Price Effects Research Articles

The Art of Balancing Price and Plug: Developing a Theoretical Model for Dynamic Pricing in the Electric Vehicle Market

This study presents a novel approach to understanding the complex dynamics of the electric vehicle (EV) market through the lens of differential game theory. We developed a comprehensive model that captures the strategic interactions between EV manufacturers and charging network operators, while incorporating the effects of consumer behavior, market uncertainties, and reference price effects. Using differential game theory, we examined the impact of reference price effects and the charging network’s influence on pricing strategies, focusing on three distinct approaches: basic pricing, static pricing considering reference price effects, and dynamic pricing strategies. Our model offers new insights into consumer behavior and price expectations in the rapidly evolving EV market. The key findings reveal that under static or dynamic pricing strategies, the optimal pricing for EV manufacturers is positively correlated with the initial reference price. When the initial reference price is high (low), the optimal pricing strategy resembles skimming pricing (penetration pricing). As the effort level of charging network operators increases and their influence on consumers’ purchase decisions grows stronger, EV manufacturers tend to set higher prices. Notably, while dynamic pricing strategies can optimize EV manufacturers’ profits, the profits of charging network operators may decrease compared with static pricing strategies. This integrated approach significantly contributes to the field by bridging gaps among market dynamics, pricing strategies, and the infrastructure’s development in the context of electric mobility, providing a comprehensive framework for understanding and optimizing the EV ecosystem. Ultimately, this study advances sustainable business models that balance profitability, consumer behavior, and the infrastructure’s growth in the rapidly evolving EV market.

A study on the impact of high-speed rail on the consumption structure of urban and rural residents in China.

Consumption is crucial to individual well-being and national economic development. This study investigates whether high-speed rail (HSR) influences consumption expenditure (CE) and consumption structure (CS) of urban and rural Chinese citizens. Using panel data from 2003 to 2019 and econometric models, this study finds that: (1) HSR significantly increases CE for both urban and rural residents, promotes CS upgrades in rural areas, but inhibits CS upgrades in urban areas. These results remain robust after extensive testing. (2) HSR's impact on urban consumption is relatively focused and singular, whereas its effect on rural consumption is dispersed and extensive. Additionally, the impact of HSR on consumption exhibited significant delays and regional characteristics. (3) Mediation analysis reveals that HSR significantly enhances urban and rural CE and facilitates rural CS upgrades through market, price, and income effects. However, it also triggers housing price increases, impeding urban CS upgrades. This study provides important references for the government to optimize transportation infrastructure investments, promote balanced economic development between urban and rural areas, and enhance residents' well-being.

Do affluent neighbourhoods pay more for transit access? Exploring the capitalization of employment accessibility within different housing submarkets in Vancouver

Decades of research indicate that accessibility plays a fundamental role in the urban systems of cities by influencing land markets and household location choices. Accessibility is also often positioned as a policy tool in enhancing the well-being of disadvantaged population groups. Considered together, recent research into transportation equity underscores the need to critically investigate the distribution of accessibility with their affordability impacts. To better understand this dynamic, this research assesses variability in the relationship between employment access and house prices within different neighbourhood types in Metro Vancouver. We first calculate network accessibility to employment opportunities. Next, to integrate equity, we use sociodemographic indicators from census data to establish a typology of four neighbourhoods: Affluent, Stable Middle-class, At-Risk Middle-class and Economically-disadvantaged. Finally, using real estate data, we employ spatial econometric models to estimate differences in the capitalization of accessibility in residential property prices across these neighbourhood types. Results suggest that the value of transit access does differ by neighbourhood type in Metro Vancouver. While more affluent neighbourhoods exhibit the highest marginal willingness to pay for accessibility, predicted prices are highest in disadvantaged neighbourhoods due to their higher absolute levels of access. The research offers new insight into how property price effects vary according to different accessibility and sociodemographic contexts, and highlights important implications for both policy and future research.

The Effect of Price and Promotion on Purchasing Decisions for Alexandre Christie Watches in Palembang City

In today's digital era, effective Marketing Public Relations (MPR) strategies are crucial for businesses to remain competitive and increase consumer engagement. This research aims to analyse the influence of price and promotion on purchasing decisions for Alexandre Christie watches in Palembang City. The sample includes 100 respondents selected using purposive sampling, and data was collected through questionnaires with a Likert scale. The research employed multiple linear regression analysis using SPSS version 25. The findings reveal that both price and promotion variables significantly and positively impact purchasing decisions, partially and simultaneously. This study contributes to the growing body of literature by highlighting the importance of targeted pricing strategies and digital promotions in influencing consumer behaviour, particularly in the fashion accessory market. The results suggest that businesses should maintain competitive prices and leverage promotions to align with market demands and consumer preferences.

Optimizing Pricing Strategies for Product Lines and Value‐Added Services: Accounting for Reference Prices and Network Effects

ABSTRACTCustomer choice behavior is increasingly influenced by the reference price effect and negative network effect as customers become more rational and personalized. This study, considering customers as pivotal stakeholders for enterprise development, employs the multinomial logit (MNL) model and develops pricing and strategy optimization models for pure bundling and mixed bundling strategies of an enterprise's product line. The main focus is to analyze how these effects impact optimal pricing and strategy selection. The results indicate that stronger effects lead to lower enterprise profits, and ignoring them can cause substantial losses. Generally, mixed bundling strategies yield higher profits.

Structural model of repeating purchase in training institute: the effect of satisfaction, price, and service quality

Structural model of repeating purchase in training institute: the effect of satisfaction, price, and service quality

The effects of climate change‐related risks on banks: A literature review

AbstractThis literature review describes the recent empirical literature in economics and finance focusing on how climate change‐related risks affect banks, with a particular emphasis on microeconomic evidence. The comparison of empirical estimates shows that many studies project limited estimates of damages for banks. For both loan and bond spreads, most estimates of the effect of climate change are below 50 bp. In comparison, studies on stock markets document responses that are more substantial. In real estate markets, there is evidence of price effects notably for flood risks associated with sea level rise. However, some studies indicate that climate risks could be underestimated. We note challenges related to the measurement of adaptation potential, non‐linear changes in hazards and responses, and the aggregation of effects across studies, markets, and bank portfolios.

The Effect of Price and Taste Perception on Loyalty Mediated by Customer Satisfaction at Mixue Ice Cream & Tea Sumur Batu

The study aims to analyze the effect of price perception and taste on customer loyalty mediated by customer satisfaction at Mixue Ice Cream & Tea Sumur Batu. This research was conducted using the PLS-SEM method with the SmartPLS 4.0 program. The number of respondents used in this research were 100 respondents. The result of this research shows that price perception has positive and significant effect on customer satisfaction, taste has positive and significant effect on customer satisfaction, customer satisfaction has positive and significant effect on customer loyalty, price perception has positive and significant effect on customer loyalty, taste has positive and significant effect on customer loyalty, price perception has positive and not significant effect on customer loyalty mediated by customer satisfaction, taste has positive and significant effect on customer loyalty mediated by customer satisfaction

Oil Price and Long-run Economic Growth in Oil-importing Developing Countries

The recent spikes in oil prices are a significant setback for the world economy, which has already faced multiple challenges due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This is particularly concerning for developing countries as maintaining a sustained growth in real GDP is crucial for lifting their population out of poverty. While the short-run negative macroeconomic effects of a spike in oil prices are well established in the context of the developed world, the long-run growth effect has received little attention, especially in developing countries. Using the World Bank's development indicators database covering the period 1990 to 2020, this study aims to investigate the oil price-growth nexus in low and middle-income net oil-importing countries to shed light on how oil price increases could be a challenge for sustainable development. Specifically, we first set up a theoretical model to establish the relationship between growth in output per capita and oil price. Following the traditional growth regression approaches, we empirically estimate the causal effect of growth in oil prices on the economic growth of 65 net oil-importing developing countries using fixed effect panel IV regression methods. The empirical results confirm statistically significant negative effects of oil prices, indicating that a higher oil price reduces long-run economic growth in oil-importing developing countries. Our results on the other determinants of growth are consistent with the existing empirical growth literature. Oil-importing developing countries, therefore, must allocate resources towards alternative domestic energy sources, in addition to pursuing fuel efficiency and conservation strategies, to mitigate the negative effects of oil price fluctuations on their long-run economic output and uphold sustainable development.

Consumer Purchase Decision and Brand Image Analysis Through Product Quality and Price: Study Case Frozen Pastry in Jakarta - Indonesia

The study investigates the effects of product quality and price on the purchasing decisions of Bonpatis Danish pastry sheets, with brand image acting as a mediator. Indonesia's food and beverage industry, mainly retail, is experiencing significant growth as modern retailers like Hypermart introduce competitive products. A quantitative approach was used, applying Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with Partial Least Squares (PLS) to data collected from 83 respondents, mainly Hypermart bakery employees in DKI Jakarta. Results indicate that product quality and price positively influence brand image and purchasing decisions. Specifically, product quality boosts brand image and directly affects purchase decisions, whereas price influences purchase decisions directly but not via brand image. The study emphasizes the role of product appearance and packaging in shaping brand perceptions and suggests improving these elements to attract more consumers. Due to a limited sample size, the study recommends future research to explore broader aspects like customer satisfaction and loyalty. Keywords: Danish pastry sheet, product quality, price, brand image, purchase decision.

The Effect Of Product Quality And Price On Coal Purchase Interest Through Sales Based On Non-Kai Logistics At Pt Bukit Asam, Tbk

This study aims to analyze the effect of product quality and price on coal purchase interest through non-KAI-based logistics sales at PT Bukit Asam, Tbk. The background of this research is driven by the challenges faced by the company in increasing purchase interest through more flexible distribution strategies and reducing reliance on railway transportation. The research method used is quantitative, with data collected through surveys of 150 respondents, consisting of customers and brokers. Data analysis was conducted using multiple linear regression. The results show that product quality and price positively and significantly impact coal purchase interest. High product quality has been proven to enhance customer satisfaction, while competitive pricing is crucial in attracting consumer interest. In conclusion, PT Bukit Asam, Tbk, should continue to improve service quality and offer more competitive prices to expand its market and increase sales through the non-KAI logistics system.

Estimating best nanomaterial for energy harvesting through reinforcement learning DQN coupled with fuzzy PROMETHEE under road-based conditions

Energy harvesters based on nanomaterials are getting more and more popular, but on their way to commercial availability, some crucial issues still need to be solved. The objective of the study is to select an appropriate nanomaterial. Using features of the Reinforcement Deep Q-Network (DQN) in conjunction with Fuzzy PROMETHEE, the proposed model, we present in this work a hybrid fuzzy approach to selecting appropriate materials for a vehicle-environmental-hazardous substance (EHS) combination that operates in roadways and under traffic conditions. The DQN is able to accumulate useful experience of operating in a dynamic traffic environment, accordingly selecting materials that deliver the highest energy output but at the same time bring consideration to factors such as durability, cost, and environmental impact. Fuzzy PROMETHEE allows the participation of human experts during the decision-making process, going beyond the quantitative data typically learned by DQN through the inclusion of qualitative preferences. Instead, this hybrid method unites the strength of individual approaches, as a result providing highly resistant and adjustable material selection to real EHS. The result of the study pointed out materials that can give high energy efficiency with reference to years of service, price, and environmental effects. The proposed model provides 95% accuracy with a computational efficiency of 300 s, and the application of hypothesis and practical testing on the chosen materials showed the high efficiency of the selected materials to harvest energy under fluctuating traffic conditions and proved the concept of a hybrid approach in True Vehicle Environmental High-risk Substance scenarios.

The Effect Of Facilities And Prices On Parents' Decisions To Send Children To School And Brand Image As Intervening Variables At Tabqha Christian Elementary School Batam

Schools have a role in providing a foundation for the growth and development of students' progress. The selection of a quality school is one of the keys to obtaining children's success according to parents' expectations. Parents' decisions to choose a school usually consider price, facilities and a positive image of the school. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of facilities and prices on parents' decisions to send their children to school and brand image as an intervening variable at Tabqha Christian Elementary School Batam. The population in this study were parents of grade I elementary school students with a sample of 62 respondents. The technique used is saturated sampling technique and the significance test uses the sobel test. The results of direct influence research show that; Facilities have a positive and significant effect on brand image, Price has no significant effect on brand image, Facilities have no significant effect on parents' decisions, Price has a positive and significant effect on parents' decisions, and Brand image has a positive and significant effect on parents' decisions. While the indirect effect results in that facilities have a positive and significant effect on parental decisions through brand image and price has no significant effect on parental decisions through brand image.

Integrated Pricing and Inventory Decisions for Product Quality-Driven Extended Warranty Services

Extended warranty services have become increasingly important for both manufacturers and retailers, offering avenues for new profit sources and growth opportunities. Focusing on the multiple effects of product quality, this study develops a two-period supply chain decision model to analyze the effects of product quality, pricing, and inventory management in the context of extended warranty services. Using a Stackelberg dynamic game model, this study examines the interaction between a manufacturer and a dominant retailer who provides extended warranties. The results indicate significant differences in optimal decisions between centralized and decentralized supply chains, especially concerning pricing and inventory control. Introducing a “quality cost-sharing” contract enhances product quality and improves coordination, leading to increased profits for both the manufacturer and the retailer. Numerical simulations confirm that the cost-sharing contract effectively balances product quality improvements with supply chain profitability.

Pengaruh Harga, Variasi Produk dan Lokasi Terhadap Keputusan Memilih Tempat Hangout (Studi Kasus Pada Wisata Kuliner di Tepian Teratai Kabupaten Berau Kalimantan Timur)

Tepian Teratai becomes one of the favorite culinary tourism destinations to hangout in Berau District. This is because this district does not yet have a mall or shopping center with limited available famous culinary outlets. Other Tepian also have the same business model, namely a group of street vendors along the banks of the Segah River. However, compared to other Tepians, Tepian Teratai still becomes the favorite choice to hangout. This study aimms to identify and analyze 1) the effect of price on the decision to choose, 2) the effect of product variation on the decision to choose, 3) the effect of location on the decision to choose, and 4) the effect of price, product variation, and location on the decision to choose. This quantitative study used a multiple linear regression analysis technique. The population in this study were visitors to Tepian Teratai, Berau District, East Kalimantan, whose number was unknown / infinite. This study involved 100 respondents as samples selected using a purposive sampling technique. The results of the study showed that 1) price had a positive and significant effect on the decision to choose, 2) product variety had a positive and significant effect on the decision to choose, 3) location had a positive and insignificant effect on the decision to choose, and 4) price, product variety, and location simultaneously had a positive and significant effect on the decision to choose.

Pricing Strategies for O2O Catering Merchants Considering Reference Price Effects and Unconditional Coupons

Coupon marketing is an important promotion model for the O2O catering supply chain. As a well-known catering O2O platform in China, Meituan provides its members with the opportunity to buy unconditional coupons at low prices, and it is very popular with consumers. It is worth studying how catering merchants develop pricing and promotion strategies considering consumers’ reference price effects in two scenarios: participating and not participating in coupon stacking (S-PICS/S-NPICS). In order to explore the pricing mechanism of meals, two models using Stackelberg games are established considering some exogenous variables, such as commission rate, reference price, and sensitivity of consumers to coupon prices. The results show that (1) the reference price has a great influence on the maximum profits of catering merchants, varying in different scenarios; (2) in S-NPICS, the merchants’ maximum profit increases with an increase in the reference price, while, in S-PICS, an increase in the reference price leads to a decrease in merchants’ maximum profit; (3) the profit of merchants in S-PICS is higher than that in S-NPICS, indicating that merchants can benefit from coupon stacking; (4) when the commission rate of the coupons increases, the merchants in both S-PICS and S-NPICS should raise their online meal prices to obtain higher profits. This study provides a balanced reference for pricing strategies and coupon promotion strategies in different scenarios through the use of deduction and simulation methods, which is conducive to the sustainable development of the O2O catering supply chain. As consumers enjoy using these coupons, including unconditional ones, it is suggested that merchants and Meituan should focus on coupon promotion and develop better dining pricing strategies.

Prefer cheap or expensive products? Shopping stage matters.

E-commerce platforms generally provide consumers with the function of virtual shopping carts to help them store interested products. Although about 80% of online consumers intends to purchase after adding products to their shopping cart, the abandonment rate of cart products has been up to 70%. It is important to understand how to improve consumer attitude toward product both before and after cart use. Building on the relevant literature and the consumer shopping goal stages theory, this study aims to examine the effects of product price, as one of the most indispensable and important information in online shopping, on consumer attitudes toward product at different decision-making stages in online shopping (i.e., add-to-cart stage and place-an-order stage), and the mediating roles of perceived product quality and monetary sacrifice. The findings from behavioral experiment suggest that high price leads to a more positive attitude toward product at add-to-cart stage by strengthened perception of high product quality, while results in a less positive product attitude at place-an-order stage because of the enhanced perception of monetary sacrifice. Both theoretical contributions and practical implications are discussed.

The Effect of Promotion and Price on Consumer Decisions in Buying Apple Products at the Royal Store in Pontianak City

This study explores the impact of promotion and price on consumer purchasing decisions regarding Apple products at Toko Royal in Pontianak. The rapid growth of technology and communication tools has heightened the demand for smartphones, particularly those offered by well-known brands like Apple. By analyzing data from 100 respondents through questionnaires and interviews, this research aims to examine the influence of promotional strategies and pricing on consumer choices. The findings indicate that while promotion does not significantly affect purchasing decisions, price plays a crucial role in shaping consumer behavior. The results underscore the importance of pricing strategies in maintaining a competitive edge in the smartphone market. This study offers insights for businesses looking to optimize their marketing efforts and pricing models to enhance customer acquisition and retention.

THE EFFECT OF SERVICE QUALITY AND PRICE ON PURCHASE DECISIONS AT D'CREPES PONDOK INDAH MALL SOUTH JAKARTA

This study aims to analyze the effect of service quality and price on consumer purchase decisions at D'Crepes Pondok Indah Mall, South Jakarta. The research employs a quantitative method with an associative approach, where service quality and price serve as independent variables, and purchase decisions act as the dependent variable. Data was collected through questionnaires distributed to 100 respondents. The findings indicate that both service quality and price significantly influence consumer purchase decisions, both partially and simultaneously. Simple linear regression analysis reveals that service quality has a strong impact on purchase decisions, while price also exerts a considerable influence. Additionally, multiple linear regression confirms that service quality and price together have a very strong correlation with purchase decisions, accounting for 76.4% of the variation in consumer behavior. This research emphasizes the importance of providing high-quality service and setting appropriate prices to improve consumer purchase decisions. However, the study acknowledges several limitations, including the restricted number of variables analyzed and the sole use of questionnaires for data collection. Further studies are recommended to explore additional factors such as location, promotion, and brand image, and to expand the sample size for broader insights.

Price, Marketing Communications and E-commerce Services on Consumer Purchase Intention in Online Shopping

General Background: The rise of technology and internet use has significantly influenced shopping behaviors in Indonesia, particularly with the growth of online shopping. Specific Background: Factors such as price, marketing communication, and e-commerce services are essential in shaping consumer purchasing decisions in this digital space. Knowledge Gap: Limited research has examined the combined impact of these variables on online purchase intentions. Aims: This study investigates the effects of price, marketing communication, and e-commerce services on consumer purchasing intentions. Results: Using a quantitative approach with 96 respondents, the analysis reveals that all independent variables significantly influence consumer purchase intentions in online shopping. Novelty: This research integrates multiple influencing factors into a single study, emphasizing their collective impact. Implications: Findings indicate that e-commerce platforms should focus on competitive pricing, effective marketing strategies, and quality services to enhance consumer purchase intentions, contributing to a thriving online retail environment. Highlights: Significant Influence: Price, marketing communication, and e-commerce services collectively impact consumer purchasing decisions in online shopping. Research Gap: This study fills the void by examining the combined effects of multiple factors on purchase intentions. Strategic Implications: E-commerce platforms should prioritize competitive pricing and effective marketing strategies to boost consumer engagement and sales. Keywords: Price, Marketing Communication, E-Commerce Services, Consumer Purchase Intention, Online Shopping