by using IR, UV, NMR, HRESIMS, and ECD calculations. The results of the biological activity assays showed that compound 9 exhibited broad spectrum antifungal activities against all tested fungi in vitro and a significant inhibitory effect on Phytophthora nicotianae with an EC50 value of 3.00 μg/mL. Notably, compound 9 demonstrated greater curative and protective effects against tobacco balack shank than those of osthol in vivo. Thus, 9 was structurally modified to obtain new promising antifungal agents, and the novel derivatives (17b, 17j, and 17k) exhibited better effects on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum than did lead compound 9. Preliminary mechanistic exploration illustrated that 9 could enhance cell membrane permeability, destroy the morphology and ultrastructure of cells, and reduce the exopolysaccharide content of P. nicotianae mycelia. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity results revealed that compound 9 exhibited relatively low cytotoxicity against HEK293 cell lines with an inhibition rate of 33.54% at 30 μg/mL. This research is promising for the discovery of new fungicides from natural coumarins with satisfactory ecological compatibility.

Deformation behavior, twinning propensity model, and twinnability map for laser powder bed fused austenitic steel homogenized by hot isostatic pressing

Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) has emerged as a highly effective and extensively adopted technique for eliminating intrinsic flaws, mitigating residual stress, and addressing microstructural anisotropy in laser powder bed fused (L-PBF) metallic materials. However, the deformation behavior, strengthening mechanism, and associated mechanistic models of HIPed l-PBF austenitic steel remain largely unclear. Through multiple microstructural characterizations, this study determined that the primary deformation mechanism of HIPed l-PBF austenitic steel involved the emission of twinning partials from either the annealing twin boundaries or high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) with the decoration of extra dislocations and prismatic inclusions. A twinning propensity model was formulated based on the identified deformation mechanisms, revealing that the critical angle (θτ-crit) for twinning partial emissions ranged from 25.64° to 28.46° By incorporating the mathematical relationship describing the force equilibrium state between trailing and twinning partials, a twinnability map considering both the crystallographic orientation and stress state (magnitude and direction) was established to guide the twinning control for desired mechanical properties. Finally, the accuracy of the twinning model and twinnability map was effectively confirmed using the microstructural results, whereas the limitations of the twinning model and twinnability map were reasonably examined through micro-defect and texture analysis. The results of this study provided a significant theoretical framework for understanding the twinning behavior of high-performance and homogeneous l-PBF metallic materials.

A Perspective on the Molecular Modeling of Electrolyte Decomposition Reactions for Solid Electrolyte Interphase Growth in Lithium‐Ion Batteries

AbstractThe solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is a thin heterogeneous layer formed at the anode/electrolyte interface in lithium‐ion batteries as a consequence of the reduction of the electrolyte. The initial formation of the SEI inhibits the direct contact between the electrode and the electrolyte and thus protects the battery. However, the composition, structure, and size of the SEI evolve over time and the growth of the SEI is considered the primary mechanism leading to the gradual deterioration of the battery performance. Despite the importance of the SEI and its growth, the atomistic understanding of the underlying elementary reaction steps remains partial. Molecular modeling of the electrolyte decomposition is key to gain detailed insights that are complementary to experiments for the reactions occurring in this heterogenous interphase. In this perspective, the electron transport mechanisms are first described from the anode to the electrolyte through the SEI and highlight the importance of the inorganic/organic interface within the heterogeneous SEI: it is where the electrolyte decomposition reactions are likely to occur. Finally, a view is provided on the current progress on molecular modeling techniques (e.g., Density Functional Theory, force fields, machine learning potentials) of the SEI and the challenges each method faces.

Molecular determinant deciphering of MIC-guided RND efflux substrates in E. coli

Antimicrobial resistance poses an urgent and formidable global public health threat. The escalation of bacterial multidrug resistance to antibiotics has the potential to become a leading cause of global mortality if there is no substantial improvement in antimicrobial development and therapy protocols. In light of this, it is imperative to identify the molecular determinants responsible for the reduced antibiotic activity associated with RND efflux pumps. This comprehensive study meticulously examines Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) data obtained from in vitro tests for various antibiotic families and non-active dye compounds, sourced from diverse literature references. The primary focus of this study is to assess the susceptibility of these agents to efflux-resistant Escherichia coli strains, integrating both MIC data and relevant physicochemical properties. The central objective is to unveil the specific substituents that significantly influence the uptake process mediated by the AcrAB-TolC efflux system. This exploration seeks to reveal the consequences of these substituents on pharmacodynamic responses, providing valuable insights into Structure-Activity Relationships. It is noteworthy that this analysis represents a pioneering effort, with prospective implications for RND efflux pump-producing strains. Ultimately, deciphering efflux markers is crucial to effectively mitigate the emergence of specific resistance and to better monitor the role of this primary resistance mechanism in Gram-negative bacteria, particularly as observed in clinical antibiotic therapy practice.

Iron-Catalyzed Cyanide-Free Synthesis of Alkyl Nitriles: Oxidative Deconstruction of Cycloalkanones with Ammonium Salts and Aerobic Oxidation.

A sustainable, cyanide-free synthesis of alkyl nitriles via the aerobic oxidative deconstruction of unstrained cycloalkanones with ammonium salts has been developed. Using inexpensive and stable ammonium salts as the nitrogen source, a variety of alkyl nitriles containing a distal carbonyl group were obtained in good yields under visible-light-promoted iron catalysis. This protocol is characterized by mild conditions, abundant and environmentally benign materials, and high atom and step economy with minimal waste generation. The primary mechanism study revealed that 1O2 is likely to be involved in this reaction.

Biotransformation of Bioactive Metabolites in Cassiae Semen by Endogenous Enzymes and Probiotics.

The present study evaluated the potential of endogenous enzymes and probiotics in transforming bioactive metabolites to reduce the purgative effect and improve the functional activity of Cassiae Semen and verified and revealed the biotransformation effect of endogenous enzymes. Although probiotics, especially Lactobacillus rhamnosus, exerted the transformation effect, the endogenous enzymes proved to be more effective in transforming the components of Cassiae Semen. After biotransformation by endogenous enzymes for 12 h, the levels of six anthraquinones in Cassiae Semen increased by at least 2.98-fold, and free anthraquinones, total phenolics, and antioxidant activity also showed significant improvement, accompanied by an 82.2% reduction in combined anthraquinones responsible for the purgative effect of Cassiae Semen. Further metabolomic analysis revealed that the biotransformation effect of endogenous enzymes on the bioactive metabolites of Cassiae Semen was complex and diverse, and the biotransformation of quinones and flavonoids was particularly prominent and occurred by three primary mechanisms, hydrolyzation, methylation, and dimerization, might under the action of glycosyl hydrolases, SAM-dependent methyltransferases, and CYP450s. Accordingly, biotransformation by endogenous enzymes emerges as a mild, economical, food safety risk-free, and effective strategy to modify Cassiae Semen into an excellent functional food.

Efficient removal of microcystin-LR from contaminated water using water-stable MIL-100(Fe) synthesized under HF-free conditions.

Cyanobacterial algal hepatotoxins, called microcystins (MCs), are a global health concern, necessitating research on effective removal methods from contaminated water bodies. In this study, we synthesized non-fluorine MIL-100(Fe) using an environmentally friendly room-temperature method and utilized it as an adsorbent to effectively remove microcystin-LR (MC-LR), which is the most toxic MC congener. MIL-100(Fe) was thoroughly characterized, and its adsorption process was investigated under various conditions. Results revealed rapid MC-LR adsorption, achieving 93% removal in just 5min, with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model indicating chemisorption as the primary mechanism. The Langmuir isotherm model demonstrated a monolayer sorption capacity of 232.6µgg-1 at room temperature, showing favorable adsorption. Furthermore, the adsorption capacity increased from 183µgg-1 at 20°C to 311µgg-1 at 40°C, indicating an endothermic process. Thermodynamic parameters supported MC-LR adsorption's spontaneous and feasible nature onto MIL-100(Fe). This study highlights MIL-100(Fe) as a promising method for effectively removing harmful biological pollutants, such as MC-LR, from contaminated water bodies in an environmentally friendly manner.

Advances in Aerosol Formulation for Targeted Delivery of Therapeutic Agents from Nose to Brain.

The intricate anatomical and physiological barriers that prohibit pharmaceuticals from entering the brain continue to provide a noteworthy hurdle to the efficient distribution of medications to brain tissues. These barriers prevent the movement of active therapeutic agents into the brain. The present manuscript aims to describe the various aspects of brain-targeted drug delivery through the nasal route. The primary transport mechanism for drug absorption from the nose to the brain is the paracellular/extracellular mechanism, which allows for rapid drug transfer. The transcellular/intracellular pathway involves the transfer across a lipoidal channel, which regulates the entry or exit of anions, organic cations, and peptides. Spectroscopy and PET (positron emission tomography) are two common methods used for assessing drug distribution. MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging) is another imaging method used to assess the efficacy of aerosol drug delivery from nose to brain. It can identify emphysema, drug-induced harm, mucus discharge, oedema, and vascular remodeling. The olfactory epithelium's position in the nasal cavity makes it difficult for drugs to reach the desired target. Bi-directional aerosol systems and tools like the "OptiNose" can help decrease extranasal particle deposition and increase particle deposition efficiency in the primary nasal pathway. Direct medicine administration from N-T-B, however, can reduce the dose administered and make it easier to attain an effective concentration at the site of activity, and it has the potential to be commercialized.

How automated machines influence employment in manufacturing enterprises?

This paper theoretically analyzes and empirically examines the impact and mechanisms of automated machines on employment in manufacturing enterprises, drawing on task-based model and using micro data from listed Chinese manufacturing enterprises between 2012 and 2019. Our findings reveal that: (1) Automated machines in manufacturing enterprises leads to a substitution effect on the total labor force, with a substitution effect on low-skilled labor and a creation effect on high-skilled labor in terms of employment structure. (2) Further analysis indicates that automated machines primarily have a positive effect on R&D and technical staff, a non-significant effect on sales staff, and a negative impact on production, administrative, and financial staff. (3) The primary influencing mechanisms of automated machines on employment in manufacturing firms are productivity effects and output scale effects, based on the mediation effect model. (4) Considering the industry linkage effect, we employ the input-output method and the Input-Output Table and find that automated machines for upstream (downstream) manufacturing enterprises will result in a substitution effect on employment for downstream (upstream) enterprises. The novelties and research contributions are as follows: (1) we conduct a structural decomposition of total employment, and further decompose employment positions into production, R&D, sales, finance, and administration. (2) We try to investigate the industry linkage effect about the impact of automated machines on the employment of upstream and downstream enterprises. (3) We use data from listed manufacturing companies, and the data of existing research are about provincial and industry-level data.