Primary Archival Material Research Articles

A Clinical Construct: Research, Experimentation, and Education at the Johns Hopkins Hospital

Background: The Johns Hopkins Hospital, the first U.S. institution to integrate medical education with practice, has served as a critical case study in understanding the evolution of American medical institutions in response to advancements in medical science, education, and technology. However, the role of architecture and design in informing those institutional practices has not been sufficiently explored. Aim: This study examines the intricate interplay between architecture and medicine in the late nineteenth century through a historical analysis of the design, construction, and early operation of the Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, focusing on how this interdisciplinary relationship shaped both the hospital’s physical environment and institutional practices. Methods: This paper utilizes historical analysis to investigate the design, construction, and operations of the Johns Hopkins Hospital. By examining primary archival materials, it details how architectural strategies addressed scientific, technological, and educational advancements. Results: The investigation reveals that the hospital’s architecture not only facilitated medical research, experimentation, and education but also embodied a novel blend of scientific inquiry and architectural design. Conclusions: The Johns Hopkins Hospital exemplifies the transformative potential of integrating architectural design with medical science. This case study underscores the enduring significance of interdisciplinary collaboration, offering insights into contemporary practices and the future of hospital design and medical education and practice in academic communities.

The Making of India’s Resilient Opposition in the 1970s

This article seeks to focus on the changing nature of India’s parliamentary opposition in the 1970s. The article argues that, unlike the previous decades, the Opposition in India was resilient, even if not organised in the face of the authoritarian tendencies of Indira Gandhi pre- and during the Emergency. The analytical framework helps to understand the reasons for the growing opposition’s resilience. The manifestation of this resilience can be traced to the programmes and actions of the opposition parties undertaken in the 1970s inside and outside the parliament as the crisis of democratic governance deepened, as explained in this article. This article attempts to make sense of parliamentary opposition in the 1970s, unlike any other existing study that either focused on the Congress, party system, or emergency per se. This article brings the spotlight on the Opposition as a category that lacks constitutional safeguards, thereby missing the ‘equality of conditions’ in a democratic framework. An emphasis is given to analytically understanding the political processes that played a significant role in the government–opposition relationship. The study has been conducted with the help of primary archival materials, newspaper reportings, memoirs, commentaries and governmental records such as parliamentary debates, along with existing academic works (though scarcely) on the making and functioning of the Opposition in India. The analytical approach in studying this particular moment in the political history of India helps us to understand the primacy, effectiveness, limitations and failures of democratic governance from the Opposition’s standpoint.

Pachyderm Matriarchy

One of the essential backstories of Donna Haraway’s essay “Teddy Bear Patriarchy” is the biography of celebrated collector/taxidermist Carl Akeley, and his vision for the African Hall at the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) in New York. The “Authors and Versions” section of Haraway’s essay examines expedition stories recorded by Carl Akeley, his first wife, Delia Denning Akeley, and his second, Mary Jobe Akeley, to interrogate the issue of authorship, and build a case for an alleged cover-up of Delia’s contributions by “the official scientific community”. The present article pursues a reading of “Authors and Versions” against a more robust historical background, including published sources, and primary archival materials, in order to deepen, and correct, the broader story of the authorship and intellectual labour behind the AMNH African Hall, in particular the purported suppression of Delia Akeley’s voice and labour.

Norval Hawkins: Ford Accountant and Salesman Extraordinaire

ABSTRACTThis article investigates the life and career of Norval Hawkins (1867–1936), a successful accountant at Ford Motor Company and acclaimed author of salesmanship books. He was, however a convicted felon in a Standard Oil embezzlement scheme. The early years of Ford enjoyed phenomenal growth, especially after introduction of the Model T in 1908. Oversight of accounting and sales remained under James Couzens, from the company's inception in 1903, but less is known about the role of accountant and salesman Norval Hawkins, whose contributions included cost and branch accounting systems and a unique dealership structure. Beyond his accounting and sales skills, Hawkins created a popular house publication, the Ford Times, to influence salespeople, customers, and dealers. Ultimately, his style and success irritated founder Henry Ford, and Hawkins was abruptly ousted. Primary archival material from The Henry Ford was retrieved to provide information on Hawkins' years at Ford from 1907 to 1919.JEL Classifications: M41; M42; M48.

‘독일’적 자유: 니콜라우스 베커의 ‘라인강의 노래’ 바이럴리티의 문학적, 역사적 설명

Why, in the fall of 1840, did a banal poem written by an undistinguished amateur poet in the Rhineland become wildly popular - or in twenty-first century parlance - “go viral”? In answering that question, this article traces how Nikolaus Becker’s “Rheinlied” temporarily gave the illusion of German unity through the anti-French sentiment provoked by the Rhine Crisis of 1840. Historical contextualization through primary archival material in the press of the time, as well as a close formal literary analysis of the poem itself and a collection of its poetic replies, complicates the assumption that 1840 marked “the breakthrough of modern German nationalism.” Becker’s song personified Germany through the notion of a timeless Rhine and suggested, by virtue of an aesthetic withdrawal from politics, a concept of freedom in the German identity. The Becker text clearly shows how a negative formulation of the “false” freedom of the French buttressed a German moral concept consistent with the existing order. Given the deep political divisions in the German lands in 1840 - which were neither technically “free” nor “German” - this was a seductive vision.(Yonsei University)

Migrating architectures: Palladio\u2019s legacy from Calcutta to New Delhi

Palladianism, which originated in Italy, is a style of architecture which spread widely across the world and has been extensively studied. It is known that it migrated to the UK during the eighteenth century at the same time as it did to Germany through Georg Knobelsdorff, to Russia through the work of Charles Cameron and Giacomo Quarenghi, to the US through Thomas Jefferson between the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and was adopted in Poland, Sweden, and elsewhere. Palladianism became a tool of politicians and a status symbol for the elites to differentiate themselves from the common man. There are a few studies on the migration and adoption of Palladianism in India, primarily in relation to Calcutta’s architecture between the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In particular, there is specific research focusing on Lord Wellesley’s Palladian building programme, frequently highlighting the relationship between Government House, Calcutta and Kedleston Hall in Derbyshire. This essay focuses on the subject of the migration of Palladian architecture and, in particular, on its adoption by the capitals of India, Calcutta and Delhi, on the basis of primary archival material.

Delatnost arhitektkinje Ružice Ilić u Užicu tokom perioda 1945-1957. godina

This paper researches the activities of significant architect and urbanist Ružica Ilić (1909-1992, Belgrade). She was active in the most dynamic period of urban development of socialist Yugoslavia (1945-1961). The research methodology is critical processing of the historical and theoretical primary archival material to rationally establish the significance of Ružica's post-war designs (1945-1957) for the urban development of the city of Užice. At the same time, the paper aims to establish Ružica's significance for the history and theory of urban design in general. Further, some on-site research has also been conducted. One should point out that the city of Užice was assigned the privileged status of a memorial city in the year 1952, due to its significance for the mythology of Socialist Yugoslavia. Ružica held the job position of the lead city architect; In the circumstances of the lack of political understanding, she was compelled to continuously prove herself to her, mostly male, colleagues. The conclusion of the research is a multi-layered one; historical facts intertwined with the author's relations to Ružica. But the works of Ružica Ilić can generally be considered equal to those of other architects of the time. Such a status has not been utterly recognized either by her male or female colleagues or the respective occupational associations.

ЎЗБЕКИСТОН ИЧКИ ИШЛАР ОРГАНЛАРИНИНГ КАДРЛАР БИЛАН ТАъМИНЛАШИ ХУСУСИДА (1946-1980 ЙИЛЛАР)

Based on primary archival materials, the article examines the history of training personnel in the internal affairs bodies of Uzbekistan, measures to replenish staff with advanced personnel and the development of the educational process in police schools,as well as the formation of educational institutions for the training of specialists with higher education in 1946-1980

‘Homosexuality is not a problem – it doesn’t do you any harm and can be lots of fun’: Students and Gay Rights Activism in Irish Universities, 1970s–1980s

Using primary archival material, this article explores the role of students and universities in the campaign for gay rights in Ireland in the 1970s and 1980s. At a time when few organisations in Ireland involved themselves in the campaign for gay rights, student bodies facilitated the promotion of gay rights, interaction between gay rights organisations and students and challenged the legal and societal attitudes towards homosexuality in Ireland. In doing so, universities, both north and south of the border, became important spaces of gay rights activism, both in terms of the activities taking place there, but also symbolically, as gay and lesbian students challenged their right to claim a space within their respective universities, something denied to them in the past. Moreover, through the use of the student press, conferences and campaigns to gain official recognition for gay societies, students helped to promote a broader discussion on gay rights in Ireland. This case study analysis of gay rights activism on Irish universities offers an insight into the importance of exploring the efforts of students beyond the long 1960s, arguing that students continued to be important agents in challenging the status quo in Ireland and transforming Irish social norms.

A perspective from the periphery: Re-imagining regional North Queensland women’s stories using historical fiction

In popular published accounts from settlement and into the early part of the twentieth century the North Queensland region was often portrayed as ‘wild’. This is a perception ripe for re-examination, particularly from the perspective of women of lower socio-economic standing, and something I am exploring through my own creative work. Writing historical fiction about my grandmother’s life in North Queensland in the first half of the twentieth century requires me to consider strategies to ethically re-imagine a peripheral history that is specific to regional geography, class, and gender. Such a task is complicated by the limited source material available about the lived experiences of poorer women living in North Queensland. The most fruitful sources are often first-hand accounts such as life writing, personal recollections, memoirs, letters, or journals. Along with oral histories, these artefacts make up the bulk of the primary archival material that forms the background and contextual groundwork for my historical fiction. These sources are highly individual accounts specific to the time, place and era in which they were written. Historical fiction relies on an ‘authenticity effect’ (Padmore 2017) to effectively build a past world, and this article explores some of the ways these primary sources can be utilised and integrated in historical fiction to effectively and ethically represent women living in the margins.

Digital Art History and the Museum: The Online Scholarly Collection Catalogues at the Art Institute of Chicago

This article considers the various ways that the Art Institute of Chicago’s digital scholarly collection catalogues engage with art history in the digital realm. Since 2009, when the Art Institute of Chicago (AIC) was invited by the Getty Foundation to participate with a group of other museums to create a platform for museum collection catalogues online, the AIC has been a leader in this growing field. The digital platform we designed has proven to be the ideal vehicle to present our research in a dynamic manner. Through several case studies, we will demonstrate how these publications have not only made contributions to the field of digital art history through the presentation of primary archival source material online, but have also facilitated the incorporation of digital art history into our methodological toolbox. This paper also discusses the challenges of digital publishing as compared to more traditional, print-based workflows.

«Ты дефективный или аморальный?». Проблемы селекции и социализации «морально-дефективных» детей в 20-е гг. ХХ века в Советской России: региональные аспекты

We consider the regional features of the social protection system of “morally handicapped” children in Tambov province in the first decade of Soviet government (1918–1928). We representatively and comprehensively investigate various poorly studied aspects of the declared scientific problem on the basis of attraction and processing of a wide complex of primary archival sources and other materials. We reveal typical regional features of the social education system formation in relation to homeless children and children with criminal tendencies in the formation period of the new socialist state at the provincial and county levels, different from the capital’s projects and instructions. We also show spontaneity and haste in the search for different forms and methods of organization of care for such socially neglected children. We clarify the main educational practices and organizational measures for the opportunities and needs of provincial institutions of the social education. We identify the main ways and methods of work with juvenile offenders during the period under review. Conclusions are drawn about the results and features of support for such “special” children and adolescents at the level of the province and county, which allowed to reconstruct the system of social protection of post-revolutionary Russia. Special atten-tion was paid to the social protection of women’s councils female workers’ children and other re-gional public organizations. Attention is paid to the importance of taking into account regional specifics and specific historical, socio-political, socio-cultural and ethno-confessional features of the social education system. We clarify the factors that had the strongest impact on the personnel, financing of children’s social institutions, as well as trends in their development in the Soviet era. We reveal the catastrophic impact of the new economic policy on the regional system of social education and the work of orphanages, where homeless children gathered, who lacked other opportunities for socialization and survival.

Japan's Early Twentieth Century Entry into Burma and British Perceptions (and Misperceptions) of the Friend that Became a Foe, 1903–1943: A Case Study in the Global Blindspot

This is an analysis of Japan’s early twentieth century relations with the contemporaneously important Burma. It questions how it is that the British Empire, imperial overseer of Burma, allowed Japan to enter Burma and build up so much power to eventually overthrow the British themselves. The paper relies on primary archival materials to demonstrate that decade by decade, from the 1910s to the 1940s, Britain knew that Japan was building up its economic, then political, then military power, yet did nothing. This I term the ‘global blindspot’.

The domestic drivers of state finance institutions: evidence from sovereign wealth funds

ABSTRACTSovereign wealth funds – large state-owned investment funds – are key players in international finance, but little is known about their underlying political drivers. Why do some states with surpluses choose to create sovereign wealth funds, while others advocate private finance institutions instead? This article speaks directly to this question by investigating the variation in sovereign wealth fund choices across nations with excess reserves. Thereby it contributes to an emerging stream of social network analysis within the international political economy literature. It develops an argument in least likely cases (i.e. Hong Kong and Singapore) about how the structure of domestic state-society relations – in form of policy networks – explains variation in sovereign wealth fund choices, which benefits some actors over others. By analysing primary archival material and through interviews with former policy-makers, this article opens the black box of policy-making behind the choices of state finance institutions.

Mobility conquers: The story of 61 Mechanised Battalion Group 1978–2005. Willem Steenkamp and Helmoed-Römer Heitman

The authors have produced a handsome book of encyclopaedic dimensions matched with an equally large price tag. Its sheer weight presents a physical challenge when reading and it may have been wiser rather to present the work in two or three more manageable volumes. The narrative takes the form of a chronicle. Steenkamp and Heitman deftly build the text around the personal accounts of the officers and men who served in the South African Defence Force’s (SADF) 61 Mechanised Battalion Group during the Border War and after that, with the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) for a decade into the new democratic South Africa. In constructing the narrative, they place more emphasis on personal accounts than on primary archival material, but the extent is difficult to gauge as the book lacks a comprehensive bibliography or referencing system.

Defining Homosexual Love Stories: Pat Rocco, Categorization, and the Legitimation of Gay Narrative Film

Pat Rocco contributed to a burgeoning public gay film culture in the United States when his films were exhibited at the Park Theatre in Los Angeles from 1968 to 1971. This essay interrogates this moment’s complex legacy by analyzing the discursive processes informing how his work has been understood contemporaneously and historically. Drawing from primary archival materials, accounts of this moment’s impact, and the films themselves, I examine the relationship of Rocco’s oeuvre to categories like pornography and narrative fiction and argue that his films’ context and framing were as vital as their content in legitimizing gay narrative film.

Assessing needs, fostering development: UNESCO, illiteracy and the global politics of education (1945–1960)

ABSTRACTIn the aftermath of the World War II, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) launched an ambitious campaign to improve access to education and to fight illiteracy worldwide. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 had legitimised international action to raise educational and living standards in the ‘underdeveloped’ areas of the world, many of which were still under colonial rule. Based on primary archival material, this article sheds light on UNESCO’s efforts to assess educational levels in these territories, notably by collecting, standardising and processing data and statistics. The analysis shows how the work UNESCO undertook to measure inequalities contributed to the reappraisal of the economic and social role of literacy thus laying the foundations of a number of pedagogical programmes designed for developing countries. The limits of UNESCO’s global policies are also considered. Against the background of the Cold War and decolonisation, UNESCO’s assessment of educational needs in colonial areas raised highly political problems, which significantly affected the global concern for the right to education.

Inventing Drugs: A Genealogy of a Regulatory Concept

The trade in, and consumption of, illicit drugs is perhaps the archetypal ‘wicked problem’ of our time – complex, globalized, and seemingly intractable – and presents us with one of the very hardest legal and policy challenges of the twenty‐first century. The central concept of a ‘drug’ remains under‐theorized and largely neglected by critical socio‐legal and criminological scholars. Drawing on a range of primary archival material and secondary sources, this article sets out a genealogy of the concept, assembled a little over a century ago out of diverse lines of development. It is argued that the drug label is an invented legal‐regulatory construct closely bound up with the global drug prohibition system. Many contemporary features of the ‘war on drugs’ bear traces of this genealogy, notably how drug law enforcement often contributes to racial and social injustice. To move beyond prohibition, radical law and policy reform may require us to abandon the drug concept entirely.

Agriculture, American expertise, and the quest for global data: Leon Estabrook and the First World Agricultural Census of 1930

AbstractThis article provides a history of the First World Agricultural Census of 1930, an ambitious international attempt to evaluate world agricultural resources through the compilation of global statistics on crops, livestock, and agricultural production. Based on primary archival material, it explores how the census emerged from the connections between American and international institutions at a time when food security and the need to address problems of trade and competition appeared as central economic concerns of interstate relations. The article focuses on the role played by the American agricultural expert Leon Estabrook (1869–1937) and a related network of scientists and economists in the preparation and implementation of the statistical survey. By examining how Estabrook’s vision of economic development and scientific planning was shaped by his national background and redefined by his transnational engagement, the article sheds light on the global dominance and limitations of American scientific knowledge and agricultural practices in the interwar years. It uncovers the political manoeuvrings and negotiations that were necessary to move forward with the project, and assesses the survey’s outcome against the backdrop of the global economic downturn of the 1930s.

An Historical Examination of the Film Theories and Avant-Garde Mediation of Slavko Vorkapich in Hollywood

Early film theorist Slavko Vorkapich, a talented European emigre who became one of the first avant-garde filmmakers in the United States, articulated his conception of cinema as a unique, distinctive artistic endeavor. I will historically examine extensive original primary archival materials from the Slavko Vorkapich Collection to historically contextualize his film theories, montage techniques, and investigate how he envisioned his cinematic philosophy and visual aesthetic in his theoretical writings on motion pictures regarding “Film As A Visual Language,” “The Motion Picture as an Art” and “Motion and the Art of Cinematography” in 1926 which he went on to stylistically employ in his independent avant-garde films, such as The Life and Death of 9413 ? A Hollywood Extra (Slavko Vorkapich and Robert Florey [with Gregg Toland]; US, 1928), and in montage sequences for an extensive number of Hollywood studio films, including What Price Hollywood? (George Cukor, RKO Pathe; US, 1932). Vorkapich’s diverse array of work embodies the dynamic representation of his aesthetic philosophy encompassed in both his studio and independent productions. Notable is that he manages to successfully bridge the conceptual economic and artistic abyss between the dominant commercial industry and the avant-garde. Moreover, an analysis of montage sequences in the commercial film What Price Hollywood? reveals how his avant-garde stylistic mediation functions to transform the overall narrative film text by appropriating his innovative experimental aesthetic techniques expounded on in his film theories within the mainstream commercial production environment of the classical Hollywood studio system.