Primary Coordinates Research Articles

INCREASING CHARACTERISTICS OF BSNR 9С32 DURING IMPLEMENTATION IN ITS ANTENNA SYSTEM OF THE ELEMENTS ON A MODERN ELEMENT BASE

The military conflicts of the last decade are characterized by the wide use of air assets including small - sized and (or) unmanned ones by the warring parties. In modern conditions one of the effective measures to combat them is to increase the accuracy of coordinate information provided to combat (or fire) means. Increasing the accuracy of coordinate information determines: the possibility of non-searching detection and (or) capture of aerial targets by fire means, increasing the survivability of air defense systems due to the reduction of working time (including the time for "radiation") and rapid change of their positions after completing the assigned task.
 The modern development of science and technology makes it possible to create effective means of air defense to combat existing and promising means of air attack but their development and commissioning requires large costs. In this regard, the issue of improving the characteristics of existing complexes without significant capital investments is gaining relevance.
 One of the important characteristics of the detection means and tracking of a multi-channel air assets anti- aircraft missile complex is the resolution and accuracy of measuring the angular coordinates of objects. This is due to the fact that modern air defence anti-aircraft missile complex uses information about the angular velocities of the missile-target line and the missile velocity vector when aiming anti-aircraft guided missiles using the proportional approximation method. Therefore, the accuracy of their measurement depends on the features of the missile’s flight trajectory when firing at the target and as a result the probability of its damage. The resolution and accuracy of angular coordinate measurement depends significantly on the characteristics of the antenna system.
 It is proposed to use their analogues on a modern element base instead of standard multi-channel missile guidance station 9C32 antenna elements in the work . Estimates of the characteristics of the phased antenna array when introducing promising pass-through ferrite phase shifters (in particular the increase in the accuracy of measuring angular coordinates and the range of aerial targets detection) were obtained using mathematical modeling and calculation methods. Obtained ratios allow for an appropriate assessment.
 The obtained results can be used in the development of proposals for the introduction of modern antenna elements (ferrite phase shifters) into the antenna systems of multi-channel radio equipment of anti-aircraft missile systems.The last decade is characterized by a number of military conflicts, in most episodes of which the achievement of the goal (reconnaissance and (or) defeat of certain targets) by the warring parties is mostly achieved through the use of aircraft, including small and (or) unmanned. The main difference is to obtain the desired results without a direct collision with the enemy ground component of troops (forces).
 Most of the recommended measures to combat aircraft in modern conditions can be reduced to: the rational construction of battle order (using the air defense separation), the widespread use of covert communications, radio reconnaissance and electronic warfare, the creation of erroneous and camouflage combat (reserve) air defence means positions, automation of transmission and processing of information about the air situation with the use of modern technologies and increase the accuracy of coordinate information provided to combat (or fire) means.
 Improving the accuracy of coordinate information causes: the possibility of searchless detection and (or) capture of air targets by fire, increasing the survivability of air defense systems by reducing working hours (including time for “radiation”) and rapid change of their positions after the task. Modern algorithms for processing coordinate information provided by air defense systems take into account the errors of primary coordinates measurement by radio engineering, the delay time of information in communication channels and its possible distortion. At the same time, they do not explicitly take into account the influence of topographic errors and orientation errors of radio equipment.
 In the work with the use of mathematical modelling methods, an assessment of the characteristics of the phased antenna array was carried out with the introduction of a promising pass-through ferrite phase shifter (in particular, an increase in the accuracy of measuring angular coordinates and the range of detection of aerial targets). The obtained ratios allow to make an appropriate assessment.
 The obtained results can be used when introducing modern ferrite phase shifters to the antenna system of the multi-channel missile guidance station 9С32.

The United States at the Center of the Action

The United States at the Center of the Action

INFLUENCE OF ERRORS OF TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY AND ORIENTATION OF RADIO- TECHNICAL MEANS OF AIRSPACE CONTROL ON ESTIMATES OF COORDINATE INFORMATION ISSUED BY THEM

The last decade is characterized by a number of military conflicts, in most episodes of which the achievement of the goal (reconnaissance and (or) defeat of certain targets) by the warring parties is mostly achieved through the use of aircraft, including small and (or) unmanned. The main difference is to obtain the desired results without a direct collision with the enemy ground component of troops (forces).
 Most of the recommended measures to combat aircraft in modern conditions can be reduced to: the rational construction of battle order (using the air defense separation), the widespread use of covert communications, radio reconnaissance and electronic warfare, the creation of erroneous and camouflage combat (reserve) positions of air defense means , automation of transmission and processing of information about the air situation with the use of modern technologies and increase the accuracy of coordinate information provided to combat (or fire) means.
 Improving the accuracy of coordinate information causes: the possibility of searchless detection and (or) capture of air targets by fire, increasing the survivability of air defense systems by reducing working hours (including time for "radiation") and rapid change of their positions after the task. Modern algorithms for processing coordinate information provided by air defense systems take into account the errors of measurement of primary coordinates by radio engineering, the delay time of information in communication channels and its possible distortion. At the same time, they do not explicitly take into account the influence of topographic errors and orientation errors of radio equipment.
 In the work, with the use of methods of mathematical statistics and mathematical modeling, the analysis of influence of topographic errors and orientation of radio-technical means of airspace control on estimations of the coordinate information issued by them is carried out. The obtained ratios allow to make an appropriate assessment and provide recommendations for further research.
 In the work with the use of methods of mathematical statistics and mathematical modeling, the analysis of the influence of topographic errors and orientation of radio engineering means of airspace control on the estimates of coordinate information issued by them is carried out. The obtained ratios allow to make an appropriate assessment and provide recommendations for further research.
 The obtained results can be used in tests of radio-technical means of information support, in information processing algorithms and automated control systems.

Development of methods for determining the coordinates of firing positions of roving mortars by a network of counter-battery radars

The mathematical formulation of the problem of determining the coordinates of targets in the network of counter-battery radars is formulated. It has been established that the problem of estimating the coordinates of targets in the network of counter-battery radars for an excessive number of estimates of primary coordinates should be considered as a statistical problem. The method for determining the coordinates of the firing positions of roving mortars has been improved, in which, in contrast to the known ones, the coordinates of targets on the flight trajectory are coordinated with space and time and the information is processed by a network of counter-battery radars. The developed simulation mathematical model for determining the coordinates of the firing positions of roving mortars by a network of counter-battery radars. Simulation modeling of the method for determining the coordinates of the firing positions of roving mortars by a network of counter-battery radars has been carried out. It has been established that the use of a network of radars makes it possible to increase the accuracy of determining the coordinates of the firing means on average from 23 % to 71 %, depending on the number of counter-battery radars in the network. It has also been found that the appropriate number of counter-battery warfare radars in the network is three or four. A further increase in the number of counter-battery warfare radars in the network does not lead to a significant increase in the accuracy of determining the coordinates of artillery and mortar firing positions. In carrying out further research, it is necessary to develop a method for the spatial separation of elements of a group of targets and interfering objects by a network of counter-battery warfare radars

Robust coordinated control for large flexible spacecraft based on consensus theory

A distributed coordinated robust control method is proposed in this paper for large flexible spacecraft with distributed actuators and sensors. By dividing the control framework into an attitude dynamic system and a structural vibration system, a consensus observer is designed to estimate the primary system's modal coordinates and the graph theory is used to develop a leader-follower consensus vibration controller to reduce the oscillation of the flexible structures. The robust optimal attitude controller with known averaged vibration modal parameters is also designed to overcome the influence of environmental disturbances and other system uncertainties. The integrated result is an effective pointing controller of large flexible spacecraft, which is also robust to failures and inconsistencies in the control system. A comparative study is presented to show the advantage of the decentralized design over the conventional centralized method. Simulation results are provided to demonstrate the performance of the proposed control method.

Defining data-driven primary transcript annotations with primaryTranscriptAnnotation in R.

SummaryNascent transcript measurements derived from run-on sequencing experiments are critical for the investigation of transcriptional mechanisms and regulatory networks. However, conventional mRNA gene annotations significantly differ from the boundaries of primary transcripts. New primary transcript annotations are needed to accurately interpret run-on data. We developed the primaryTranscriptAnnotation R package to infer the transcriptional start and termination sites of primary transcripts from genomic run-on data. We then used these inferred coordinates to annotate transcriptional units identified de novo. This package provides the novel utility to integrate data-driven primary transcript annotations with transcriptional unit coordinates identified in an unbiased manner. Highlighting the importance of using accurate primary transcript coordinates, we demonstrate that this new methodology increases the detection of differentially expressed transcripts and provides more accurate quantification of RNA polymerase pause indices.Availability and implementation https://github.com/WarrenDavidAnderson/genomicsRpackage/tree/master/primaryTranscriptAnnotation.Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

Política Nacional de Saúde Bucal Brasileira (Brasil Sorridente): Um resgate da história, aprendizados e futuro*

Antecedentes: no Sistema Único de Saúde do Brasil (SUS) a atenção básica é ordenadora do cuidado em saúde e representa o eixo estruturante do sistema. Em 2004, quando o Brasil Sorridente (BS) foi criado, o governo federal assumiu um importante papel de indução do crescimento da oferta de serviços de saúde bucal nos municípios e estados, criando linhas de financiamento específicos para criação de novas equipes de saúde bucal, para construção e implantação de centros de atenção secundária (Centros de Especialidades Odontológicas – CEO) e terciária dentre outras ações, que fizeram do BS uma rede de atenção à saúde e uma das maiores políticas públicas de saúde bucal do mundo. Objetivo: este artigo tem como objetivo compartilhar parte dessa experiência, a fim de promover reflexão em torno da inserção da saúde bucal nos sistemas de saúde ao redor do mundo, com especial interesse nos países da América Latina. Métodos: este é um estudo de caso do Brasil e as informações apresentadas nesse estudo foram coletas por meio de relatórios governamentais, base de dados secundários, artigos publicados e informantes chave. Resultados e conclusão: a experiência do Brasil vem sendo motivadora e mostrou que, além de necessário é possível inserir a saúde bucal nos sistemas de saúde universais. Porém, após 14 anos e com a instabilidade política atual do país, o futuro do Brasil Sorridente dependerá do compromisso dos formuladores de políticas, a continuidade do engajamento dos diferentes atores envolvidos, objetivos claros e estratégias transparentes e fundamentadas em evidências científicas para alcançá-los.

Theoretical Analysis of Mechanical Vibrations

A method is proposed for transforming a mechanical system described by arbitrary generalized coordinates into a system described by primary coordinates. To this end, an elastic element with negative rigidity is introduced. As a result, the vibrational motion is divided into two components; the maximum vibrational frequency is decreased; and the vibrational protection of the system is improved.

Triangulation network of 1929–1944 of the first 1:500 urban map of València

Triangulation is a surveying method on which earlier maps made were based. Although the origins of the method can be traced back to the 16th century, it is still used today, with minor changes, to adjust networks observed with modern geodetic techniques. In this paper we present the geodetic survey work that was carried out for the primary triangulation network of the first 1:500 urban map of the city of València (Spain). It spanned from 1929 to 1944 and resulted in 421 maps covering about 174 square kilometres. We focus on four key elements to define the geometric framework of a map: (1) the geodetic network, (2) the cartographic projection, (3) the baseline measurements, and (4) the primary triangulation. The paper is based on the interpretation of original documents and field books recovered from the archives of the València City Council. In order to check the accuracy and consistency of the survey work, we recomputed all calculations directly from the field data, following the mathematical procedures of the time. We obtained a set of transformation parameters to convert the coordinates of 1929 to current coordinates based on the European Terrestrial Reference System of 1989 (ETRS89). Results showed that the 1929 primary triangulation angles and coordinates are accurate to 8 s of arc and 35 cm respectively, and that the coordinates transform well into the current reference system with average residuals of 26 cm across nine control points, demonstrating the high quality of the 1929 work.

Probabilistic assessment of the water quality of bathing beaches on the Taiwanese coast using indicator-based geostatistics with one-dimensional cyclic coordinates

Because Taiwan is a subtropical island, many pleasure beaches are situated on its coast. However, according to long-term monitoring data, fecal contamination at Taiwanese coastal beaches frequently exceeds the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guidelines. To avoid public health hazards, mapping the spatial extent of this contamination is crucial. This study applied indicator kriging (IK) to probabilistically assess the water quality of bathing beaches on the Taiwanese coast. Moreover, because the discontinuity of the traditional Cartesian coordinate established on an island coastline is difficult for geostatistical estimates, this study proposed a novel kriging estimation approach to deal with this problem. First, a one-dimensional (1-D) cyclic coordinate system of the Taiwanese coast was established using primary and secondary coordinates at each beach site. Escherichia coli (E. coli) and enterococci concentrations at coastal beaches were converted into indicator variables according to the U.S. EPA guidelines. IK was then used to spatially model the occurrence probabilities that exceeded the U.S. EPA guidelines for E. coli and enterococci. Finally, the water quality of bathing beaches on the Taiwanese coast was classified on the basis of the estimated probabilities. The study results indicated that bathing on the central western, northeastern, and southeastern Taiwanese coasts poses a potential threat to human health caused by high levels of fecal contamination. Moreover, primary and secondary coordinates established at beach sites were capable of analyzing the spatial variability and kriging estimates of the 1-D cyclic coordinates along the coastline.

Projection, Scale, and Accuracy in the 1721 Kangxi Maps

The Kangxi Emperor employed Jesuit brothers (1708–18) to produce maps of the provinces of China using a combination of Western and Chinese survey methods. The maps were completed by 1721. They were sent back to Europe and became the basis for maps of China produced by Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville in 1735. The main changes from traditional Chinese mapping were to use latitude and longitude as primary coordinates, map them using a spherical projection, and use astronomical measurements of latitude and longitude to establish baselines. Changes in latitude and longitude were found using traditional metric survey and relationships between distance north–south and latitude and distance east–west and longitude to convert to degrees. A digitized facsimile of the 1721 map series is available from the US Library of Congress. In this article, the digitized images were used to reconstruct the parameters of the sinusoidal projection, establish scale, and re-project and mosaic the maps into various forms for presentation. The accuracy of five of the province maps is discussed in detail. It is found that poor astronomical measurements of longitude are the most serious issue for the maps, but that apart from areas distorted by the poor longitude estimates, the accuracy was commensurate with that of European land maps of the time.

Optimal yarn colour combination for full‐colour fabric design and mixed‐colour chromaticity coordinates based on CIE chromaticity diagram analysis

It is challenging for textile designers to achieve full‐colour effects in woven fabric using a limited set of coloured yarns. The common problems encountered during full‐colour fabric design include an insufficient number of colours and a failure to match the fabric colour with the desired colour. Using the theories of primary colours and optical colour mixing, we examine the mixed‐colour distribution of primary colour yarns on the basis of the CIE 1976 chromaticity diagram (CIE u′v′). In our experiment, dope‐dyed polyester filament yarns were selected as raw materials. Eight kinds of gradually varied weave structures and four types of primary colour combination were adopted in order to make different types of full‐colour fabric colour chart. Spectrophotometer and DigiEye colour measurement systems were selected to measure the reflectance and colour value of the fabric samples. By comparing the colour distribution of mixed fabrics in the CIE u′v′ diagram, the relationship between the primary colour combinations and the colour distribution of mixed fabrics is discussed. Of RGB, CMY, NCS, and RGBCMY combinations, only RGBCMY resulted in a relatively complete and large colour gamut. Moreover, the colour positions of mixed fabrics in the CIE u′v′ diagram were almost all distributed on or near the connecting line of the primary colour coordinates. The specific colour position of mixed fabrics in the CIE u′v′ diagram were mainly determined by the proportion of primary colours on the fabric surface. In this way, a new method for computing colour position in the CIE u′v′ diagram is introduced.

Postcolonial World Literature: Forster-Roy-Morrison

In the last fifty years or so, we have seen the emergence of discursive formations, among them, certain new literatures, some even finding homes in programs like African American Studies, Women's Studies, and others. During the same time, we have also seen the emergence of theory, literary theory, as continuous but also discontinuous to literary criticism. Among these discursive formations is postcolonial and postcolonial theory, which are, however, fortunately or unfortunately, unhoused in any particular department or program. It is at least partially in response to this last that there has, more recently, been a (mainly) Western articulation of literature which can be seen as the cultural, and more specifically, literary or artistic organ of Western (economic and political) globalization. The emergence of world literature, spurred by the publication of Pascale Casanova's World Republic of Letters, has produced an interesting discussion, sympathetic or otherwise. These discussions have offered alternative methods for reading literature, or perhaps developed and foregrounded methods that were previously not as prominent, alternative, for example, to close reading or close textual analysis, a method well established in literary study and perhaps to some extent even fetishized. These methods for the study of world include a careful consideration of publication sites, distribution networks, circulation rates. They pay attention to the intricacies of translation, already problematized in postcolonial studies. And quite predictably, they direct our attention to the matter of influence, often in the vocabulary of derivation and appropriation, in a context of invariably asymmetrical power relations. As useful and interesting as the category of world has been, as a sort of cultural superstructure to the base of globalization, some critics, like Mohanty for example who speaks of the globalization of feminist studies, find the exploration and discussion of globalization to be peculiarly ungendered and deracialized-peculiar particularly given the fairly recent history of colonialism and slavery. (1) What I find attractive in these articulations of a world literature, however, is the possibility of a metrics for literary study, with its computations of sites, networks, rates, and so on in a system of cultures. In the interest of such a computational syntax, I will offer an algorithm of sorts, marking the spatio-temporal coordinates for a reading of world but without removing it from the historical realities of race, gender, and other markers of differential power relations. My reading is also a close reading, a close textual analysis that reinstates the literariness of as one of its important qualities. I focus on Arundhati Roy's The God of Small Things and some of Toni Morrison's novels, particularly The Bluest Eye and Beloved. To demonstrate that there is a conceptual cohesion in the framework I am using, that of the vertical-lateral/ historical-geographical coordinates embedded in literary texts produced by these Indian writers, I will be citing other Indian writers like Hari Kunzru, Aravind Adiga, and Salman Rushdie, all recent recipients of prestigious literary recognition. These writers also cite other English, American, and Indian writers. Such citational practices, after all, constitute a tradition, in this case, an emergent tradition of world literature, even if these practices are not necessarily motivated by authorial intention or by what Harold Bloom articulates as an anxiety of influence or a map of misreading. The postcolonial text executes a double articulation or a dual spatio-temporality, a vertical and temporal articulation on one hand and a horizontal and spatial articulation on the other. The former maps the text's relation with the past, the Indian, the British, and African American past, although here the primary coordinates are the history of British colonialism in India and specially the literary representations of it, as in Forster and Orwell. …

Color changes in staining solutions of four light-cured indirect resin composites

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different staining solutions on the color coordinates of indirect light-cured resin composites. 112 discs were made using four indirect composites, Signum+/Haraeus-Kulzer, Sinfony/3M-Espe, GC Gradia/GC, Ena HRi/Micerium, and divided into four groups which immersed in tea, coffee, chocolate and distilled water, at 37 °C, for 4 weeks. The color, before and after immersion for 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks, was measured according to CIELAB system and ΔL*, Δa*, Δb* and ΔE* values were calculated for all immersion periods. The effect of time, solution and material on primary and secondary color coordinates was estimated using two-way repeated ANOVAs and pairwise comparisons, at a = 0.05. The results showed that coffee strongly affected all the materials (p < 0.05), followed by tea and chocolate. Sinfony presented the highest color change (p < 0.05), due to changes in b* and L* coordinates. Color coordinates were affected differently by material type and solution. In conclusion, this study showed that the color of indirect resin composites was affected by all three examined factors (immersion time, staining solution and material type), in a clinically appreciable level (ΔΕ* > 2.7 U) even from the first week, and in an unacceptable level (ΔΕ* > 5.5 U) in the second, third and fourth week, depending on the staining solution and the material.

SKPDB: a structural database of shikimate pathway enzymes.

BackgroundThe functional and structural characterisation of enzymes that belong to microbial metabolic pathways is very important for structure-based drug design. The main interest in studying shikimate pathway enzymes involves the fact that they are essential for bacteria but do not occur in humans, making them selective targets for design of drugs that do not directly impact humans.DescriptionThe ShiKimate Pathway DataBase (SKPDB) is a relational database applied to the study of shikimate pathway enzymes in microorganisms and plants. The current database is updated regularly with the addition of new data; there are currently 8902 enzymes of the shikimate pathway from different sources. The database contains extensive information on each enzyme, including detailed descriptions about sequence, references, and structural and functional studies. All files (primary sequence, atomic coordinates and quality scores) are available for downloading. The modeled structures can be viewed using the Jmol program.ConclusionsThe SKPDB provides a large number of structural models to be used in docking simulations, virtual screening initiatives and drug design. It is freely accessible at http://lsbzix.rc.unesp.br/skpdb/.

Experimental Validation of Track Structure Models

A tracking ion counting nanodosimeter was employed to acquire spatial ionization patterns produced by charged particles in propane gas at 1.3 mbar. Data were taken at the James M. Slater MD Proton Treatment and Research Center with 250 MeV, 17 MeV, 5 MeV and 1.5 MeV proton beams, 4.8 MeV alpha particles and electrons from a Sr-90/Y-90 source. For each particle type, measurable quantities used for track structure reconstruction included the number of ionizations and their location within a wall-less, cylindrical sensitive volume measured with a resolution of about 5 tissue-equivalent nanometers, and primary particle coordinates. Measured ionization frequency distributions as a function of distance from particle track were compared with results of a dedicated Monte Carlo track structure code.

Phase equilibriums and thermodynamic properties of the system Bi–Te–I

The system Bi–Te–I was studied by methods of differential thermal analysis and the X-ray diffraction, and also by measurements of electromotive forces (EMF) of concentration chains of type (−) Bi (s) | liquid electrolytic conductor, Bi 3+ | (Bi–Te–I) (s) (+) in the temperatures range of 300–400 K. The series of polythermal sections and isothermal section of the phase diagram at 300 K, and a projection of the liquidus surface were constructed. Earlier indicated ternary compounds BiTeI, Bi 2TeI and Bi 4TeI 1.25 were confirmed, the position of phase areas and their relationships was established. Areas of primary crystallization fields, types and coordinates of the non- and mono-variant equilibriums were determined. The measurements of EMF have allowed calculation of partial molar functions ( Δ G ¯ , Δ H ¯ , Δ S ¯ ) of bismuth in alloys, standard thermodynamic functions of formation and standard entropies of the indicated ternary compounds.

21.4: Primary Design of Wide‐Color‐Gamut Displays for Matching the Color Gamut of Objects

AbstractThe method for designing the primary color coordinates of the wide gamut display that its color gamut matches object color gamut the best is studied so that the display can reproduce object color the most vividly. The display with three monochromatic primaries is taken as an example.

Dionne Brand's Poetics of Recognition: Reframing Sexual Rights

Dionne Brand's Poetics of Recognition:Reframing Sexual Rights Greg A. Mullins (bio) At the center of Dionne Brand's novel In Another Place, Not Here, Verlia repeats to herself almost as a mantra these words of Che Guevara: "At the risk of seeming ridiculous, let me say that the true revolutionary is guided by great feelings of love" (165, 183).1 Brand's novel offers an extended meditation on love's relation to revolution, not without also considering the ridicule and associated risks Verlia takes to pursue her visions of social change. The setting is a thinly fictionalized Grenada during the months leading up to the United States invasion in 1983, as well as Toronto, where Verlia lived before joining the socialist revolution in Grenada, and where her lover Elizete flees after the invasion. In Another Place, Not Here is a geopolitical novel that aligns desire and affect with political struggle against racism, imperialism, and patriarchy while mapping both love and politics onto the physical geography of the Americas. Between the novel's two primary coordinates, Grenada and Toronto, stretches the United States, whose political and economic interests cast a long shadow upon both. In Another Place, Not Here expresses the frustrated aspirations of a revolution gone awry, but as a cartographical novel of the Americas deeply concerned with memory, desire, disapora, place, and displacement, it also offers an orientation—a guide map, if you will—for analyzing the intimate connections among gender and sexuality; love and desire; anti-imperial, antiracist, and feminist cultural politics; and international political organizing.2 The novel does not engage the language of international human rights, for reasons I will discuss subsequently. Nonetheless, it is overtly concerned with a number of social, economic, and political questions of justice that international human rights concurrently addresses, and in what follows I will demonstrate why it is helpful to read Brand in relation to human rights, and rights in relation to Brand. Brand's novel is particularly helpful in focusing attention on capitalism and on a leftist critique of it. Moreover, it suggests ways of thinking about the politics of love—and especially the sexual love of two black women for each other—as a challenge to the political and economic structures that limit the capacity for human flourishing in our contemporary era. In Another Place, Not Here does not outline a political program of action, but as a powerful work of lyrical insight it does offer us an extraordinary poetics that clarifies the political work of recognition. For Brand, recognition is as much a concern of intimate sexual love as it is of political citizenship, and her poetics of recognition offers a compelling defense of sexual and gender minorities. [End Page 1100] The Cultural Politics of Recognition Nancy Fraser has captured in two words, "redistribution" and "recognition," an epochal shift in global progressive political work that has taken place over the last one hundred years. A century and more ago, the effort to promote social justice via redistribution of wealth and resources arose from a class-based analysis of inequality and human suffering under formal colonialism and Fordist industrialization. Demands for justice through redistribution continue, and Fraser's work is exemplary among contemporary philosophers who make this demand. But Fraser pursues this work fully cognizant that the political landscape has shifted over the course of the twentieth century, and that a new paradigm of justice advocacy based on what she calls "status claims" has emerged. Under this new paradigm, social justice is understood to depend upon recognition of and respect for identity and difference. Certain civil rights struggles in the United States exemplify this politics of recognition, which has come to be closely associated with the politics of identity. In the United States, efforts to end racial segregation and institutional racism, as well as feminist and lesbian and gay movements, have appealed to constitutional protections of equality for all citizens while simultaneously demanding respect for difference demarcated by lines of race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, and, more recently, disability. Fraser has critiqued the susceptibility of identity politics to accept cultural and symbolic forms of recognition in lieu of substantial political and economic change, and has argued...

Domain movements in human fatty acid synthase by quantized elastic deformational model.

This paper reports the results of applying a computational method called the quantized elastic deformational model, to the determination of conformational flexibility of the supermolecular complex of human fatty acid synthase. The essence of this method is the ability to model large-scale conformational changes such as domain movements by treating the protein as an elastic object without the knowledge of protein primary sequence and atomic coordinates. The calculation was based on the electron density maps of the synthase at 19 A. The results suggest that the synthase is a very flexible molecule. Two types of flexible hinges in the structure were identified. One is an intersubunit hinge formed by the intersubunit connection and the other is an intrasubunit hinge located between domains I and II. Despite the fact that the dimeric synthase has a chemically symmetric structure, large domain movements around the hinge region occur in various directions and allow the molecule to adopt a wide range of conformations. These domain movements are likely to be important in facilitating and regulating the entire palmitate synthesis by coordinating the communication between components of the molecule, for instance, adjusting the distance between various active sites inside the catalytic reaction center. Finally, the ability to describe protein motions of a supermolecular complex, without the information of protein sequence and atomic coordinates, is a major advance in computational modeling of protein dynamics. The method provides an unprecedented ability to model protein motions at such a low resolution of structure.