Primary Colors Research Articles

How can health look tasty? Effects of packaging color saturation on beverage health and taste expectations depend on color match

PurposeIt is of significant interest to marketers to identify visual product cues that signal high tastiness and healthiness, as both characteristics are of substantial importance to consumers. One such cue is the saturation of the packaging color. However, past studies found diverging effects of packaging color saturation on consumer tastiness and healthiness judgments. In this study, we investigated a possible moderator of the saturation effect: the match between the primary packaging color and the color of the main product ingredient.Design/methodology/approachIn two online studies, participants viewed pictures of fruit juices (Study 1) and hydration drinks (Study 2). For each product, participants rated the expected taste and healthiness. We manipulated the color saturation and color match of the product pictures.FindingsWhen the packaging color matched the main ingredient (e.g. orange juice in an orange package), consumers expected products in normal versus low saturated packages to be healthier and tastier. When the packaging color did not match the color of the main ingredient (e.g. orange juice in a red package), the positive effects of saturation on health and taste were reduced or even disappeared.Practical implicationsThe results suggest that managers can optimize product health and taste perceptions by using moderately saturated packaging colors, particularly when the packaging color aligns with the main ingredient’s color.Originality/valueOur research offers a possible explanation for diverging effects of color saturation on product judgments. We show that whether and to what extend color saturation affects health and taste judgments might depend on the match between the packaging and ingredient color.

The Golden Age of Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Materials: Design and Exploitation.

Since the seminal report by Adachi and co-workers in 2012, there has been a veritable explosion of interest in the design of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) compounds, particularly as emitters for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). With rapid advancements and innovation in materials design, the efficiencies of TADF OLEDs for each of the primary color points as well as for white devices now rival those of state-of-the-art phosphorescent emitters. Beyond electroluminescent devices, TADF compounds have also found increasing utility and applications in numerous related fields, from photocatalysis, to sensing, to imaging and beyond. Following from our previous review in 2017 ( Adv. Mater. 2017, 1605444), we here comprehensively document subsequent advances made in TADF materials design and their uses from 2017-2022. Correlations highlighted between structure and properties as well as detailed comparisons and analyses should assist future TADF materials development. The necessarily broadened breadth and scope of this review attests to the bustling activity in this field. We note that the rapidly expanding and accelerating research activity in TADF material development is indicative of a field that has reached adolescence, with an exciting maturity still yet to come.

Preparation of cellulose nanofiber/polyvinyl alcohol-based composite films for metal ion detection by starch/disodium calcium ethylenediaminetetraacetate synergistic complexation effect

Heavy metal pollution causes irreversible damage to plants, animals, and humans. Therefore, it is meaningful to develop facile, fast, and efficient strategies for heavy metal ion (HMI) detection. Here, a portable composite film (CPSE) was designed for HMI detection with high sensitivity and wide detection range. The CPSE was prepared by using cellulose nanofibers (CNF)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as the matrix and utilizing modified starch (HPS) to assist disodium calcium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA-Ca) to form stable complexes with HMI. The R, G and B values (the three primary colors of light) were captured using an image acquisition system to produce an HMI standard color card successfully. Specifically, the composite film can effectively distinguish Cu2+, Pb2+ and Fe3+. The response time of the composite film to HMI was 2–4 s, and the detection ranges of Cu2+ and Fe3+ were 5–700 ppm and 10–1000 ppm, respectively. Additionally, the synergistic effect of HPS and EDTA-Ca led to the increase in tensile strength (1.59–1.71 times), tear strength (3.29–3.57 times), and glass transition temperature (~ 6 °C) compared to CNF/PVA/HPS and CNF/PVA/EDTA-Ca films. This study confirms the value of CPSE films as materials for HMI detection and suggests innovative ideas for designing similar biomass detection materials in the future.

Optimized single-bath dyeing of bio-based nylon 56/cotton blends with vat dyes: Mechanistic insights and process enhancements

Nylon 56/cotton (N/C) blended fabrics have excellent durability and can cater to various clothing needs. However, the quality and value of textile garments are significantly influenced by the dyeing process. Due to variations in the structure and characteristics of nylon 56 and cotton fibers in blended fabrics, achieving consistent coloration is challenging, resulting in noticeable color discrepancies. To tackle these issues, this study focused on dyeing nylon 56/cotton blended fabrics in a single bath using vat dyes. The three primary colors of the vat dyes were selected to be suitable for these fabrics. Subsequently, the study explored the impact of different factors on color consistency and optimized the dyeing process conditions using response surface methodology. The findings revealed that fabrics dyed using the optimized process exhibited vibrant colors, uniformity, and excellent colorfastness to soaping and rubbing, surpassing standard requirements. Furthermore, the study delved into the dyeing mechanism of nylon 56/cotton blended fabrics, analyzing the kinetic and thermodynamic properties of dye adsorption on fibers. This analysis aims to provide a theoretical foundation for developing a rational dyeing process and offer guidance for practical production.

Environmental Proteomics Elucidates Phototrophic Biofilm Responses to Ornamental Lighting on Stone-built Heritage

Recent studies are showing that some lights suitable for illuminating the urban fabric (i.e. that do not include the red, green and blue sets of primary colours) may halt biological colonisation on monuments, mainly that caused by phototrophic subaerial biofilms (SABs), which may exacerbate the biodeterioration of substrates. However, the light-triggered mechanisms that cause changes in the growth of the phototrophs remain unknown. Environmental proteomics could be used to provide information about the changes in the SAB metabolism under stress inflicted by nocturnal lighting. Here, laboratory-produced SABs, composed of Chlorophyta, Streptophyta and Cyanobacteriota, were subjected to three types of lighting used for monuments: cool white, warm white and amber + green (potentially with a biostatic effect). A control without light (i.e. darkness) was also included for comparison. The nocturnal lighting impaired the capacity of the SABs to decompose superoxide radicals and thus protect themselves from oxidative stress. Cool white and warm white light both strongly affected the proteomes of the SABs and reduced the total peptide content, with the extent of the reduction depending on the genera of the organisms involved. Analysis of the photo-damaging effect of amber + green light on the biofilm metabolism revealed a negative impact on photosystems I and II and production of photosystem antenna protein-like, as well as a triggering effect on protein metabolism (synthesis, folding and degradation). This research provides, for the first-time, a description of the proteomic changes induced by lighting on SABs colonising illuminated monuments in urban areas.

Initial examination of marine microplastics along Jaffna Peninsula's coastal stretch in the Palk Strait, northern Sri Lanka.

Microplastics are pervasive pollutants in marine ecosystems worldwide and are increasingly recognized as a significant environmental threat. Sri Lanka, an island nation, is not exempt from this issue. While microplastic pollution has been extensively studied in the southern and western parts of Sri Lanka, limited data is available for the northern coastal regions. This first quantitative study aimed to assess the concentration of microplastics on three northern beaches: Mathagal, Point Pedro, and Charty Beach. This study reveals substantial microplastic contamination, with an average abundance of 11.06 ± 6.06 items/m2. The predominant size range of microplastics was 3 to 4 mm (32%). The most common shapes identified were fragments (58%), pellets (17%), and foam (10%), with the primary colours being white (42%), blue (26%), and green (21%). Polyethylene (53%) and polypropylene (18%) were the most prevalent polymers found. Among the beaches studied, Point Pedro had the highest pellet pollution index (PPI), although all three beaches were categorized as having a "very low" PPI level (0.0 < PPI ≤ 0.5). The study highlights the significant contribution of land-based sources to microplastic pollution on these beaches and emphasizes the urgent need for ongoing research and systematic monitoring of microplastic pollution in northern Sri Lanka.

Increasing intensity directly increases the perceived warmth of primary colors.

There is a long history of linking the perceptions of temperature and color (the "Hue-heat hypothesis"): red (R) and yellow (Y) are often considered warm, whereas blue (B) and green (G) are cool. Past studies, however, have largely used relatively broad-band light at a fixed intensity to test these relations. We tested whether increasing the intensity of highly saturated primary colors would lead to a concomitant change in the perceived temperature of those colors. 20 young healthy participants (M = 24.80±3.53 years; 45% female; 5% Hispanic; 45% non-White) with normal color vision were tested. An optical system with a Xenon-arc light source, chromatic filters (peak l = 465, 530, 572, 652nm), and a circular neutral density wedge to vary intensity were used (5 intensity levels). Temperature perception was assessed using an ordinal scale from - 5 (coolest) to + 5 (warmest). The order of the colors used and the intensity levels were varied randomly. Considering the average across intensity levels, B (-1.87) and G (+ 1.09) were considered the coolest, whereas Y (+ 2.1) and R (+ 3.75) were considered the warmest colors. All colors, however, warmed with increasing intensity. A linear regression fit to the averaged data across luminance explained the majority of the variance: B (r2 = 0.78), Y (r2 = 0.93), G (r2 = 0.98), and R (r2 = 0.92). Consistent with past data, our results show that color is significantly linked with temperature perception. Increasing the luminance of colors, however, strongly shifts the perception toward increased warmth.

Genetic diversity of local sweet potato cultivars (Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam.) from Bulungan, North Kalimantan based on morphological characters

Indonesia is one of the centers of sweet potato diversity worldwide. Sweet potatoes have the potential to be developed for food consumption. This research aims to determine the diversity of sweet potato cultivars, their morphological characteristics, and the relationships between local sweet potato cultivars in Bulungan Regency, North Kalimantan. The local sweet potato cultivars were selected using purposive sampling with the exploration method. The morphological characterization of the samples is based on IBPGR (International Board for Plant Genetic Resources) standards. Cluster analysis was conducted to identify the relationships using MVSP software version 3.1. The research identified 27 local sweet potato cultivars in Bulungan Regency. Morphological characterization revealed 41 characters that can differentiate each local sweet potato cultivar. The most influential characteristics include leaf shape, flower surface texture, the position of the stigma, flower surface color, back petal color, center shape and the number of lobes, primary leaf vein color, lobe type, main leaf bone color, stem internode length, and plant type. A flower shape that had not been discovered before, a pentagonal shape with curves, was identified. Cluster analysis divided the cultivars into two major groups with a coefficient range of 0.593 to 0.888 (59.3 to 88.8%). Cluster A consisted of one member, LK-7 (purple sweet potato), while Cluster B consisted of several subgroups with 26 local cultivars. The people of Bulungan Regency use these local cultivars for food, animal feed, and medicinal purposes.

Font and background color combinations influence recognition efficiency: A novel method via primary color Euclidean distance and response surface analysis

The readability of human–computer interfaces impacts the users’ visual performance while using electronic devices, which gains inadequate attention. This situation is critical during high-stress conditions such as firefighting, where accurate and fast information processing is critical. This study addresses how font and background color combinations on Liquid Crystal displays (LCDs) affect recognition efficiency. A novel concept, primary color Euclidean distance (PCED), is introduced and testified under a repeated-measures experiment. Three factors were investigated: background color (black, white), font color (red, green, blue), and PCEDs. A total of 24 participants were recruited. Results demonstrate that color combinations with specific PCED values can substantially impact recognition efficiency. By using RSA, this study modelled the response time in a generalized mathematical model, which is response surface analysis. Results showed that blue font colors under a black background showed the longest response time. This study also explored the influence of physical stress on recognition efficiency, revealing a latency of about 100 ms across all color combinations. The findings offer a methodological advancement in understanding the effects of color combinations in digital displays, setting the stage for future research in diverse demographic and technological contexts, including mixed reality.

Processable Circularly Polarized Luminescence for the Synthesis of Chiral Plasmonic Nanoparticles

AbstractCircularly polarized light is previously shown as a chiral bias to enable the synthesis of chiral plasmonic nanomaterials through light‐matter interactions. The traditional approach for circularly polarized light generation relies on a “top‐down” approach by removing undesired light polarization through optics, which suffers from energy loss and compatibility issues. An alternative approach is to develop chiral phosphors that emit efficient circularly polarized luminescence (CPL). However, most materials fail to produce processable CPL with both high quantum yield and dissymmetry factors, let alone the synthesis of chiral nanomaterials. Herein, a liquid‐crystal‐templated framework is developed to assemble halide perovskite nanocrystals, CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I), and achieved efficient CPL with the record‐high figure of merit (FM) for three primary colors (Red, Green, Blue). The fidelity of the CPL is further demonstrated in the synthesis of chiral gold nanoparticles, where a five‐fold increase in optical activity is achieved.

An image encryption algorithm for colour images based on a cellular neural network and the Chua's chaotic system

In the internet era, image encryption technology plays a crucial role in ensuring the security of image information. Aiming at the problem that low-dimensional chaotic encryption has a relatively small key space and is vulnerable to chosen-plain attacks, this paper proposed a novel colour image block encryption algorithm based on the cellular neural network and the Chua's chaotic system. Firstly, the plain is separated into three primary colours. And Fourier transform is applied to achieve optical transformation, generating six chaotic sequences iteratively. Secondly, the chaotic sequences were combined in pairs. And then combined with the plain to form three sequences, which were used in the diffusion process. Finally, the improved Chua's chaotic system is used to scramble the image. Both diffusion and scrambling are performed synchronously during encryption. Through the above operation, we get the final colour encrypted picture. The experimental results show that the algorithm has excellent encryption effect and can resist common attacks.

Development of a New Non-Destructive Analysis Method in Cultural Heritage with Artificial Intelligence

Cultural assets are all movable and immovable assets that have been the subject of social life in historical periods, have unique scientific and cultural value, and are located above ground, underground or underwater. Today, the fact that most of the analyses conducted to understand the technologies of these assets require sampling and that non-destructive methods that allow analysis without taking samples are costly is a problem for cultural heritage workers. In this study, which was prepared to find solutions to national and international problems, it is aimed to develop a non-destructive, cost-minimizing and easy-to-use analysis method. Since this article aimed to develop methodology, the materials were prepared for preliminary research purposes. Therefore, it was limited to four primary colors. These four primary colors were red and yellow ochre, green earth, Egyptian blue and ultramarine blue. These pigments were used with different binders. The produced paints were photographed in natural and artificial light at different light intensities and brought to a 256 × 256 pixel size, and then trained on support vector machine, convolutional neural network, densely connected convolutional network, residual network 50 and visual geometry group 19 models. It was asked whether the trained VGG19 model could classify the paints used in archaeological and artistic works analyzed with instrumental methods in the literature with their real identities. As a result of the test, the model was able to classify paints in artworks from photographs non-destructively with a 99% success rate, similar to the result of the McNemar test.

Facial skin color assessment and proposed skin shade guide for maxillofacial prosthesis using cluster analysis in a cohort of Indian adults

Aim: The precise estimation and replication of skin color are crucial for maxillofacial prosthesis. The study aimed to evaluate facial skin color with a colorimeter and suggest a skin shade guide and formula for color estimation. Settings and Design: An observational study conducted in the department of prosthodontics. Materials and Methods: Study was conducted on 368 individuals of Indian origin in age range of 20–45 years. The facial skin color was assessed in malar regions using SkinColorCatch colorimetric device and individual topography angle (ITA) and CIELAB L*a*b* values were noted. Statistical Analysis Used: K-means clustering was utilized to propose a shade guide for maxillofacial prosthesis with 24 skin shades. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to propose a formula to estimate skin shade of the individuals. Results: Based on cluster analysis, 368 subjects were divided into three clusters with similar characteristic as Cluster 1 with dark skin color in 88 (23.91%) subjects, Cluster 2 with medium skin color in 224 (60.87%) subjects, and Cluster 3 with light skin color in 56 (15.22%) subjects. The mean ITA and L*a*b* values for cluster 1 were −47.04° ±14.77°, 34.53 ± 4.31, 8.55 ± 2, 11.42 ± 3.7033, respectively. The mean ITA angle and L*a*b* values for Cluster 2 were 4.29° ±11.34° 51.67 ± 3.42, 8.79 ± 3.13, 21.36 ± 2.38, respectively. The mean ITA and L*a*b* values for Cluster 3 were 34.65 ± 4.29°, 62.66 ± 3.08, 6.53 ± 1.79, 17.73 ± 2.39, respectively. The proposed shade guide comprised a total of 24 different shades that were categorized into three primary colors according to three distinct clusters, each of which was further broken down into eight subclusters containing various shades within each cluster. Logistic regression analysis gave an equation as follows: Y =12.43 + 0.186X (Y = Predicted skin color, X = ITA angle). Conclusions: Twenty-four facial skin shade tabs have been proposed based on ITA angle and CIELAB values. This comprehensive approach to categorize the shades will ensure a detailed and organized system for selecting and matching colors in maxillofacial prosthesis.

The bio–accumulation and –magnification of microplastics under predator–prey isotopic relationships

Recent studies on microplastics (MPs) in marine ecosystems have focused on their bioaccumulation and biomagnification within food chains, emphasizing their potential health risks to humans. However, these bio-effects of MPs in marine ecosystems remain a contentious issue. Employing the "consumer–dietary source" tracking function in stable isotope analysis can enhance our comprehension of how MPs magnify in organisms. In our research conducted in the coastal waters of Haizhou Bay, Jiangsu, China, we examined two commercially important fish species, Larimichthys polyactis and Collichthys lucidus, through stable isotope analysis to investigate the accumulation of MPs in their dietary sources. Results revealed fiber, blue, and PET as the primary shapes, colors, and polymers of MPs in the region. C. lucidus displayed a broader isotopic niche and a higher propensity for MP accumulation than L. polyactis. Biomagnification analysis indicated that dominant MP shapes, colors, and polymers were magnified in both fish species, with MPs smaller than 3 mm exhibiting substantial biomagnification. Factors such as feeding strategies and habitat preferences may influence MP ingestion by fish. We conclude that a high proportion of dietary sources in fish does not necessarily equate to a high concentration of MPs. Neglecting the proportion of dietary sources might lead to underestimating MP biomagnification. Therefore, a multidimensional approach to exploring the biomagnification of MPs is essential to accurately grasp this unique pollutant's impact.

Yellow-transmissive blue electrochromic polymers based on triphenylamine and ProDOT derivatives

Electrochromic polymer with yellow hue is few relative to those with other two primary colors due to its optical absorption at short wavelength of ≈ 450 nm. Triphenylamine (TPA) and its derivatives (TPAs) as chromogenic groups are frequently used to construct neutral yellow electrochromic polymers, however, those polymers based on TPAs usually exhibit low transmittance at oxidation state due to the residual absorption at short wavelength. Here, three neutral yellow electrochromic polymers (PBBE-1, PBBE-2 and PBBE-3) with different content ratios of ProDOT-10, TPA-4 and benzene were synthesized by Suzuki coupling reaction. With ProDOT-10 content in polymeric chain increasing, the oxidation potentials of polymers decrease gradually. Due to the twisted molecular structure, the absorption peaks of polymers almost remain unchanged when ProDOT-10 content in polymer reaches critical value, which provide an effective method for preparing neutral yellow electrochromic polymers. During oxidation process, PBBE-1 turns to black; PBBE-2 turns to dark blue; PBBE-3 turns to light grey, further to light blue. Through optimizing TBA-4/ProDOT-10 ratio, the electrochromic properties of polymers have been improved, such as optical contrast, response time and coloration efficiency. Especially, PBBE-3 possesses 40 % optical contrast at 435 nm, which is higher than reported TPAs based polymers at short wavelengths.

Multi-color emission composites of white carbon dots and dyes through inner filter effect

A series of multi-color carbon dot composites were obtained by transforming white carbon dots (WCDs) into three primary colors using the dyes' inner filter effect (IFE). WCDs were combined with three distinct dyes (methyl red, bromocresol green, and methylene blue), and three fluorescence colors (red, yellow, and blue) were obtained. The colors of the emitting light excited by the same UV light were similar to the colors of the respective dyes, and have a large Stokes shift. The presence of the IFE between WCDs and dyes was proved through a variety of methods, the analysis of the relationship between the UV of dyes and fluorescence spectra of WCDs, the excitation-emission matrix, as well as the comparison PL decay profiles of WCDs before and after dye addition. The Stern-Volmer quenching constant KSV exhibited no temperature dependence during the IFE process with increasing concentrations of dyes. The UV spectra of the mixture of WCDs and dyes were simply the sum of two individual components, which implies that there is no chemical interaction between WCDs and dyes. Since methyl red and bromocresol green are acid-base indicators, the fluorescence color of the carbon dot composite also changed continuously during the dilute NaOH solution titration process. In furtherment, distributing the binary system of “WCDs + dye” within poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA), three colors fluorescent composite films of “WCDs / Dye / PVA” were produced successfully.

Bright Structural-Phase-Pure CsPbI3 Core-PbSO4 Shell Nanoplatelets With Ultra-Narrow Emission Bandwidth of 77 meV at 630 nm.

Achieving a narrow emission bandwidth islong pursued for display applications. Among all primary colors, obtaining pure red emission with high visual perception is the most challenging. In this work, CsPbI3 halide perovskite nanoplatelets (NPLs) with rigorously controlled 2D [PbI6]4- octahedron layer number (n) are demonstrated. A perovskite core-PbSO4 shell structure is designed to prevent aggregation and fusion between NPLs, enabling consistent thickness and quantum confinement strength for each NPL. Consequently, exact n = 4 CsPbI3NPLs are demonstrated, exhibiting emission peaks around 630nm, with very narrow spectral bandwidths of <24nm and high absolute photoluminescence quantum yields up to 85%. The emission of n = 4 NPLs falls exactly within the pure-red region, closely aligning with the International Telecommunication Union Recommendation BT.2020 standard. Measurements suggest predominant stability and color homogeneity compared to traditional red-emitting CsPbIxBr3- x nanocrystals. Finally, proof-of-concept pure-red emissive light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are demonstrated by integrating n = 4 CsPbI3 NPLs films with a blue LED chip, showing an excellent external quantum efficiency of 18.3% and high brightness exceeding 3 × 106 nits. Stringent requirements for future display technologies, are satisfied based on the high color purity, stability, and brightness of CsPbI3 NPLs.

Ultrafast Response and Broad Detection Range of a Ternary Cation Perovskite Single-Crystal Thin Film Photodetector for Imaging.

FA-MA-Cs ternary cation perovskite exhibits excellent optoelectronic properties and high stabilities against humidity and light soaking and thus has aroused extensive attention in polycrystalline thin film solar cells. Compared with polycrystalline counterparts, FA-MA-Cs ternary cation perovskite single-crystal thin films (SCTFs) have lower defects, better carrier transport capacity, and stability because of lacking grain boundary defects. However, the immature growth technology of SCTFs restricts digging out its optoelectronic potential. Here, we proposed an improved space-confined method to grow large area FA0.9 MA0.05Cs0.05PbI2.7Br0.3 SCTFs using a tunable heating area to control the nucleation and growth process. Its area reaches 64 mm2 with a thickness of 26 μm. The SCTF exhibits high crystallinity, low defect density, long carrier lifetime, and high moisture resistance stability. Besides, a photosensitive chip based on a planar metal-semiconductor-metal photodetector demonstrates linear response to the three primary colors, with a photosensitive range that is 1.5 times that of protocol 3 wide color gamut. Under high-frequency light sources, the on/off ratio reaches 3.9 × 103, and the response time can be as low as 400 ns. Such ultrafast response speed and broad photosensitive range are successfully achieved for imaging applications.

Exploring the impact of logo colors on the perceived tastes of tea beverages—A study on hand-shaken beverages in Taiwan

Color visually communicates the product’s flavors to consumers and further influences their taste perception. This study explores the perceived taste of tea beverages caused by the logo’s principal colors, using hand-shaken tea beverages in Taiwan as an example. To identify the linkage between the logo color and tea tastes, this study divides the taste of tea beverages into four categories: sweetness, freshness, bitterness, and astringency. Then, the 69 tea beverage logos are allocated into the 14 color sections in the CIELAB color space according to their primary colors. The Correspondence Analysis method is employed to visualize the relationships between the logos and the perceived tastes. The tea tastes are then mapped into the color sections in the CIELAB color space. The analysis results reveal that the sweetness links to logos in the Warm Scheme colors (hue angle from 0 to 59 degrees). The fresh taste is bound with the logo with the Cool White Scheme colors (hue angle from 90 to 149 degrees and brightness &gt;80). Finally, the bitter and astringent tastes link to the logo colors in the Cold Black Scheme colors (hue angle from 60 to 89 degrees, 150 to 329 degrees, and brightness &lt;25). This study expands the color and taste association literature from general food to tea beverages. Our obtained empirical results can be applied to hand-shaken beverage companies to select principal colors for designing logos and packages that align with tea beverages’ perceived tastes to convey brand recognition accurately.

Color Analysis of Brocade from the 4th to 8th Centuries Driven by Image-Based Matching Network Modeling

To achieve the color matching rules for the textiles discovered during Silk Road excavations between the 4th and 8th centuries, this research proposed an image-based matching network modeling method. The Silk Road facilitated trade and cultural exchange between the East and West, and the textiles found along the way depict the development of fabrics in a color scheme with great cultural significance. A total of 165 images with brocade patterns were collected from a book with a detailed description of the Western influences on textiles along the Silk Road. Two different clustering methods, including the K-means clustering method and octree quantization approach, were used to extract the primary and secondary colors. By combining the HSV color space with the PCCS color system, the color distribution was analyzed to discover the features of representative color patterns. The co-occurrence relationship of the auxiliary colors was explored using the Apriori algorithm, and a total of eight association rules were established. The results showed that the K-means clustering algorithm can show a better effect of color classification to obtain three primary colors and nine secondary colors. The matching mechanism with a visualized network model was also proposed, which showed that reddish-yellow tones are the main colors in the brocade patterns, and the light and soft tones separately account for 27% and 20%. Beige and brown are the most common colorways, with a confidence level of 47%. One style of brocade pattern was used to demonstrate different appearances within various color networks, which could be applied to 3D virtual fitting. This image-based matching network modeling approach makes the color matching schemes visible, and can assist fashion design with fabric features influenced by historical and cultural development.