Primary Communication Inventory Research Articles

Mediating Effects of Empathy on Competence of Korean Nursing Students.

Background:Empathic communication is important for nurses to establish therapeutic relationships with patients and to improve the quality of care. Thus, empathy is essential for nursing students who will be future nurses. The aim of this study was to examine the mediating role of empathy in the influence of communication competence on interpersonal competence of nursing students.Methods:This study was conducted at the Catholic University of Korea. Participants were 218 nursing students who completed a survey questionnaire on general characteristics, Interpersonal Reactivity Index, Primary Communication Inventory, and Interpersonal Competence Questionnaire from Feb. 20 to Feb. 21, 2014. Data were analyzed using simple and multiple regression analyses. Mediation analysis was performed according to the Baron and Kenny method and Sobel test.Results:A three-step regression analysis was performed to verify the mediating role of empathy in the relationship between communication competence and interpersonal competence. Results confirmed that communication competence significantly influenced interpersonal competence, showing that empathy had a partial mediating role (Z=2.40, P=.016).Conclusion:Communication competence improved interpersonal competence through mediation by empathy in nursing students. Result of this study suggested that nursing schools should implement communication education that can strengthen empathy in order to boost nursing students’ interpersonal competence.

SOLUTION FOCUSED THERAPY UNTUK MEMPERBAIKI KOMUNIKASI PADA PASANGAN SUAMI ISTRI

In marital relationships, communication is the main thing to note, because so many problems in the family arise due to misunderstandings when communicating. This study aims to correct communication problems that are intertwined between family members that often cause misunderstandings, because of the openness of each family member in communicating. This study uses the qualitative method that is a case study. The subjects in this study were married couples who had conflicts due to direct communication. Measurement of data used to diagnose family problems, namely, interview, observation and primary communication inventory (PCI). The intervention given to the subject is by providing solution-focused therapy. The results of this study showed a good change, namely communication in the family becomes more open between husband and wife. Keywords: Solution-focused therapy, communication, husband and wife.

The Effectiveness of Couples Therapy Based on the Gottman Method Among Iranian Couples With Conflicts: A Quasi-Experimental Study

This study examined the effectiveness of couple therapy based on the Gottman method in decreasing emotional divorce and improving verbal-nonverbal communication skills among Iranian couples dealing with conflicts. The design of the study was quasi-experimental with pretest and posttest, and a wait list control group. The sample for the study consisted of 14 voluntary couples who sought therapy at a mental health clinic in Iran. Participants were assessed using the Emotional Divorce Scale and Primary Communication Inventory questionnaires. Analysis of covariance models were used. Results of the study showed that the Gottman method reduced emotional divorce and improved their verbal-nonverbal communication skills (P < .05).

Efficacy of Emotion-Focused Couples Communication Program for Enhancing Couples’ Communication and Marital Satisfaction Among Distressed Partners

This study investigated the efficacy of ‘Emotion-Focused Couples’ Communication Program’ for enhancing marital communication and satisfaction among distressed couples. It used a ‘two-group randomized control trial’ with 32 couples who belonged to the urban, middle class society of Maharashtra, India. ‘Primary Communication Inventory’ and ‘Dyadic Adjustment Scale’ were used to measure the level of communication and marital satisfaction. The program lasted five weeks and the results showed significant effects elicited by the program. Two-way ANOVA was used for data analysis and Cohen’s d test measured effect’s extent. This suggested ‘Emotion-Focused Couples’ Communication Program’ to be an effective tool for enhancing communication and marriage quality, thus positing that a healthy communication between the partners ensures greater marital satisfaction in a spousal relationship.

Psychosocial Factors in Marital Satisfaction among Married couples in Benin-City: An Implication for Couple’s therapy.

Abstract Marital satisfaction continues to be a significant phenomenon in the present day marriages. However, there has been a significant increase in the numbers of couples that come for couple’s therapy in the last one year. Therefore, this study on the communication pattern, gender and age on marital satisfaction. 200 married couple was conveniently sampled. Index of Marital satisfaction and Primary Communication Inventory were used to measure marital satisfaction and communication pattern respectively. Chi-square analysis was used to investigate the relationship amongst all the variables. The result showed that there was a significant relationship between gender and marital satisfaction (X 2 =11.591; df=1; p 0.05). It can be concluded that gender and communication have significant relationships on marital satisfaction and as such should be a focus in couple’s therapy.

The Impact of a Video-Mediated Communication on Separated Perinatal Couples in Japan.

Japanese communication relies heavily on nonverbal cues and context. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of video-mediated communication (VMC) on communication satisfaction and marital relationships in young couples separated during the perinatal period as they honor the Japanese tradition of Satogaeri Bunben. Couples were assigned to the VMC treatment group ( n = 14) or control group ( n = 13). A mixed-methods approach to data collection and analysis was used. Longitudinal quantitative analysis from the Primary Communication Inventory and Intimate Bond Measure revealed significant differences between the Husband groups. Primary Communication Inventory and Intimate Bond Measure were strongly correlated regardless of group. Qualitative analysis of participant diaries revealed the addition of visual cues helped create a sense of "virtual co-presence," which was both positive and negative. In conclusion, VMC appears to improve communication in the separated Japanese perinatal couples, especially through the addition of visual cues provided with VMC.

Couples’ Communication as a Predictor of Marital Satisfaction Among Selected Filipino Couples

This study investigated the relation between couples’ communication and marital satisfaction and the possible predictive influence of communication on the marital satisfaction among selected couples of Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines. The study was conducted among 82 married couples, and the results showed a significantly positive relationship between couples’ communication and marital satisfaction. Relational Communication Scale and Primary Communication Inventory were used to measure the couples’ communication, while Dyadic Adjustment Scale and Locke–Wallace Marital Adjustment Test were used to measure the marital satisfaction among the couples. A regression analysis of the data significantly showed that 90.4% of variance in marital satisfaction can be accounted for by couples’ communication. The results carry clear and meaningful implications for the role of couples’ communication in building and maintaining happy and satisfying marital relationship. This correlational and predictive study was undertaken to explore the need as well as the scope of a couples’ communication program for enhancing marital satisfaction.

Development of Emotion-Focused Couples Communication Program (EFCCP): A Pilot Study

The urge to belong to someone and maintain a relationship is one of the basic human needs. Marriage is a social institution that responds to this basic human need. But recent times witness an alarmingly rising rate of divorce and separation, making marital relationship a distressing factor rather than one that augments the well-being of the people. The purpose of this study was to develop an intervention program for enhancing couples communication and marital satisfaction and to pilot test its feasibility and usability in the field of marriage therapy for enhancing marriage quality. Development of the program involved integration of qualitative and quantitative research designs. Primary Communication Inventory and Dyadic Adjustment Scale were used to measure the level of communication and marital satisfaction among the couples; interviews and Focused-Group Discussions were carried out to get a better understanding. Basing on these, a nine modular intervention was developed integrating the communication and emotion constructs of Non-Violent Communication (NVC) and Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT). The program was subjected to expert validation by six inter-disciplinary experts and pilot tested with six couples. The intervention was positively received by the participants and the results of the pilot test showed improvement in the level of communication and marital satisfaction among the couples.

Testing the committee approach to translating measures across cultures: Translating primary communication inventory from English to Japanese.

This paper presents the initial translation process and follow-up psychometric evaluation of the Japanese version of the Primary Communication Inventory (J-PCI). The J-PCI was developed using the committee approach to translation and then used in a study exploring Japanese couples' communication satisfaction while separated during Satogaeri Bunben - a Japanese perinatal tradition. The committee approach attends to cultural nuance and context and is especially useful when languages have dissimilar linguistic roots and cultures, such as Japanese and English. The translation process and evaluation included five steps; (i) selection of the original PCI for research; (ii) selection of translators; (iii) development of the J-PCI using a committee approach; (iv) an initial small pilot study; and (v) a larger follow-up study. The J-PCI has good initial validity and reliability, although some nuances were observed in scoring.

A committee approach maintaining cultural originality in translation

Various methods have been used to translate existing assessment tools and clinical nursing materials from one language to another. The method of choice depends on the research objectives, availability of translators, budget, and time. We highlight our experience using the committee approach to translation. This less commonly used approach introduces the concept of cultural consensus building early in the translation process, which is particularly appropriate when languages are culturally and linguistically distant. Our experience centers on the translation of the Primary Communication Inventory (PCI), from English to Japanese, to study first-time parents in Japan.

Communication abilities, Interpersonal Relationship, Anxiety, and Depression in Korean Soldiers

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore status and level of communication ability, interpersonal relationships, anxiety, and depression in Korean soldiers and identify factors that influence depression.Methods: A cross sectional study design was employed. The instruments were PCI (Primary Communication Inventory), RCS (Relationship Change Scale), STAI (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory), and CES-D (TheCenter for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale). Data were collected from 961 soldiers from Gyeong-gi Province and analyzed using SPSS/WIN 17.0 program. Results: The mean score for PCS, RCS were 87.0±11.43; and 98.8±14.17 respectfully and for STAI-I (state-anxiety), and STAI-II (traitanxiety), 34.7±10.36; and 36.6±9.64 respectfully, and for CES-D, 11.2±7.0. Of the participants 22.2% were in the clinical group for depression. Major variables showing significant correlations were family intimacy, intimacy with friends or colleague, and inconvenience in not being able to use computer or internet. STAI-II, intimacy with friends or colleague, STAI-I accounted for 44.2% of the variance in depression.Conclusion:The study results suggest that a systemic approach needed to relieve soldiers' anxiety and depression. Development of program for communication training, activities for leisure and interpersonal relationship during military life could contribute to lessening depression and anxiety in solder.

Partner communication about hysterectomy

Communication between marital partners about a woman's hysterectomy may be difficult and serve as a source of marital conflict. This study was conducted to determine marital partners' usual communication behaviors as well as what they communicated about hysterectomy with each other. Twenty‐two educated Caucasian couples participated in the study. Individual, semistructured interviews were conducted with the women in the hospital following their hysterectomies and with their partners at a later time. Couples also completed the Primary Communication Inventory. Results showed that the couples had generally good usual communication. Couples reported that they communicated “everything” about the hysterectomy, but evidence (i.e., further questioning) showed that they communicated little. The authors discuss possible explanations for this apparent contradiction between perceived and actual communication behaviors.

Factors in Marital Adjustment and Their Interrelationships: A Comparison of Taiwanese Couples in America and Caucasian American Couples

Journal of Multicultural Counseling and DevelopmentVolume 19, Issue 1 p. 22-31 Factors in Marital Adjustment and Their Interrelationships: A Comparison of Taiwanese Couples in America and Caucasian American Couples Shwu-Huey Juang, Shwu-Huey Juang Graduate Student Shwu-Huey Juang: is a graduate student in the Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Florida, Gainesville. Carolyn M. Tucker is professor of psychology and a licensed clinical psychologist, Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville. This research was funded by the Division of Sponsored Research at the University of Florida. Requests for article reprints and the Chinese translations of the Locke-Wallace Marital Adjustment Inventory and the primary Communication Inventory should be sent to Carolyn M. Tucker, Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611.Search for more papers by this authorCarolyn M. Tucker, Carolyn M. Tucker Professor Shwu-Huey Juang: is a graduate student in the Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Florida, Gainesville. Carolyn M. Tucker is professor of psychology and a licensed clinical psychologist, Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville. This research was funded by the Division of Sponsored Research at the University of Florida. Requests for article reprints and the Chinese translations of the Locke-Wallace Marital Adjustment Inventory and the primary Communication Inventory should be sent to Carolyn M. Tucker, Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611.Search for more papers by this author Shwu-Huey Juang, Shwu-Huey Juang Graduate Student Shwu-Huey Juang: is a graduate student in the Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Florida, Gainesville. Carolyn M. Tucker is professor of psychology and a licensed clinical psychologist, Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville. This research was funded by the Division of Sponsored Research at the University of Florida. Requests for article reprints and the Chinese translations of the Locke-Wallace Marital Adjustment Inventory and the primary Communication Inventory should be sent to Carolyn M. Tucker, Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611.Search for more papers by this authorCarolyn M. Tucker, Carolyn M. Tucker Professor Shwu-Huey Juang: is a graduate student in the Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Florida, Gainesville. Carolyn M. Tucker is professor of psychology and a licensed clinical psychologist, Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville. This research was funded by the Division of Sponsored Research at the University of Florida. Requests for article reprints and the Chinese translations of the Locke-Wallace Marital Adjustment Inventory and the primary Communication Inventory should be sent to Carolyn M. Tucker, Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611.Search for more papers by this author First published: January 1991 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1912.1991.tb00454.xCitations: 10 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume19, Issue1January 1991Pages 22-31 RelatedInformation

Marital Satisfaction and Communication Practices: Comparisons Among Indian and American Couples

Most marital research in the last two decades has been conducted with predominately white, middle-class, North American married couples; little is known about marital communication practices of couples who live in different cultures. In an attempt to understand the dynamics of cultural orientations to marriages, two types of couples from Kerala (India) and a sample of couples from Michigan (U.S.A.) were compared on their marital satisfaction and communication practices. The labels "arranged" and "love" are used in India to indicate the ways people begin their marital relationships, and the label "companionate" identifies American romantic marriages. The Primary Communication Inventory was used to measure verbal and nonverbal communication practices, while the Dyadic Adjustment Scale was used to measure marital satisfaction. Results from the analyses revealed that arranged marrieds were significantly higher in marital satisfaction than were the love marrieds or companionate marrieds. No significant difference existed between love marrieds and companionate marrieds on marital satisfaction scores. Analyses of the data also indicated that significantly less verbal and nonverbal communication occurred in the arranged marriages than in the love marriages. The love couples, however, reported using significantly less verbal communication than companionate couples. Despite the cultural differences, the love marrieds in Kerala and companionate marrieds in Michigan were more similar in their verbat and nonverbal communication and marital satisfaction scores than were those of the arranged and love married in Kerala. In love and companionate marriages, effective communication appears to be more influential in producing high marital satisfaction, wheras in arranged marriages, cultural tradition and commitment to a relationship appear to be very influential factors in producing high marital satisfaction.

Marital communication, adjustmemt and perceptual differences between “happy” and “counseling” couples

Abstract Sixteen significantly different marital communication practices were identified which distinguished happily married individuals from those undergoing counseling. These results provide support for and are an extension of Navran's seminal work on marital communication. At least nine items from Navran's adapted version of the Primary Communication Inventory (PCI) appear to be reliable and valid measures in identifying differences between “happy” and “counseling” married couples' communications over two time periods and across different selected samples. As predicted, comparisons between 23 couples happily married and 23 couples undergoing counseling revealed that happy individuals had significantly more congruency between their self-perceptions and their spouse's perceptions of their communication practices. Also, happy couples' marital adjustment scores were more congruent than the counseling couples'. Analyses comparing the results of this study and the initial study lead to suggestions for designing the PCI to be more effective as a perceptual congruency measure.

Assessment of perceptual discrepancy: utility of the Primary Communication Inventory.

The Primary Communication Inventory was factor-analyzed in order to validate the subscales of this instrument. These subscales were derived by Navran (20) on the basis of face validity and were labeled verbal and nonverbal communication subscales. The analysis yielded two factors. However, they could not be labeled verbal and nonverbal. Instead, the factors were interpreted as: (a) the individual's perceptions of own communication ability, and (b) the spouse's perceptions of the individual's communication ability. The scoring of the Primary Communication Inventory was revised and used as a measure of perceptual discrepancy between husbands and wives. Interestingly, discrepancy within the marital dyad was greater for the nondistressed participants than for the distressed participants. The results illustrate the potentially adaptive nature of positive perceptual distortion within the marital dyad and the potential utility for future research of calculating perceptual discrepancy scores for each spouse using the Primary Communication Inventory.

Non‐Verbal Communication and Marital Satisfaction

Twenty‐one college couples were identified as maritally satisfied and 21 couples as maritally dissatisfied by the Locke‐Wallace Marital Adjustment Scale. The Marital Communication Scale (MCS), a new behavioral measure of accuracy of marital non‐verbal communication, and the Primary Communication Inventory (PCI), a self‐report measure, were administered to each couple. The results indicate a relationship between marital satisfaction and accuracy of non‐verbal communication as assessed by both measures. The commonality of the two measures was found to be limited, however.