Primary Care Physicians In Ontario Research Articles

Characteristics of Family Physicians Delivering Home Visits: A Canadian Retrospective Cohort Study

<h2>Abstract</h2><h3>Context</h3> Home visits have become increasingly uncommon although evidence suggests they improve healthcare quality and reduce overall expenditures<b>.</b> This study identifies the primary care physicians delivering home visits at patients' end of life in Ontario, Canada, describes characteristics of primary care physicians delivering end-of-life home visits, and explores associations with delivery. <h3>Objectives</h3> Identify the primary care physicians delivering home visits at patients' end of life in Ontario, Canada, describe characteristics of primary care physicians delivering end-of-life home visits, and explore associations with delivery. <h3>Methods</h3> A retrospective cohort design using population-level health administrative data housed at ICES. The cohort was composed of primary care physicians in Ontario, Canada between April 1, 2014 and March 31, 2019, who were registered in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario database dataset on or after January 1, 1990 and as of March 31, 2016. <h3>Results</h3> A total of 9884 physicians were identified, of which 2568 (25.7%) delivered at least one end-of-life home visit. Physician characteristics showing increased odds ratio (OR) of home visit delivery were older age (OR 1.01 [95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.00–1.02]) international training (OR 1.28 [95% CI:1.04–1.59]), previous home visit experience (OR 1.02 [95% CI: 1.01–1.02]), capitation models of remuneration; namely enhanced fee-for-service models (OR 1.5 [95%CI: 1.17–2.00]) and mainly capitation model (OR 1.4 [95% CI:1.11–1.79]), and population size of practice location with highest odds in small rural or remote areas (<9000 residents) (OR 1.38 [95%CI: 1.02–1.88]) and large metropolitan areas (OR 1.84 [95%CI: 1.46–2.57]). <h3>Conclusion</h3> This research confirms previous evidence and identifies novel primary care physicians' characteristics associated with home visit practice patterns. Furthermore, it highlights characteristics amenable to policy or system-level changes (e.g., remuneration model, training, and experience) that could increase the provision of home visits which may greatly improve the dying experience of Canadians.

Coping with ‘the grey area’ of antibiotic prescribing: a theory-informed qualitative study exploring family physician perspectives on antibiotic prescribing

BackgroundUnnecessary antibiotic use is associated with adverse side effects and rising rates of resistance at the individual and population level. This study used a theory-informed approach to identify potentially modifiable determinants of antibiotic prescribing for patients presenting to primary care with upper respiratory tract infection symptoms.MethodsQualitative interviews were conducted with primary care physicians in Ontario, Canada who were identified as medium- or high-volume antibiotic prescribers (high volume defined as top 20th percentile versus “medium” defined as 40th to 60th percentile). The interview guide and analysis were informed by the Theoretical Domains Framework. Each interview was coded by two research team members. Sampling and analysis continued until thematic saturation was achieved.ResultsTwenty family physicians were interviewed. Physicians felt that many decisions about prescribing for upper respiratory tract infection symptoms were straightforward (i.e., black and white). However, intention to avoid prescribing in cases where an antibiotic was not indicated clinically did not always align with the provider action or expectation of the patient. Clinical decisions were influenced by the Theoretical Domain Framework domains that were both internal to the physician (Knowledge, Skills, Social/Professional Role, and Belief about Capabilities) and external to the physician (Social Influence, Belief about Consequences, Reinforcement, Emotions, and Behavioural Regulation). The Environmental Context and Resources played a key role. Physicians reported significant differences in their approach to antibiotic prescribing within episodic (walk-in) or continuity of care settings, as the presence (or not) of longitudinal physician–patient relationships seemed to moderate the role of these factors on the decision-making process in cases of uncertainty.ConclusionsAntibiotic prescribing in primary care is a complex decision-making process in which context may outweigh biology during encounters featuring clinical uncertainty. Differential skill in handling uncertainty and tactics used to operationalize guideline recommendations in the real world seems to contribute to observed variation in prescribing patterns, as much or more than differences in knowledge of best practices.

Effect of Antibiotic-Prescribing Feedback to High-Volume Primary Care Physicians on Number of Antibiotic Prescriptions

Antibiotic overuse contributes to adverse drug effects, increased costs, and antimicrobial resistance. To evaluate peer-comparison audit and feedback to high-prescribing primary care physicians (PCPs) and assess the effect of targeted messaging on avoiding unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions and avoiding long-duration prescribing. In this 3-arm randomized clinical trial, administrative data collected from IQVIA's Xponent database were used to recruit the highest quartile of antibiotic-prescribing PCPs (n = 3500) in Ontario, Canada. Physicians were randomized 3:3:1 to receive a mailed letter sent in December 2018 addressing antibiotic treatment initiation (n = 1500), a letter addressing prescribing duration (n = 1500), or no letter (control; n = 500). Outliers at the 99th percentile at baseline for each arm were excluded from analysis. The primary outcome was total number of antibiotic prescriptions over 12 months postintervention. Secondary outcomes were number of prolonged-duration prescriptions (>7 days) and antibiotic drug costs (in Canadian dollars). Robust Poisson regression controlling for baseline prescriptions was used for analysis. Of the 3465 PCPs included in analysis, 2405 (69.4%) were male, and 2116 (61.1%) were 25 or more years from their medical graduation. At baseline, PCPs receiving the antibiotic initiation letter and duration letter prescribed an average of 988 and 1000 antibiotic prescriptions, respectively; at 12 months postintervention, these PCPs prescribed an average of 849 and 851 antibiotic prescriptions, respectively. For the primary outcome of total antibiotic prescriptions 12 months postintervention, there was no statistically significant difference in total antibiotic use between PCPs who received the initiation letter compared with controls (relative risk [RR], 0.96; 97.5% CI, 0.92-1.01; P = .06) and a small statistically significant difference for the duration letter compared with controls (RR, 0.95; 97.5% CI, 0.91-1.00; P = .01). For PCPs receiving the duration letter, this corresponds to an average of 42 fewer antibiotic prescriptions over 12 months. There was no statistically significant difference between the letter arms. For the initiation letter, compared with controls there was an RR of 0.98 (97.5% CI, 0.93-1.03; P = .42) and 0.97 (97.5% CI, 0.92-1.02; P = .19) for the outcomes of prolonged-duration prescriptions and antibiotic drug costs, respectively. At baseline, PCPs who received the duration letter prescribed an average of 332 prolonged-duration prescriptions with $14 470 in drug costs. There was an 8.1% relative reduction (RR, 0.92; 97.5% CI, 0.87-0.97; P < .001) in prolonged-duration prescriptions, and a 6.1% relative reduction in antibiotic drug costs (RR, 0.94; 97.5% CI, 0.89-0.99; P = .01). This corresponds to an average of 24 fewer prolonged-duration prescriptions and $771 in drug cost savings per PCP over 12 months. In this randomized clinical trial, a single mailed letter to the highest-prescribing PCPs in Ontario, Canada providing peer-comparison feedback, including messaging on limiting antibiotic-prescribing durations, led to statistically significant reductions in total and prolonged-duration antibiotic prescriptions, as well as drug costs. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03776383.

Initiation of anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation by primary care physicians: Results of a telephone survey

BackgroundDirect oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are prescribed for over 80% of patients who start anticoagulant therapy for a new diagnosis of atrial fibrillation (AF). Inappropriate DOAC prescriptions are associated with increased mortality. However, limited data exist as to what proportion of primary care physicians (PCPs) initiate anticoagulation in patients with new AF and the extent of their DOAC knowledge. Material and methodsWe conducted a telephone survey of randomly selected PCPs in Ontario, Canada. Our primary objective was to determine the percentage of PCPs who initiate anticoagulation in new AF patients and the proportion of patients they initiate on DOACs. Our secondary objectives were to assess PCPs' knowledge about DOACs and to identify educational opportunities to address any knowledge gaps. ResultsOur survey included 50 respondents. After making a new AF diagnosis, 66% of PCPs stated that they usually initiate anticoagulation themselves and 84% prescribed a DOAC at least 75% of the time. Potential DOAC knowledge gaps included: administration considerations, off-label dosing, concomitant use of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) in stable coronary artery disease (CAD) and use in valvular AF. ConclusionMost PCPs initiate anticoagulants for AF and prescribe DOACs for the vast majority of new patients. PCPs were well versed in certain aspects of DOAC prescribing, however, a number of knowledge gaps were identified. PCPs may benefit from targeted education in these areas to improve patient outcomes in AF.

Concordance between high antibiotic prescribing and high opioid prescribing among primary care physicians: a cross-sectional study.

Background:Antimicrobial resistance and opioid misuse both present major public health challenges, and identifying high prescribers of both of these agents can help provide a common target for intervention. We sought to determine the association between being a high prescriber of antibiotics and being a high prescriber of opioids in the primary care setting.Methods:We performed a cross-sectional study of the antibiotic- and opioid-prescribing habits of primary care physicians in Ontario, Canada between Mar. 1, 2017, and Feb. 28, 2018, using administrative databases. We defined high prescribers as the top quartile of antibiotic or opioid prescribers using 3 antibiotic-prescribing metrics (prescriptions per patient visit, proportion of prescriptions that were broad spectrum and proportion of prescriptions > 8 d) and 3 opioid-prescribing metrics (prescriptions per patients seen, proportion of prescriptions > 90 mg of morphine equivalents and proportion of prescriptions > 28 d). We tabulated agreement between prescribing metrics using the κ statistic.Results:We included 9994 physicians. We observed minimal overlap between high antibiotic initiation and high opioid initiation (618 physicians [6.2%]) (κ = 0.00, 95% confidence interval −0.02 to 0.02). There was slight agreement between the antibiotic-prescribing indices and between the opioid-prescribing indices (within-class, range of κ 0.05 to 0.18). There was slight disagreement to slight agreement across antibiotic- and opioid-prescribing metrics (between-class, range of κ −0.09 to 0.16).Interpretation:Among primary care physicians, there was a lack of association between high antibiotic prescribing and high opioid prescribing. Our findings suggest that separate tailored approaches to antibiotic and opioid stewardship strategies are needed.

Public and Professional Perceptions of the Scope of Practice of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons

To investigate and compare the general public's, general dentists', and primary care physicians' level of knowledge of the scope of practice of oral and maxillofacial surgeons (OMSs). We hypothesized that there is a generalized lack of knowledge of the scope of practice of oral-maxillofacial surgery, with the general public being the least informed and the general dentists the most educated. A cross-sectional survey study was conducted via a mail-out survey that was delivered to a random sample of the general public, general dentists, and primary care physicians in Ontario, Canada. A total of 1800 participants were selected. The survey consisted of a demographic screener along with 24 clinical scenarios in which the participants could select all the specialists they thought were capable of completing the treatment. Inferential statistics were computed using a chi-square test to compare responses between the groups and identified any significant differences between subjects for each of the 24 scenarios with P value set at 0.05. Total response rate of 50.1% (n=902) was achieved. The majority of health professionals (100% dentists, 95.5% primary care physicians) have heard of oral-maxillofacial surgery, in contrast to only 73.7% of the general public (P<.001). There was a general lack of awareness of oral-maxillofacial surgery scope of practice by all groups wherein OMSs were selected less than 50% of the time in 10 (general dentists), 14 (primary care physicians), and 16 (general public) of 24 clinical scenarios. Greater than 25% of the general public are unaware of OMS. More concerning, the general public and health professionals as a whole are unfamiliar with the full scope of practice of OMSs. For enhancing access to care by qualified specialists, educational programs highlighting key aspects of oral-maxillofacial surgery should be developed and distributed to all populations.

Characterizing Family Physicians Who Refer to Telepsychiatry in Ontario.

Telepsychiatry can improve access to psychiatric services for those who otherwise cannot easily access care. Family physicians are gatekeepers to specialized care in Ontario, so it is essential to understand predictors relating to referrals to telepsychiatry to better plan services and increase telepsychiatry adoption. This study used an annual retrospective cross-sectional study design to compare physicians who referred their patients to telepsychiatry each year from fiscal year (FY) 2008 to FY 2016. A 1-year (FY 2016) comparison of family physicians who referred to telepsychiatry (FPTs) compared to family physicians who did not refer to telepsychiatry (FPNTs) matched (1:2) by region was also conducted. Finally, we used statistical modeling to understand the predictors of referring to telepsychiatry among physicians. Between FY 2008 and FY 2016, the number of patients receiving telepsychiatry increased from 925 visits to 13,825 visits. Thirty-two percent of Ontario primary care physicians referred to telepsychiatry in 2016. Several characteristics were notably different between FPTs and FPNTs: FPTs were more likely to be from a residence with less than 10,000 people, to have more nurse practitioners in the practice, and to be from a family health team than FPNTs. Rostered patients of FPTs were more likely to reside in rural areas, have more clinical complexity, and to utilize more mental health services compared to FPNTs. There has been an increase in the use of telepsychiatry by patients and family physicians over the study period, although there remains opportunity for significant growth. Family physicians who live in rural areas, are part of an FHT, have more NPs, with more rural and complex patients were more likely to refer to telepsychiatry. As recent pro-telemedicine policies support the growth of telepsychiatry, this study will serve as an important baseline.

Role of Interprofessional primary care teams in preventing avoidable hospitalizations and hospital readmissions in Ontario, Canada: a retrospective cohort study

BackgroundImproving health system value and efficiency are considered major policy priorities internationally. Ontario has undergone a primary care reform that included introduction of interprofessional teams. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between receiving care from interprofessional versus non-interprofessional primary care teams and ambulatory care sensitive condition (ACSC) hospitalizations and hospital readmissions.MethodsPopulation-based administrative databases were linked to form data extractions of interest between the years of 2003–2005 and 2015–2017 in Ontario, Canada. The data sources were available through ICES. The study design was a retrospective longitudinal cohort. We used a “difference-in-differences” approach for evaluating changes in ACSC hospitalizations and hospital readmissions before and after the introduction of interprofessional team-based primary care while adjusting for physician group, physician and patient characteristics.ResultsAs of March 31st, 2017, there were a total of 778 physician groups, of which 465 were blended capitation Family Health Organization (FHOs); 177 FHOs (22.8%) were also interprofessional teams and 288 (37%) were more conventional group practices (“non-interprofessional teams”). In this period, there were a total of 13,480 primary care physicians in Ontario of whom 4848 (36%) were affiliated with FHOs—2311 (17.1%) practicing in interprofessional teams and 2537 (18.8%) practicing in non-interprofessional teams. During that same period, there were 475,611 and 618,363 multi-morbid patients in interprofessional teams and non-interprofessional teams respectively out of a total of 2,920,990 multi-morbid adult patients in Ontario. There was no difference in change over time in ACSC admissions between interprofessional and non-interprofessional teams between the pre- and post intervention periods. There were no statistically significant changes in all cause hospital readmission s between the post- and pre-intervention periods for interprofessional and non-interprofessional teams.ConclusionsOur study findings indicate that the introduction of interprofessional team-based primary care was not associated with changes in ACSC hospitalization or hospital readmissions. The findings point for the need to couple interprofessional team-based care with other enablers of a strong primary care system to improve health services utilization efficiency.

What are the knowledge, attitudes and beliefs regarding concussion of primary care physicians and family resident physicians in rural communities?

Background Primary care physicians and family medicine resident physicians report continued gaps in knowledge when diagnosing and managing pediatric patients with concussion. Methods A cross-sectional electronic survey of 130 primary care physicians and family medicine resident physicians in the Northeastern Ontario Local Health Integration Network (LHIN). Descriptive statistics, chi-squared Fisher exact tests, were used to compare physicians versus resident physicians with two-tailed p &lt; 0.05 (with 95% confidence intervals). Results With a 48% response rate, when treating concussions 44% of providers either did not use any specific clinical practice guideline, standardized assessment tool, could not recall the source of a specific tool/guideline or omitted answering the question. However, 61% of all respondents would refer some or all concussion patients to a specialist for treatment. At least 41% of providers indicated they lacked access to a ‘Provider Decision Support Tool’ specific to concussion, and 88% of the 25 providers were without access to discharge instructions. Conclusion Similar to other jurisdictions, Northeastern Ontario primary care physicians and family medicine resident physicians report gaps in knowledge for both diagnosis and management of pediatric concussion. Consequently, they did not use current guidelines or best practices to guide management.

Primary Care Physicians' Experience Using Advanced Electronic Medical Record Features to Support Chronic Disease Prevention and Management: Qualitative Study.

BackgroundChronic diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. In Canada, more than half of all health care spending is used for managing chronic diseases. Although studies have shown that the use of advanced features of electronic medical record (EMR) systems improves the quality of chronic disease prevention and management (CDPM), a 2012 international survey found that Canadian physicians were the least likely to use 2 or more EMR system functions. Some studies show that maturity vis-à-vis clinicians’ EMR use is an important factor when evaluating the use of advanced features of health information systems. The Clinical Adoption Framework (CAF), a common evaluation framework used to assess the success of EMR adoption, does not incorporate the process of maturing. Nevertheless, the CAF and studies that discuss the barriers to and facilitators of the adoption of EMR systems can be the basis for exploring the use of advanced EMR features.ObjectiveThis study aimed to explore the factors that primary care physicians in Ontario identified as influencing their use of advanced EMR features to support CDPM and to extend the CAF to include primary care physicians’ perceptions of how their use of EMRs for performing clinical tasks has matured.MethodsGuided by the CAF, directed content analysis was used to explore the barriers and facilitating factors encountered by primary care physicians when using EMR features. Participants were primary care physicians in Ontario, Canada, who use EMRs. Data were coded using categories from the CAF.ResultsA total of 9 face-to-face interviews were conducted from January 2017 to July 2017. Dimensions from the CAF emerged from the data, and one new dimension was derived: physicians’ perception of their maturity of EMR use. Primary care physicians identified the following key factors that impacted their use of advanced EMR features: performance of EMR features, information quality of EMR features, training and technical support, user satisfaction, provider’s productivity, personal characteristics and roles, cost benefits of EMR features, EMR systems infrastructure, funding, and government leadership.ConclusionsThe CAF was extended to include physicians’ perceptions of how their use of EMR systems had matured. Most participants agreed that their use of EMR systems for performing clinical tasks had evolved since their adoption of the system and that certain system features facilitated their care for patients with chronic diseases. However, several barriers were identified and should be addressed to further enhance primary care physicians’ use of advanced EMR features to support CDPM.

End-of-career practice patterns of primary care physicians in Ontario.

To characterize the process of end-of-career attrition among primary care physicians. Longitudinal, open cohort, population-based study of primary care physicians using health administrative data from ICES.Setting Ontario. All family physicians providing comprehensive care between 1992 and 2013. Changes in workload and scopes of practice over time. The cohort included 15 552 family physicians who provided comprehensive care at some point during the study period. Physicians reduced workloads and narrowed scopes of practice in advance of full retirement at an average age of 70.5 (95% CI 70.1 to 70.8) years. Female physicians provided fewer clinical services than male physicians did and retired 5 years earlier. Canadian medical graduates provided fewer clinical services and retired 2 years earlier than international medical graduates did. Up to 60% of physicians stopped providing comprehensive primary care before retirement, continuing with other clinical activities, at reduced workloads, for an average of 3 years before retiring fully. End-of-career practice patterns are characterized by gradual, modest changes in the provision of services rather than abrupt declines, and the retirement process unfolds differently for different physicians. This study highlights the importance of considering physician workload, scope of practice, and demographic factors for more accurate prediction of physician retirement trends and effective work force planning.

Assessing the representativeness of physician and patient respondents to a primary care survey using administrative data

BackgroundQUALICOPC is an international survey of primary care performance. QUALICOPC data have been used in several studies, yet the representativeness of the Canadian QUALICOPC survey is unknown, potentially limiting the generalizability of findings. This study examined the representativeness of QUALICOPC physician and patient respondents in Ontario using health administrative data.MethodsThis representativeness study linked QUALICOPC physician and patient respondents in Ontario to health administrative databases at the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences. Physician respondents were compared to other physicians in their practice group and all Ontario primary care physicians on demographic and practice characteristics. Patient respondents were compared to other patients rostered to their primary care physicians, patients rostered to their physicians’ practice groups, and a random sample of Ontario residents on sociodemographic characteristics, morbidity, and health care utilization. Standardized differences were calculated to compare the distribution of characteristics across cohorts.ResultsQUALICOPC physician respondents included a higher proportion of younger, female physicians and Canadian medical graduates compared to other Ontario primary care physicians. A higher proportion of physician respondents practiced in Family Health Team models, compared to the provincial proportion for primary care physicians. QUALICOPC patient respondents were more likely to be older and female, with significantly higher levels of morbidity and health care utilization, compared with the other patient groups examined. However, when looking at the QUALICOPC physicians’ whole rosters, rather than just the patient survey respondents, the practice profiles were similar to those of the other physicians in their practice groups and Ontario patients in general.ConclusionsComparisons revealed some differences in responding physicians’ demographic and practice characteristics, as well as differences in responding patients’ characteristics compared to the other patient groups tested, which may have resulted from the visit-based sampling strategy. Ontario QUALICOPC physicians had similar practice profiles as compared to non-participating physicians, providing some evidence that the participating practices are representative of other non-participating practices, and patients selected by visit-based sampling may also be representative of visiting patients in other practices. Those using QUALICOPC data should understand this limited representativeness when generalizing results, and consider the potential for bias in their analyses.

Testing Behavior Change Techniques to Encourage Primary Care Physicians to Access Cancer Screening Audit and Feedback Reports: Protocol for a Factorial Randomized Experiment of Email Content.

BackgroundCancer Care Ontario’s Screening Activity Report (SAR) is an online audit and feedback tool designed to help primary care physicians in Ontario, Canada, identify patients who are overdue for cancer screening or have abnormal results requiring follow-up. Use of the SAR is associated with increased screening rates. To encourage SAR use, Cancer Care Ontario sends monthly emails to registered primary care physicians announcing that updated data are available. However, analytics reveal that 50% of email recipients do not open the email and less than 7% click the embedded link to log in to their report.ObjectiveThe goal of the study is to determine whether rewritten emails result in increased log-ins. This manuscript describes how different user- and theory-informed messages intended to improve the impact of the monthly emails will be experimentally tested and how a process evaluation will explore why and how any effects observed were (or were not) achieved.MethodsA user-centered approach was used to rewrite the content of the monthly email, including messages operationalizing 3 behavior change techniques: anticipated regret, material incentive (behavior), and problem solving. A pragmatic, 2x2x2 factorial experiment within a multiphase optimization strategy will test the redesigned emails with an embedded qualitative process evaluation to understand how and why the emails may or may not have worked. Trial outcomes will be ascertained using routinely collected administrative data. Physicians will be recruited for semistructured interviews using convenience and snowball sampling.ResultsAs of April 2017, 5576 primary care physicians across the province of Ontario, Canada, had voluntarily registered for the SAR, and in so doing, signed up to receive the monthly email updates. From May to August 2017 participants received the redesigned monthly emails with content specific to their allocated experimental condition prompting use of the SAR. We have not yet begun analyses.ConclusionsThis study will inform how to communicate effectively with primary care providers by email and identify which behavior change techniques tested are most effective at encouraging engagement with an audit and feedback report.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT03124316; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03124316 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6w2MqDWGu)

Paediatric vision screening in the primary care setting in Ontario.

Early intervention is critical to prevent treatable causes of vision loss in children. The objectives of the current study are: (1) to assess how well primary care physicians in Ontario follow the vision screening guidelines for children as recommended by the Canadian Paediatric Society and the Rourke Baby Record and (2) to identify barriers to vision screening in the primary care setting. Cross-sectional survey. A 19-question survey was mailed out to 1000 randomly selected family physicians (family MDs), 1000 general practitioners (GPs) and 1000 paediatricians in Ontario as listed in the 2013 Canadian Medical Directory. A total of 719 completed surveys were included in the analysis (449 from family MDs/GPs and 270 from paediatricians). Vision screening was reported to be performed by 65% of family MDs/GPs and 52% of general paediatricians at every well child visit. While red reflex was reported to be checked by 94% of all physicians in children under 3, it was only performed by 25% of respondents for children over 3. Thirty seven percent of all physicians reported never performing a visual acuity test in any age group. When asked about the obstacles preventing them from performing vision screening, lack of training (family MDs/GPs: 50%, paediatricians: 42%), time constraints (family MDs/GPs: 42%; paediatricians: 40%) and inadequate reimbursement (family MDs/GPs: 17%; paediatricians: 15%) were the most commonly cited reasons. Strategies to improve vision screening are necessary given that early intervention is crucial to prevent treatable causes of vision loss in children.

Efficiency of Ontario primary care physicians across payment models: a stochastic frontier analysis.

ObjectiveThe study examines the relationship between the primary care model that a physician belongs to and the efficiency of the primary care physician in Ontario, Canada.MethodsSurvey data were collected from 183 self-selected physicians and linked to administrative databases to capture the provision of services to the patients served for the 12 month period ending June 30, 2013, and the characteristics of the patients at the beginning of the study period. Two stochastic frontier regression models were used to estimate efficiency scores and parameters for two separate outputs: the number of distinct patients seen and the number of visits.ResultsBecause of missing data, only 165 physicians were included in the analyses. The average efficiency was 0.72 for both outputs with scores varying from 4 % to 93 % for the visits and 5 % to 94 % for the number of patients seen. We observed that there were both very low and very high efficiency scores within each model. These variations were larger than variations in average scores across models.

Primary Care Practice Reports: Administrative Data Profiles for Identifying and Prioritizing Areas for Quality Improvement.

Information to help guide quality improvement activities in primary care should be readily available, routinely updated and include comparisons across groups, regions and jurisdictions. Primary care practice reports, developed jointly by the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences and Health Quality Ontario, is one such effort. These data include practice demographics, the prevalence of common chronic conditions, the use of health services and measures of chronic disease prevention and management. All Ontario primary care physicians can register for the profiles online using a secure logon; the profiles are available only to them. Enhancements under development include new formats, targets and tools to support quality improvement.

The impact of physician use of electronic medical records on colorectal cancer screening.

288 Background: The use of electronic medical records (EMR) by primary care physicians (PCP) is promoted as a method to enhance screening rates, however the impact of these systems on screening participation is uncertain. The purpose of this study was to determine if the use of EMR among a population-based sample of Ontario PCPs affects the colorectal cancer (CRC) screening participation of their patients. Methods: A survey was sent to 1,463 randomly selected PCPs in Ontario regarding adoption of EMR and cancer screening management enabled by EMR. Patients who were treated by PCP survey respondents were identified from administrative health care databases and were included if they were eligible for CRC screening (age 50-74) during the study window (April 1, 2012 – March 31, 2013). We identified patients who were up to date with CRC screening (FOBT within 2 years, flexible sigmoidoscopy within 5 years or colonoscopy within 10 years) as of March 31, 2013. Logistic regression models were created to examine the association between EMR usage and screening participation, adjusted for physician practice model, physician sex, years in practice, patient age patient sex, patient SES, and patient comorbidities using propensity scores. Results: A total of 855 PCPs responded to the survey (58.4% response rate) and 845 could be linked to administrative databases. The patient cohort included 330,441 eligible patients linked to a PCP included in the study. The proportion of patients up to date with CRC screening as of March 31, 2013 was 61.6% (203,720/330,441). After propensity score adjustment, patients were more likely to be up to date with CRC screening if their physician used an EMR (OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.04 – 1.29). Conclusions: PCP use of EMR was associated with a small, but measurable increase the likelihood that their patients were up to date with CRC screening. Enhanced use of the EMR might improve the uptake of CRC screening on a population level.

Effect of payment incentives on cancer screening in Ontario primary care.

There is limited evidence for the effectiveness of pay for performance despite its widespread use. We assessed whether the introduction of a pay-for-performance scheme for primary care physicians in Ontario, Canada, was associated with increased cancer screening rates and determined the amounts paid to physicians as part of the program. We performed a longitudinal analysis using administrative data to determine cancer screening rates and incentive costs in each fiscal year from 1999/2000 to 2009/2010. We used a segmented linear regression analysis to assess whether there was a step change or change in screening rate trends after incentives were introduced in 2006/2007. We included all Ontarians eligible for cervical, breast, and colorectal cancer screening. We found no significant step change in the screening rate for any of the 3 cancers the year after incentives were introduced. Colon cancer screening was increasing at a rate of 3.0% (95% CI, 2.3% to 3.7%) per year before the incentives were introduced and 4.7% (95% CI, 3.7% to 5.7%) per year after. The cervical and breast cancer screening rates did not change significantly from year to year before or after the incentives were introduced. Between 2006/2007 and 2009/2010, $28.3 million, $31.3 million, and $50.0 million were spent on financial incentives for cervical, breast, and colorectal cancer screening, respectively. The pay-for-performance scheme was associated with little or no improvement in screening rates despite substantial expenditure. Policy makers should consider other strategies for improving rates of cancer screening.

Identifying individuals with multiple sclerosis in an electronic medical record

Background: The increasing use of electronic medical records (EMRs) presents an opportunity to efficiently evaluate and improve quality of care for individuals with MS. Objectives: We aimed to establish an algorithm to identify individuals with MS within EMRs. Methods: We used a sample of 73,003 adult patients from 83 primary care physicians in Ontario using the Electronic Medical Record Administrative data Linked Database (EMRALD). A reference standard of 247 individuals with MS was identified through chart abstraction. The accuracy of identifying individuals with MS in an EMR was assessed using information in the cumulative patient profile (CPP), prescriptions and physician billing codes. Results: An algorithm identifying MS in the CPP performed well with 91.5% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 98.7% PPV and 100% NPV. The addition of prescriptions for MS-specific medications and physician billing code 340 used four times within any 12-month timeframe slightly improved the sensitivity to 92.3% with a PPV of 97.9%. Conclusions: Data within an EMR can be used to accurately identify patients with MS. This study has positive implications for clinicians, researchers and policy makers as it provides the potential to identify cohorts of MS patients in the primary care setting to examine quality of care.

The role of the professional association: A grounded theory study of Electronic Medical Records usage in Ontario, Canada

Many professionals utilize computer systems to assist them with the exercise of their skilled knowledge. These systems are designed with many core features, but their adoption is heterogeneous, with some users adopting more features than others. In this qualitative study, the empirical context is the use of Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) by primary care physicians in Ontario, Canada. We have collected data from interviews, and by using the methodology of grounded theory, we theorize that guidance from the professional association to which the members belong is able to positively influence its members to adopt more core features. Although professionals operate with a high degree of autonomy, their professional association governs their actions. By setting standards and offering education, the association is able to guide its members to make more enhanced use of core features. The theoretical contribution is the conceptualization of a higher order construct, Professional Association Guidance.