Primary Construction Material Research Articles

Assessing and mitigating environmental impacts of construction materials: Insights from environmental product declarations

Construction activities significantly impact natural resources and the environment, accounting for 40 % of global energy consumption and 36 % of carbon emissions. This study evaluates the environmental impacts of various primary construction materials by leveraging more original and comprehensive Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) and incorporates insights from prevvious research to summarize effective mitigation strategies. Analyzing the environmental impact per unit mass is a critical step toward building-level assessments, enabling the strategic replacement of high-pollution materials with lower-impact alternatives to optimize environmental outcomes. The quantitative analysis of data from 180 EPDs indicates that aluminum and steel have the highest median total environmental impacts per unit mass, followed by plastics, while wood, cement, and concrete have relatively lower impacts. Overall, Abiotic Depletion Potential (ADP) and Global Warming Potential (GWP) are identified as the primary environmental impacts of construction materials. At the building level, the environmental footprint varies based on the quantity of each material used, leading to substantial overall impacts. Furthermore, this study explores the relationships between different environmental impacts, finding positive correlations between GWP and Primary Energy Non-Renewable Energy (PENRE), Acidification Potential (AP), and Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP). A comprehensive literature review identifies the key environmental hotspots and mitigation strategies for high-impact materials such as aluminum, steel, cement, and concrete. Common strategies include innovative production methods, waste recycling, carbon capture and storage (CCS), and the development of low-carbon materials. By integrating quantitative EPDs analysis with a qualitative literature review, this research provides a holistic understanding of the environmental burdens of construction materials, offering a valuable framework for developing sustainable policies and practices within the construction industry.

Long-Term One-Dimensional Compression Tests and Fractional Creep Model of Compacted Snow

Compacted snow is a primary construction material in polar regions and experiences persistent deformation during loading, which considerably affects the safety of snow structures. This study conducts a series of one-dimensional compression tests to investigate the effect of initial densities and stress levels on the long-term deformation of compacted snow samples over 90 days. The compression curve of compacted snow can be divided into three stages: instantaneous, primary, and secondary compressions. Instantaneous compression occurs at pressurization; primary compression occurs within 10 to 40 min of loading; secondary compression occurs when snow remains unstable for 90 days. Secondary compression is the main cause of long-term deformation of the samples and the secondary compression coefficient tends to decrease with a higher initial density and lower normal pressure. A fractional creep model is developed to describe the experimental data and a good agreement was obtained. The proposed model adopts the fractional deviation approach to modify the classic Burgers model, and the density-dependent parameters are calibrated using the experimental data. The proposed model is verified as a useful tool in describing the creep behavior of snow, and the results of this study contribute to the safe operation of building structures on snow foundations.

Development of a novel sustainable concrete from waste coconut shell with alccofine supplements

The infrastructure of a country depends significantly on cement concrete as the primary construction material. The aggregate comprises a significant proportion of the overall volume of concrete. However, the ongoing extraction of granite rock to obtain coarse aggregate contributes to the escalating need for natural resources among future generations. Due to its high carbon dioxide (CO2) footprint, the cement industry is a significant contributor to global warming. An appropriate reduction in the amount of cement in concrete without affecting its key properties can result in economical and sustainable development of the construction industry. In this investigation, agricultural waste coconut shell is considered as a substitute for conventional aggregate in concrete to produce lightweight coconut shell concrete. The alccofine-1203 contains ultrafine particles with a distinctive composition that enhances the pozzolanic and hydration process in concrete. Alccofine ranging from 5 % to 15 % were added to cement. The results demonstrated that the 10 % alccofine enhanced the fresh and mechanical properties of the lightweight coconut shell concrete. Using a combination of coconut shell and alccofine in concrete would be the most environmentally sustainable option in the construction industry.

Full-Scale Fire Experiments on Cross-Laminated Timber Residential Enclosures Featuring Different Lining Protection Configurations

AbstractThe adoption of timber, specifically cross-laminated timber (CLT), as a primary construction material is gaining traction due to its carbon sequestration capabilities, environmental advantages, and potential for precision manufacturing. However, the combustibility of wood raises legitimate concerns about fire safety in timber-based residential buildings. This paper investigates the fire performance of timber in a residential context, attempting to fill knowledge gaps and outline strategies for improving fire robustness in timber-built dwellings. Through comprehensive experimental studies on residential-type enclosures constructed with CLT panels, this research explores different configurations and the effects of varying degrees of non-combustible protective lining. The findings underscore the significance of considering timber surface exposure and adopting effective encapsulation strategies in CLT buildings. It has been estimated that the exposure of timber walls leads to a proportional increase in heat release rate, corresponding to the area of exposed timber surfaces and their charring rates. Consequently, the external flame has a larger projection, resulting in a much greater heat flux to the façade. Furthermore, threshold conditions for initial flaming self-extinguishment of timber defined in literature of 44.5 ± 1.2 kW/m2 have been found to be applicable to the experiments conducted in this research. Finally, it has been observed that partial encapsulation, where the protective lining will likely fall off during a fire, may hinder rather than increase the likelihood of self-extinguishment. This work contributes towards a nuanced understanding of fire dynamics in timber structures, offering insights for safer and more effective design strategies for CLT-based construction.

Identification of Aggregates Quarries via Computer Vision Analysis as a Tool for Sustainable Aggregates Management and Land Planning

The mineral raw materials industry is crucial for European industry, with the European Economic and Social Committee estimating that 70% of the industry relies directly or indirectly on its supply. In the context of a decarbonized and digitalized economy, the new European industrial model requires carbon-neutral raw materials and production processes. The crucial role of aggregates mining, as the primary construction material, emerges as a key supplier in this paradigm. Aggregates are the main component of the built environment and are a social and economic engine in most countries. Quarries of this type include a wide range of sizes and exploitation methods and use characteristic mining and processing equipment. Quarries are commonly close to their processing plants, which transform natural rock into crushed and ground materials with different grain sizes depending on the future uses. The quarry itself and the presence of certain equipment and facilities help distinguish it from mining sites that exploit other materials. Effective management of aggregates quarries is important in promoting circular economy practices, ensuring efficient management, reuse, and recycling of diverse wastes, including the recovery of high-value components and the production of recycled aggregates, and addressing construction and demolition waste (DCW) management. As aggregates become a progressively scarcer resource due to the increasing demand from developing countries, it is essential to provide reliable and comprehensive information on their potential to the public, policymakers, and other stakeholders to promote their use. This study focuses on employing artificial intelligence and computer vision analysis to automatically identify aggregates quarries from satellite images within continental Spain. A model has been trained to detect aggregates quarries from satellite images by computer vision. The model permits the detection of mining exploitation and the objects located at the interior, which permits determination of the type of mine and the activity status of it. The findings highlight the ability of artificial vision to discern quarries and distinguish whether the observed feature is an aggregates quarry. Additionally, the technology allows for the determination of the quarry’s operational status, distinguishing between active and abandoned quarries. The ability to detect the locations of quarries and assess their activity statuses is of significant value for resource exploration initiatives and location-allocation assessments. It can be a valuable tool for authorities involved in land planning, activities monitoring, and early detection of potential illegal mining activities. This analytical approach demonstrates substantial potential for various stakeholders, including mining companies, mining authorities, policymakers, and land use planners in both the private and public sectors.

Development of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash Blended Cementitious Composites Reinforced with Carbon Nanotubes and Polypropylene Fibers

Cement-based composites, as primary construction materials, have undergone significant advancements over the years, yet researchers still face challenges in terms of their durability and impact on the environment. The goal of this research is to develop environmentally friendly cementitious composites blended with sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) and reinforce them with multi-walled carbon nanotubes and polypropylene (PP) fibers. Because of the high cost associated with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and PP fibers, as well as CO2 emission, which affect the economic and environmental aspects of this field, an agricultural waste such as SCBA was introduced in the current study that is both economically and environmentally viable. For this purpose, five mixes were designed by varying the CNTs content whilst keeping the PP fibers and SCBA contents constant at 1.5% and 15% by weight of the binder (ordinary Portland cement + SCBA), respectively. The developed blends were tested for various mechanical and durability properties, i.e., compressive strength, flexural strength, impact strength, water absorption, and ultrasonic pulse velocity. Moreover, the microstructures of the newly developed low-carbon SCBA-based composites reinforced with PP fibers and CNTs were studied through scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The results showed that the developed blends incorporating 15% SCBA, 1.5% PP fibers, and 0.08% CNTs, by weight of the binder, demonstrated the compressive, flexural, and impact strengths as 15.30 MPa, 0.98 MPa, and 0.11 MPa, respectively. The investigated blends proved to be cost-effective and environmentally beneficial, rendering them suitable for utilization in general construction and maintenance works.

Structural, Exterior, and Interior Medium of Wood as a Holistic Museum Experience: A Case Study of OMM (Odunpazarı Modern Museum)

The fundamental research inquiry in this study revolves around wood materials’ diverse facets, including structural identities, contextual considerations, interior and external spatial applications, and their user experiences. To address this research, a comprehensive literature review, case study, and survey were conducted. The objective being to elucidate technical, functional, sensory, perceptual, and psychological impacts of wood in a sample structure where it is the primary material in the overarching user experience. The Odunpazarı Modern Museum (OMM), conceptualized by architect Kengo Kuma and inaugurated in 2019 in Eskişehir, stands as a testament to the historical significance of the timber trade in the region. The deliberate choice of wood as the primary construction material serves as a tribute to this historical narrative. The conspicuous incorporation of wooden lath materials into both the external and interior spaces signify a conscious reference to the region’s historical heritage and aligns with sustainability principles in design. Factors such as form characteristics, dimensional distinctions, spatial arrangements, and the extent of surface interactions collectively contribute to the compelling effect of this integrative approach. Within the confines of the museum, unconventional partitioning is implemented, and the strategic arrangement of masses results in multiple facades, even in the absence of overt wooden surfaces. The exterior impact of the wooden shell complements its interior application. For this reason, OMM enabled the understanding and explanation of all dimensions of the wooden material, including physical, technical, and psychosocial.

Indoor Environmental Quality In Preschool Buildings In an Andean City In Ecuador

ABSTRACT Indoor environmental quality has been associated with the health and wellbeing of building occupants; nevertheless, there is limited evidence in this regard for Latin American schools. This research aimed to characterize indoor environmental quality in public and private preschools in an Andean city in Ecuador. Data collection comprised onsite monitoring for the thermal-humidity microclimate of 90 classrooms in 30 preschools in Cuenca-Ecuador (March-August 2018). Infrared thermography and direct observation were applied to determine dampness. Classrooms seemed to be inadequate thermal-humidity microclimates; only a few maintained a comfortable temperature (6%) and relative humidity (11%) throughout the shift. When comparing public and private schools, in private schools, temperatures below the comfort range (61.3% in private schools vs 31.4% in public schools, p<0.001) and relative humidity measures above the comfort range were more frequent (74.3% in private schools vs. 58.6% in public schools, p<0.001). Hollow blocks were the primary construction material in private and public schools. Sixty-four per cent of private schools operated in adaptive, reused buildings, vs 19% in public schools (p<0.05). Infrared thermography confirmed dampness in 26% (n=23) of the classrooms in the covering structures indoors (15% in public vs 33% in private schools, p<0.05). This research reveals the urgent need to develop specific regulations and control mechanisms for building sustainable and healthy environments for preschools in Ecuador.

Computer simulation for parametric study of concrete system: Introducing novel reinforcement for concrete construction materials

Concrete is a primary construction material in the building industry. Formwork is crucial in facilitating the implementation of geometric designs and enhancing the structural integrity of concrete components. Additionally, it represents a significant expense in the building of concrete structures. The use of formwork has a lengthy historical background, with several formwork systems being employed in various projects. When designing and choosing a formwork system, it is important to consider many needs, including safety, cost, structural geometry, construction time, and surface quality. This article introduces a computer simulation for conducting a parametric analysis of concrete systems using a new reinforcing method for concrete building materials. To achieve this objective, the current relevant concrete material is simulated using higher-order shear deformation theory, the minimal potential energy principle, and an analytical solver. Halpin–Tsai homogenization technique and the role of the mixture are used to predict the mechanical properties of the presented innovative reinforcement. The mathematical formulation of a Haber–Schaim foundation constructed from auxetic material inside the Cartesian coordinate system is expressed. The results show that in the highest velocity, the influence of the graphene oxide powders (GOP) distribution pattern on the acceleration of the system than other values of velocity. Also, as an applicable suggestion, by a less change in the amplitude of the structure with higher values of GOP weight fraction, the velocity of the structure changes drastically, While, this trend for lower values of GOP weight fraction has a noticeable change. Finally, some suggestions for improving the dynamic stability of this kind of innovative concrete structure will be given in the results section for civil and mechanical engineers.

Flexural strength evaluation of Persian clay brick masonry with gypsum mortar

This paper addresses the imperative need for understanding the mechanical properties of clay brick masonry with gypsum mortar, the primary construction material in Persian historical buildings, to facilitate accurate restoration efforts. Given the constraints of heritage preservation, destructive tests on large-scale specimens are unfeasible. As a viable alternative, this research employs scaled-down specimens to investigate the flexural strength. For the first time, Persian clay brick masonry with gypsum mortar assemblages have been tested at three scales of 1:2, 1:4 and 1:6 to determine the flexural strength. The paper introduces new relationships between the flexural strength of brick masonry and brick size. Furthermore, it establishes a correlation between the flexural strength of the brick masonry specimens and the flexural strengths of both the brick and the gypsum mortar. Additionally, some specimens incorporate cement mortar instead of gypsum mortar for result comparison. The obtained results reveal the profound influence of mortar type and thickness, along with brick dimensions, on flexural strength. The flexural strength of brick masonry increases with decreasing brick size. By reducing the size of bricks, the ratio of compressive strength to flexural strength decreases, offering key insights for restoration efforts.

Exploring bundle bamboo split technique in bending dendrocalamus asper for landscape structure

Bamboo is one of the fastest-growing natural construction materials and is locally available in most developing countries, including South America, Africa, and Asia. Bamboo is a “green gold” plant in the tropical forest. It is a fast-growing monocotyledon species belonging to the Gramineae family (Bambusoideae) and requires a short time for re-production. Bamboo’s physical strength provides builders from ancient times until today an opportunity to use bamboo as a natural and sustainable construction material for building houses and structures. Due to its capability to bend, bamboo is the most preferred material in vernacular construction and lately in Southeast Asia countries which borne new trend in building design. The built-environment professionals, namely landscape architects, architects, and engineers in Malaysia, still lack knowledge of bamboo, especially on bending capabilities, as one of the sustainable construction materials. Less concern was given to researching the capabilities of bamboo’s ability to bend, even though its strength is more than steel and provides various design opportunities compared to other sustainable materials. Different types of bamboo present different strength capacities. Therefore, the aims of this research is to compare and determine their strength capacity, bending criteria and species suitability for design and construction in Malaysia. This paper collects published literature on experimental studies on the different methods of Hot and Cold Bending Methods which allow bamboo to bend to suit designer needs and concentrate on Malaysian Dendrocalamus asper (Buluh Betung), which considered as tough and durable species, as the primary construction material for landscape structures. Bundle Bamboo Split (BBS), identified as one of the bending techniques adopted for an experimental project, using BBS of 0.8m radius, produces a prototype for a landscape structure. The findings indicate observation of works by a team of craftsmen trained by an expert in bamboo construction who used to produce bamboo structures from Bali, Indonesia, highlighted tools and procedures in bamboo construction. In short, this paper will also enhance the use of bamboo as an accessible, durable, creative and sustainable construction material that represents the local identity of Tropical Malaysia Landscape Architecture.

Use of fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) in new construction and in strengthening of existing structures

Concrete is the primary construction material for most building projects today owing to its versatility, moldability and superior strength in compression. Concrete however is an inherently brittle material with quite poor tensile strength and has very low resistance to cracks and their propagation throughout the medium. In this research paper, a thorough compilation of previous work on the development of FRPs, their performance under various conditions through traditional structural loading techniques such as 4-point loading and their implementation is provided. Fibre reinforced polymers (FRP) allow alterations in concrete’s structural behaviour under tensile loading as well as expansions during exposures to extreme temperatures and routine shrinkage cracks through addition of small fibres that act as anchors preventing the widening of cracks as well as behaving in a similar fashion to the conventional steel reinforcement. FRP not only comes from small hair like fibres but also in the form of wraps which provide confinement on beams and columns increasing the compressive strength of the element as well as reducing the tensile loads, similar to how prestressing tendons alter the behaviour of prestressed concrete.

Evaluating the use of mucilage from opuntia ficus-indica as a bio-additive in production of sustainable concrete

The global demand for a sustainable and environmentally responsible economy, has called for incorporation of aspects of sustainability into infrastructure materials. Being the most globally consumed primary construction material, concrete’s strength and durability enhancement using green approaches is pivotal to sustainability of the built environment. Production of chemical admixtures is high energy consuming and environmentally taxing, thus the need for bio-available sustainable substitutes and/or supplements. This paper presents findings of an experimental and environmental impact evaluation, conducted on Normal Strength Concrete (NSC) mixtures dosed with Opuntia ficus-indica mucilage (Ofim) by mass-replacement of the mixing water. ASTM compliant tests for consistency, strength, and durability performance were conducted at standard time intervals up to 56 days, while the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy were employed for concrete micro-characterization. The study explored the interaction between the natural bio-additive and synthetic commercial admixture. A comparative Environmental Life Cycle Assessment (E-LCA) was also conducted to assess resource use efficiency and quantify the environmental impacts of Ofim-modified concrete relative to conventional concrete. Test results showed that the use of Ofim led to slight increase in the compressive strength and elastic modulus, in addition to a pronounced impact on durability of concrete, resulting in reduced fluid ingress by up to 39%, a lowered decrease in K-values by 14%, and an increase in the freeze–thaw resistance with high retention of Relative Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity (RDME) in the Ofim-modified mix relative to the control mix. A 15% mixing-water mass-replacement resulted in an average reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of 9.6%. Hence, even if the improvement in the mechanical performance is not substantial, a reduction in GHG emissions scales up as the concrete industry is huge and tremendously contributes to climate change through embodied carbon.

Mechanical Performance Analysis of Geopolymer Concrete using Fly Ash Tanjung Jati B for Sustainable Construction Materials

The use of concrete as the primary building construction material caused serious problems in the construction industry. Concrete is not regarded as an environmentally friendly material since the use of cement results in high carbon emissions during the manufacturing process. One effort to replace cement without reducing concrete strength is to use fly ash as a concrete ingredient, which is known as geopolymer concrete. The goal of this research was to determine the basic mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete and compare it to conventional concrete with the same material proportions. The mix design of the three different proportions with the ratio of aggregates to binder as 70% : 30%, 60% : 40% and 50% : 50% was maintained such that the concrete mix has a good workability. As a result, the so-called workable fly ash-based geopolymer concrete has higher compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity compared to conventional concrete, while its Poisson's ratio is slightly lower.

Surface and in-depth structural changes in nuclear graphite irradiated with noble gases described with Raman imaging

4th Generation high-temperature gas-cooled nuclear reactors (HTGR) are regarded as possible sources of industrial heat in Poland and Europe, allowing for a substantial reduction of the dependency on gas and coal import. It is mainly due to their safety of use, reliability and economy in a current energetic crisis. In this work, graphite, as a primary construction material and neutron moderator in HTGR, was evaluated before and after ion irradiation since its properties depend on the material’s structure and purity. Commercial graphite materials (IG-110, NBG-17) and the laboratory’s in-home material were chosen for the exemplary samples. The structural damage in HTGR was simulated with energetic Ar+ and He+ ions with fluencies from 1E12 to 2E17 ion/cm2. Raman imaging was chosen to assess radiation damage build-up: the crystallites’ evolution, occurrence and types of defects. The recorded evolution showed stronger disordering of the material with heavier Ar+ ions than with He+.

Masonry in the Context of Sustainable Buildings: A Review of the Brick Role in Architecture

The process of combining various parts to create a structure is called building. The most effective and significant component of any construction is masonry. The Colosseum, buildings from ancient Greece and Rome, Central American buildings, and Mycenaean structures all used this material as one of their primary building elements. The oldest form is dry masonry of irregularly shaped stones. The ecological qualities of masonry, as a restorative material with a low impact on the environment, as well as the environmental control capacity of the massive wall, bring masonry back to attention as a suitable material for sustainable building in the context of current concerns for sustainable architecture. This article takes the form of a review of the journey of masonry as the primary construction material—from prehistoric structures to modern-day edifices. This article will go through the fundamentals of masonry construction to support its usage in structures throughout history and in many architectural styles, as a crucial representation of human construction in architectural history. This article aims to create a historical review, presenting masonry as an essential building material and assessing its role in the history of building materials.

Sustainable production of cement masonry blocks with the combined use of fly ash and quarry waste

Cement-sand block is a primary construction material used for masonry house units. River sand and cement are the two main ingredients in cement block construction; however, cement is notoriously unfriendly to the environment due to excessive energy consumption during cement manufacture and considerable CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions. Overusing river sand has several adverse effects on the environment and society, including a deepening of the riverbed, a decline in the water table, and the extinction of freshwater aquatic life. Therefore, finding substitutes for cement and river sand has received much attention in recent years. It would be beneficial to use fly ash and quarry refuse for making masonry blocks since it would use less energy and cause less environmental damage. The present study emphasizes the combined use of quarry waste (100% substitute for river sand) and fly ash (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% substitute for cement) for sustainable masonry block production. The physical, mechanical, and durability properties of cement blocks made using fly ash and quarry waste underwent a thorough investigation. Results showed that, even though the compressive strength and impact strength of masonry blocks decreased with fly ash content, the strength of masonry blocks with quarry waste and 40% fly ash was higher than that of conventional masonry blocks. The substitution of fly ash for cement potentially increased the alkaline and acid resistance and also improved the thermal performance. Also, the replacement of fly ash for cement in the masonry blocks significantly reduced the total cost, embodied energy and CO2 emission. It can be inferred from the study that using quarry waste as a full river sand substitute and fly ash as a partial cement substitute in masonry blocks is a cost-effective and sustainable method.

Mechanical evaluation of recycled aggregate mixes and its application in reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) stretch

BackgroundThe depletion of natural resources has led to the need of looking out for alternatives of primary construction materials. The use of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) has become a common practice as it reduces economic burden and saves natural resources and energy. This study is based on partial replacement of fresh natural aggregate with reclaimed aggregate. The project is divided into two phases; first one discusses the mechanical viability of replacing 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% and 60% of fresh aggregates with reclaimed aggregates. The second phase involves the study conducted on a 9.8 KM dense bituminous macadam (DBM) layer, constructed using the most optimum mix from the first phase of study. Finally, a cost analysis of the pavement was conducted to assess its economic viability.ResultsIn the light of MORTH guidelines, laboratory results showed improvement in the Marshall parameters till 30% replacement of fresh aggregates. Eventually, the DBM layer was constructed using the mix design having 30% replaced fresh aggregates. It showed satisfactory performance after short-term duration without any evidence of rutting or fatigue cracking on surface. Testing of core samples from road stretch proved the negligible degradation with ageing.ConclusionThe DBM constructed using reclaimed aggregate showed a saving of 15% in the total cost.

Environmental impact assessment of demolition of a building in India-A case study

Buildings are demolished, when they outlived their service life, become structurally/functionally unfit, or have been built illegally. In India, an RCC framed, 40-storied high-rise building, with a built-up area of about 75,000 sqm, built without relevant approvals along with lots of violations of building bye-laws, has been demolished. There is nothing new in this demolition process, but its effect on the environment is unavailable. A study has been conducted to understand the environmental impact of this demolition. Based on the main primary construction materials, the embodied energy of this demolished building has been computed as 7.07 GJ/sqm. The civil construction cost of the building was found to be about INR 200 Crores (USD 27 million, assuming a conversion rate of 1 USD 75 INR in the year 2022). Expected GHGs emissions corresponding to this embodied energy were estimated as 42.42 × 103 MT. Energy in the demolition of the building has been computed to be about 8.7 GJ/sqm. The situation, in which this building can be retrofitted and made compliant with local building bye-laws, has been analyzed for its environmental impact.

Use of Primary Steel Rebar and Its New Techniques Used in High-Rise Building in Construction Industries: A Review

Abstract: Steel concrete composite structures have gained widespread recognition worldwide for the construction of various types of structure. The steel utilise by various industries in India is less comparing to other developed country. The various types of steel rebar are used in the construction and some are in research mode. The various steel industries are to target to achieve the maximum strength and durability with satisfy the properties of steel bars. The articles deals with review of various research papers related to new approach adopted for construction of structure for steel bars in the concrete structure. Based on the various paper surmise report is prepared. The review of articles concluded that it is demand of current industry to assist and evolutes the primary bars and new techniques for advanced technology. Keywords: Primary Bar, Concrete Structure, New Techniques, Construction Material, strength and durability