Price-quality Inference Research Articles

PERILAKU PEMBELIAN PRODUK FASHION MEWAH PALSU PADA KONSUMEN DI JAKARTA

The flow of globalization makes world development more advanced. this has a positive impact but also a negative impact. One area that has seen an impact from globalization is the fashion industry. The progress of the fashion industry which is getting better and more diverse makes people compete to buy trending products. In addition, globalization has also caused people's lifestyles to change, and they tend to be more consumptive. Primary data was obtained by distributing questionnaires to measure seven variables, namely: integrity, materialism, risk seeking, price-quality inference, self-perception of smart shopper, subjective norm and value awareness of the purchase intention of counterfeit luxury fashion products. This study uses the T-test analysis, with the results showing that the factors that influence the purchase intention of counterfeit luxury fashion products are risk-seeking factors that are positively related to the purchase intention of counterfeit luxury fashion products. This is supported by the dominance of the sample, namely that around 71 people (70.3%) were female and the ages of the respondents mostly ranged from 16-25 years for a total of 95 people (94.1%) who turned out to be the dominant occupation of the respondents as 90 students (98.1%). This is related to the income data of this study, which shows that respondents with no income dominate as many as 37 people (36.6%); the difference is thin with respondents who earn Rp. 1,000,000 - Rp. 2,000,000 as many as 32 people (31.7%), because the dominant respondent is still a student or college student. So, it can be concluded that risk seeking is positively related to the intention to purchase fake luxury fashion products because students have the attitude to be ready to bear the risks that will arise after buying fake luxury fashion products.Keywords: Purchasing; Counterfeit; Luxury Product; Risk Seeking

Do Consumer Innovativeness and Consumer Materialism Drive Purchase of Counterfeit Brands?

Counterfeiting is a serious problem in Asian countries. Despite its prevalence, prior research has paid limited attention to examine how consumer personality and product-related factors affect counterfeit consumption in these countries. The current research aims to investigate how consumer innovativeness, consumer materialism, and price-quality inference influences purchase intentions of counterfeits (PIC). It also investigates the mediating role of attitude toward counterfeits (ATC) to strengthen the model.The data, collected from a convenience sample of310 consumers, was analysed using structural equation modelling. The results show that while consumer innovativeness and materialism positively effect ATC and PIC, price-quality inference has a negative impact on ATC and PIC. This research contributes to counterfeit consumption research by uncovering the role of both personality- and product-related factors in counterfeit consumption. These findings would be useful for manufacturers and marketers of original brands in devising appropriate strategies to combat purchase of counterfeit brands.

Examining the influence of price-quality inference and consumer attitudes on the inclination to buy non-deceptive counterfeit goods: evidence from South Africa

PurposeThe market for counterfeit goods worldwide has continued to grow significantly over the years, attracting the curiosity of researchers in the marketing field. This study aimed to analyse the influence of price-quality inference and attitudes towards economic rewards of purchasing counterfeit products on the intentions to purchase non-deceptive counterfeit products.Design/methodology/approachThe research adopted a quantitative methodology and utilised the cross-sectional survey method to collect data from a sample of 381 respondents comprising university students. The data was then analysed using the computer software Smart PLS 4.FindingsThe results established that the respondents’ price-quality inference of counterfeit products was positively associated with the attitudes towards economic rewards of purchasing counterfeit products and intention to purchase counterfeit products. Furthermore, the study revealed that attitudes towards economic rewards of purchasing counterfeit products partially mediated the influence of price-quality inference on customer intention to acquire non-deceptive counterfeit goods. A multigroup analysis of the proposed relationship did not find any statistically significant differences in the pattern of results concerning the gender groups.Research limitations/implicationsThe significance of the study findings is hampered by the singular focus on university students as a reference point for young people’s perceptions of counterfeit goods in South Africa. The study, however, presents verifiable evidence that marketers and brand managers of genuine products may utilise to develop intervention measures to sway young African consumers away from counterfeits and towards genuine brands.Originality/valueThis is one of the few studies in the literature that addresses young adults’ deliberate purchasing of non-deceptive counterfeits in South Africa, an important consumer market in Africa.

More Expensive, More Attractive? The Effect of Pricing on Gift Evaluation: Differences Between Giver and Receiver.

The present research explored differences in gift evaluation between gift givers and receivers. Three studies were conducted to test how the pricing influenced the gift evaluations of givers and receivers, and whether the price-quality and price-monetary sacrifice inferences were the underlying mechanisms. The results showed that: givers evaluated high-priced gifts as better than low-priced gifts, whereas receivers evaluated low-priced gifts as better than high-priced gifts; price-quality inference mediated the effect of pricing on gift evaluations, but only for givers. Furthermore, the effect of pricing on gift evaluation was moderated by the gift type: givers evaluated the high-priced gift as better only for the desirable gift (but not for the feasible gift); receivers evaluated the low-priced gift as better only for the feasible gift (but not for the desirable gift). The results demonstrate the effect of pricing on gift evaluation and could contribute to understanding the differences between givers’ and receivers’ perception of what a “good gift” is, and the underlying psychological mechanisms.

Gray-market, gray-market products, brand image, price consciousness, price-quality inference, risk averseness.

This study aims to determine the factors of consumer willingness to buy gray-market goods. The authors considered the impact of gray-market products on the product's brand image through Pakistan's empirical evidence. This study included three factors of gray goods: price consciousness, price-quality inference, and risk averseness and to check their impact individually and collectively on brand image. A field survey was conducted in this study to check the respondent's behavior toward gray markets and its impact on their brand image. The respondents of this research were those individuals who were habitual buyers of gray-market perfume products. Therefore, the population size was large enough to apply the probabilistic sampling method of Simple Random Sampling. The sample size of 350 was determined adequately. Hence, 350 respondents were asked to fill the questionnaire. The instrument of this study was self-developed. The close-ended questions by a Likert scale (7 points) were used to collect quantitative data. The internal consistency of the data was checked through the «Cronbach's Alpha» value. Hence, Cronbach's alpha's value was 81.7%. It was more than 70% threshold and showed the data was reliable and internally consistent for further data analysis. Regression analysis was performed on the data set to test the significance of hypothesized hypothesis. The result indicated that overall, there was a significant positive impact of gray-market goods on the companies' brand image. This study concluded that price consciousness did not significantly impact the purchase of gray goods. Thus, consumers are not price-sensitive, particularly in the Pakistan market. At the same time, gray goods impact the brand image in the Pakistani context. Simultaneously, the price-quality and risk averseness factors of gray goods a concern. These factors showed that companies' brand image is affected negatively. The policy and market regulators must consider the two factors pointed out in this research to mitigate the problem of gray-market goods in the developing economies.

The zero‐price effect in freemium business models: The moderating effects of free mentality and price–quality inference

AbstractIn the digital world, many firms struggle in employing a freemium business model (simultaneously offering restricted free options and full featured premium options). Although this is an increasingly popular revenue strategy, conversion rates for premium options are relatively low as free options provide users an irrationally high value, the so‐called zero‐price effect. This study develops a framework of the zero‐price mechanism by shifting the attention to the more intuitive mode of decision making. When being confronted with freemium offers, users are expected to rely on different naïve intuitions, which diverge and, ironically, may even have opposite implications. This study identifies two central intuitions about freemium offers: a free mentality (the tendency to intuitively expect that all digital services should be available at no cost) and price–quality inference (the tendency to intuitively expect a positive relationship between price and quality). Individuals are expected to greatly vary in their degree of subscription to both intuitions. Even more important, it is this paper's overarching premise that the interplay between both opposing intuitions shapes user's response to freemium offers thereby providing a lever to tackle the issue of low conversions for premium options. The zero‐price framework is tested in two studies. First, the implicit association test identifies the opposing intuitions, and second, a choice‐based conjoint study for a highly relevant digital service (media streaming) examines the catalyzing role of both intuitions as well as their intricate interplay. Implications for marketing theory and directives for future research are developed.

ANTECEDENTS OF ATTITUDE TOWARD COUNTERFEIT WRIST WATCHES

This study aims to identify factors shaping attitude toward counterfeit products and their relative influence on attitude formation. This involves 200 potential and actual consumers of counterfeit products in an explanatory research. Antecedents of attitude toward counterfeit purchases extracted from literature review are Price-Quality Inference, Subjective Norms, Past Experience, Risk Aversion and Personal Gratification. Multiple regression and Independent Sample t-test are used to analyze the data. Results show a significant impact of past experience, risk aversion and personal gratification and insignificant impact of subjective norms and price-quality inference on attitude formation toward counterfeit wrist watches.It is recommended to use experiential marketing to convey delicate difference of experiencing original brands and enhance the perceived risk of using copied products.

RESEARCH ON INFLUENCING FACTORS OF ONLINE CONSUMER'S BEHAVIORAL INTENTIONS TOWARD ORIGINAL AND COUNTERFEIT GOODS

ABSTRACT The purpose of this research is to construct and test a model that has been integrated the main predictors of consumer's behavioral intentions toward original and counterfeit goods in order to help companies understand the main factors which have impact on consumer's behavioral intentions toward counterfeit goods and to create effective anti-piracy strategies. Consumers in the network platform to buy counterfeit clothes have become more and more popular. To solve the problem, based on the achievements at home and abroad and the theory of rational behavior, the conceptual model has been established. By means of the empirical research, the data and scientific statistical methods are used to certify the conceptual model and improve it. By means of the statistical analysis, It has been proven that consumers' perceptions of price-quality inference, ethics, social influence and the similarity between original and counterfeit goods affects consumers attitudes toward counterfeit goods; consumer attitudes toward counterfeit goods, purchase experience, brand image and brand Confidence affect the consumers behavior intention. Keywords Counterfeit goods; Counterfeit attitude; Behavior intention; Brand image; Brand familiarity; Brand Confidence

Counterfeit Products and the Role of the Consumer in Saudi Arabia

The aim of this paper is to investigate the key antecedents of Saudi consumers’ attitudes toward counterfeit products. The study is also set out to examine the relationship of consumers’ attitude towards counterfeit product with purchase intention. The study adopted the self-administered survey methodology technique using a pre-validated pre-piloted questionnaire. The questionnaire was adapted from one previously used in Brazil. A survey of 520 respondents was selected in Riyadh market based on convenience-sampling method to test the hypothesized relationships using structural equation model (SEM) with maximum likelihood estimation. The empirical results from the structural model suggest that Saudi consumers’ intentions to buy counterfeited products are influenced by perceived risk, subjective norm, price-quality inference, prior purchase of counterfeits, and integrity. The paper reinforces the mediator role that attitude plays in the relationship between these antecedents and behavioral intentions. By having a better understanding of the consumers’ behavioral intentions of buying counterfeit products, the manufacturers and marketers of the genuine brand products can make better marketing strategies to entice the consumer to buy the original product and not the counterfeit version. Theoretical contribution of this study is an extension of knowledge of consumers’ attitude with regards to counterfeit products.

CONSUMER BEHAVIOR TOWARD COUNTERFEIT SPORTING GOODS

We proposed and tested an extended model based on the theory of planned behavior to probe the mechanisms driving the purchase of counterfeit sporting goods (CSGs). Consumers (N = 333) in Taiwan completed surveys, and the results showed that subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and consumers' attitudes had a positive influence on purchase intention. In terms of extended variables, the results revealed no relationship between price-quality inference and consumers' attitudes, whereas risk averseness had a negative impact on consumers' attitudes. Differences were also found between the Internet and street vendors as purchase channels. These findings open a new direction for understanding CSGs purchasing behavior.

Using Structural Equation Modeling to Explore Saudi Consumers’ Intentions Regarding Counterfeit Goods

Although the Saudi Customs Department attempts to prevent the import and/or export of counterfeit goods more than 62 million counterfeit products, with a value of approximately US$50 million, were confiscated at ports in Saudi Arabia over the past year in 2012. This paper focuses on the key antecedents of Saudi consumer attitudes toward counterfeit products, as well as the influence that these attitudes have on the Saudi behavioral intentions regarding these products. A 10 min pen and structured questionnaire was distributed to 520 subjects in Riyadh through a nonprobability, convenience-sampling approach to test the hypothesized relationships using structural equation model (SEM) test with maximum likelihood estimation. The empirical results from the structural model suggest that: Saudi consumer intentions to buy counterfeited products are influenced by perceived risk, subjective norm, price-quality inference, prior purchase of counterfeits, integrity, and personal gratification. The paper reinforces the mediator role that attitude plays in the relationship between these antecedents and behavioral intentions. Furthermore, a consumer’s previous experience with consumption of counterfeits does not have a direct effect on behavioral intentions; only an indirect effect through attitude. This paper informs policy makers and brand managers about the main predictors of consumer’s attitudes toward counterfeits. In this way, advertisements that are intended to discourage the consumption of counterfeits could use the perceived risk as their primary message. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE AR-SA /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:Table Normal; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:8.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:107%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}

Counterfeit drug demand: Perceptions of policy makers and community pharmacists in Sudan

The counterfeit drug trade has become widespread and has developed into a substantial threat to both the public's health and the pharmaceutical industry. The aim of this study was to seek insights into the determining factors of counterfeit drug purchases among health policy makers and community pharmacists in a developing country. In-depth qualitative interviews with Sudanese policy makers and community pharmacists were undertaken in 2 Sudanese states, namely Khartoum and Gadaref. A semistructured interview guide was developed by incorporating information from existing literature. A purposive sample of knowledgeable policy makers and community pharmacists was interviewed. Thematic content analysis of the interviews identified 8 major themes: understanding the term "counterfeit drug," presence of counterfeit drugs in the Sudanese market, vulnerability to counterfeit drugs, price-quality inference, awareness of societal consequences of counterfeit drugs, subjective social norms, difference in vulnerability according to demographic characteristics, and education pertaining to counterfeit drugs. Unaffordability of medicines and desperate need were emphasized by both policy makers and community pharmacists as major influencing factors that increased consumers' vulnerability to counterfeit drugs. This study concluded that high prices and the unaffordability of medicines have a major role in increasing vulnerability to counterfeit drugs, in addition to lack of knowledge about counterfeiting and the implications of use of these products. Because very limited studies have been conducted in developing countries to explore perceptions about counterfeit drugs, the present study provides information from which policy makers and key stakeholders in the supply chain can benefit.

THE FACTORS IMPACTING ON CONSUMERS’ BEHAVIORAL INTENSION TOWARDS COUNTERFEITS

The paper focuses on the factors impacting on the customer’s behavioral intentions toward counterfeits. The factors include PQ – Price-quality inference, RA – Risk Avereness, SN – Subjective Norm, PR – Received Risk, IN – Integrity, PG – Personal Gratification, and AT – Attitude Toward Counterfeits; PE – Past Experience. The study surveyed 293 questionnaires from consumers in Ho Chi Minh city. The results indicate 5 factors impacting on consumers’ behavioral intentions: subjective norm, received risk, personal gratification, attitude toward counterfeits, and past experience.

Targeting buyers of counterfeits of luxury brands: A study on attitudes of Singaporean consumers

This paper examines the factors that influence the attitudes of Singaporean consumers towards counterfeits of luxury brands. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire from 300 postgraduate students of a large university. Both social influence and price quality inference were found to significantly influence attitudes towards counterfeits of luxury brands. There was no significant relationship with brand consciousness, personal gratification, value consciousness and brand prestige. Attitudes towards counterfeits of luxury brands were found to influence purchase intention.

A Selective Hypothesis Testing Perspective on Price-Quality Inference and Inference-Based Choice

Consumers often rely heavily on price as a predictor of quality and typically overestimate the strength of this relation. Furthermore, the inferences of quality they make on the basis of price can influence their actual purchase decisions. Selective hypothesis testing appears to underlie the effects of information load and format on price–quality inferences. Results of 5 experiments converge on the conclusion that quality inferences are more heavily influenced by price when individuals have a high need for cognitive closure, when the amount of information presented is high (vs. low), and when the information presented is rank ordered in terms of quality rather than presented randomly. Furthermore, because consumers are willing to purchase more expensive brands when they perceive a high price–quality correlation, these variables can also influence their purchase decisions.

The Role of Selective Information Processing in Price-Quality Inference: Table 1

This research investigates the effects of the amount of information presented, information organization, and concern about closure on selective information processing and on the degree to which consumers use price as a basis for inferring quality. Consumers are found to be less likely to neglect belief-inconsistent information and their quality inferences less influenced by price when concern about closure is low (vs. high) and information is presented randomly (vs. ordered) or a small amount of information is presented. Results provide a picture of a resource-constrained consumer decision maker who processes belief-inconsistent information only when there is motivation and opportunity.