Previous Density Functional Theory Research Articles

Solubility of NaCl in water vapor at 400–700 °C

Water significantly impacts the chemical evolution of the Earth’s crust, affecting environments from volcanic settings to hydrothermal systems. These fluids transport elements essential for geological processes, such as metal ore deposit formation. At high temperatures, as water transitions from liquid to vapor, its molecular structure changes, drastically reducing its capacity to dissolve solids and solvate ions. Here, we report experimental results of halite (NaCl(s)) solubility in water vapor at 400–700 °C and 30–300 bar using a novel U-tube flow-through reactor system. The results show that halite solubility is low (xNaCl,tot = 3.2 × 10−9 to 2.9 × 10−4 mol/mol) and increases with temperature and pressure, attributed to the dissolution of NaCl followed by its hydration according to the reaction:NaCl(s)+nH2O(g)⇋NaCl·H2On(g)Thermodynamic modeling of the experimental results indicates a preference for specific hydrated species, including NaClg, NaCl·H2O4g, NaCl·H2O6g and NaCl·H2O8g. The less hydrated gaseous NaCl species become more prevalent with increasing temperature and decreasing pressure. At temperatures below 600 °C and pressures above 50 bar, halite solubility is close to stoichiometric, whereas at higher temperatures and lower pressures, the hydrolysis of NaCl(s) to form NaOH(lq,s) or a NaClxOH(1-x)(lq,s) (x < 1) solid solution is evident, resulting in the formation of HCl(g). The logarithm of the halite equilibrium solubility constant (logKn) ranges from −10.18 to −4.19 for NaCl(g), and from −13.12 to −11.94, −15.90 to −17.28, and −19.67 to –22.73 for NaCl·H2O4(g), NaCl·H2O6(g) and NaCl·H2O8(g), respectively. Standard thermodynamic properties derived from this data reveal a temperature-independent enthalpy (ΔHn,ro), entropy (ΔSn,ro) and heat capacity (ΔCp,n,ro) of reaction for each NaCl species. While the enthalpy of reaction is nearly constant, the entropy and heat capacity decrease with an increasing degree of hydration, indicating the decreasing stability of these species with increasing temperature. Our thermodynamic model results and gas species stoichiometries are in excellent agreement with previous density functional theory (DFT) calculations (Suleimenov et al., 2006). The halite solubility data obtained here compare well with prior studies and thermodynamic models for the NaCl-H2O system.

Cuprophilic Interactions in Polymeric [Cu10O2(Mes)6]n.

The properties of cuprophilic compounds and the underlying fundamental principles responsible for the Cu(I)···Cu(I) interactions have been the subject of intense research as their diverse structural and physical attributes are being explored. In this light, we performed a new study of the compound [Cu10O2(Mes)6] reported by Haakansson et al. using state of the art experimental and theoretical analysis techniques. Doing this, we found the compound to be a polymer in the solid state, best written as [Cu10O2(Mes)6]n, with unsupported Cu(I)···Cu(I) contacts linking the monomers (2.776 Å). The monomeric unit also exhibits various cuprophilic contacts bridged by mesityl and/or oxo ligands. The compound was analyzed in its solid state, revealing luminescent properties resulting from two distinct fluorescent emissions, as well as in solution, in which its polymeric structure reversibly decomposes. A quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) analysis based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations allows to characterize the various Cu(I)···Cu(I) contacts, in which only a few, and not necessarily the shortest, are associated with a bond critical point. Additionally, an energy decomposition analysis of the bonding between monomers indicates that it is dominated by dispersion forces in which the ligands play a dominant role, resulting in bonding energies significantly larger than found in previous DFT investigations based on less bulky models.

London Dispersion Effects on the Structure and Properties of Nonlinear Optical BiB3O6 Crystal.

α-BiB3O6 (BiBO) is an important nonlinear optical (NLO) material with high efficiency for applications in harmonic generations and quantum technology. Owing to its low symmetry and cooperative Bi3+ lone pair arrangement, it has also exceptional large piezoelectric and electro-optic coefficients and strong anisotropies on other material characteristics. Previous theoretical calculations on its physical (mainly optical) properties often gave confusing results. It is found here that London dispersion (LD) tends to stabilize structures with closer pack entities like lone pair heavy ion Bi3+ with large polarizabilities, which is ignored in most previous density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Present study shows that without considering the LD effect, the structure of α-BiB3O6 (BiBO) was predicted with an over-estimated (by over 10 %) unique b-axis while underestimates a and overestimates c in a less amount. Consequently it is not possible to use the calculated structure to obtain meaningful properties of this important material. By applying a modified post-DFT LD correction based on linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) and B3LYP functional, the experimental structure is well reproduced with the theoretical optimized one. Many important material property tensors of BiBO crystal are calculated in unprecedented precisions, including: dielectric constants (static and in THz range), elastic and elasto-optic constants, piezoelectric constants, refractive indices, NLO and electro-optic (EO) coefficients. Among them, theoretical calculation of the refractive indices in the THz range by diagonalizing the clamped-ion dielectric constants was firstly achieved at least for BiBO crystal. The calculation also confirms that BiBO has an exceptional large piezoelectric constant d22=40 pC/N and largest free EO coefficients , , on the order of 10 pm/V among borate crystals. The calculation also reveals that the large free EO coefficients are largely originated from the piezoelectric induced photo-elastic effect and for practical high speed applications only the clamped-ion EO coefficients take effect. The clamped ion EO coefficient of =-4.17 pm/V, =-2.61 pm/V are obtained for the first time and may be consulted if one seeks to design BiBO crystal as a high-speed EO modulator. Furthermore, full tensor matrix of the elasto-optic constants was obtained on the first time. Together with the calculated elastic constants, it can help to design acoustic optic modulating devices with preferable figure of merits 10 times that of traditional quartz crystal.

Theoretical exploration of band gap error dependency on band gap size in density functional theory Calculations: CdTe and GeTe as representative cases of two band structure semiconductor types

This study addresses the prevalent band gap error problem in density functional theory (DFT) with local density or generalized gradient approximation (LDA/GGA), widely considered as the “standard model” for investigating the band structure of semiconductors. Despite previous DFT efforts focusing on improving the exchange correlation energy to mitigate the underestimation of the band gap, the correlation between the band gap error and the intrinsic electronic structure of semiconductors has been overlooked. From two principal observations: (i) traditional semiconductors typically have a p-s type band structure, and (ii) a smaller band gap is linked to less underestimation, we derive two crucial questions: (i) How is band gap error manifested in s-p type semiconductors? (ii) Does the error vanish as the band gap approaches zero, akin to metals? Through the examination of CdTe and GeTe, representing p–s and s–p type semiconductors with strain-engineered band gaps, our calculations indicate that for CdTe, the band gap is underestimated, whereas for GeTe, it is overestimated. Significantly, these errors persist even as the band gap of semiconductors tends to zero, unlike in metals. This persistent discrepancy stems from the discontinuity in wavefunctions between the semiconductors' VBM and CBM.

Electronic structure and thermodynamic approaches to the prospect of super abundant vacancies in δ-Pu.

Super abundant vacancies (SAVs) have been suggested to form in the fcc phase of plutonium, δ-Pu, under a low-pressure hydrogen environment. Under these conditions, the vacancy concentration is proposed to reach 10-3 at% due to H trapping in vacancies lowering the effective vacancy formation energy. Previous density functional theory (DFT) results suggest that seven H atoms can be trapped in a single vacancy when a collinear special quasirandom magnetic structure is used to stabilize the δ phase, suggesting SAVs are a possible source of H stored in plutonium. In this report, we present DFT results for δ-Pu in the noncollinear 3Q magnetic state to study the formation of SAVs in mechanically stable δ-Pu. Together with these new simulations, we use publicly available computational and experimental data to provide further constraints on the physical conditions needed to thermodynamically stabilize SAVs in δ-Pu. Using several thermodynamic models, we estimate the vacancy concentrations in δ-Pu and discuss the limits of hydrogen driven formation of vacancies in δ-Pu. We find that, when hydrogen in the lattice is equilibrated with gaseous H2, the formation of SAVs in δ-Pu is unlikely and any excess vacancy concentration beyond thermal vacancies would need to occur by a different mechanism.

Anisotropic Interlayer Force Field for Group-VI Transition Metal Dichalcogenides.

An anisotropic interlayer force field that describes the interlayer interactions in homogeneous and heterogeneous interfaces of group-VI transition metal dichalcogenides (MX2, where M = Mo, W, and X = S, Se) is presented. The force field is benchmarked against density functional theory calculations for bilayer systems within the Heyd-Scuseria-Ernzerhof hybrid density functional approximation, augmented by a nonlocal many-body dispersion treatment of long-range correlation. The parametrization yields good agreement with the reference calculations of binding energy curves and sliding potential energy surfaces. It is found to be transferable to transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) junctions outside of the training set that contain the same atom types. Calculated bulk moduli agree with most previous dispersion-corrected density functional theory predictions, which underestimate the available experimental values. Calculated phonon spectra of the various junctions under consideration demonstrate the importance of appropriately treating the anisotropic nature of the layered interfaces. Considering our previous parametrization for MoS2, the anisotropic interlayer potential enables accurate and efficient large-scale simulations of the dynamical, tribological, and thermal transport properties of a large set of homogeneous and heterogeneous TMD interfaces.

Characterizing the origin band spectrum of isoquinoline with resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization and electronic structure calculations.

We report the experimental resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization spectrum of isoquinoline between 315 and 310nm, along with correlated electronic structure calculations on the ground and excited states of this species. This spectral region spans the origin transitions to a π-π* excited state, which previous work has suggested to be vibronically coupled with a lower lying singlet n-π* state. Our computational results corroborate previous density functional theory calculations that predict the vertical excitation energy for the n-π* state to be higher than the π-π* state; however, we find an increase in the C-N-C angle brings the n-π* state below the energy of the π-π* state. The calculations find two out-of-plane vibrational modes of the n-π* state, which may be brought into near resonance with the π-π* state as the C-N-C bond angle increases. Therefore, the C-N-C bond angle may be important in activating vibronic coupling between the states. We fit the experimental rotational contour with a genetic algorithm to determine the excited state rotational constants and orientation of the transition dipole moment. The fits show a mostly in-plane polarized transition, and the projection of the transition dipole moment in the a-b plane is about 84° away from the a axis. These results are consistent with the prediction of our electronic structure calculations for the transition dipole moment of the π-π* excited state.

Empirical model for bandgaps of armchair graphene nanoribbons

Based on an empirical approach, we present a relation for the bandgaps of armchair graphene nanoribbons (aGNRs) as a function of their widths and number of armchair chains. Experimental bandgaps of a number of atomically well-defined aGNRs are studied here. It is found that experimentally reported bandgaps are underestimated or overestimated by existing theoretical models. Experimental data reveal that the bandgaps of N = 3p and N = 3p + 1 families of aGNR are directly related to the width and number of armchair chains. An empirical model for calculating the bandgaps of aGNRs is devised based on theoretical and experimental observations. Calculated bandgaps offer significant corrections for armchair aGNRs compared with previous tight-binding and density functional theory studies, and the amount of correction is represented by a semi-empirical correction term. The proposed relation indicates that not only the ribbon width but also the number of armchair chains plays a crucial role in determining the values and scaling rule for the bandgaps. Compared with previous models, our estimated bandgaps from the proposed empirical model can track qualitative and quantitative patterns of the experimental bandgaps very precisely, thus helping predict the bandgap of an aGNR for potential electronic and optoelectronic applications. The proposed empirical relation also gives insight into the correlation between the physical structure and electronic properties of a GNR. Furthermore, this model can be taken as a guide for devising a similar empirical model for calculating the bandgaps of other types of GNRs.

Molecular dynamics study on the interfacial properties of mixtures of monomers of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-based battery binders on graphene and graphite surfaces.

This study investigates the behavior of two different mixtures of monomers of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-based battery binders, polyvinylpyrrolidone:polyvinylidene difluoride (PVP:PVDF) and polyvinylpyrrolidone:polyacrylic acid (PVP:PAA), at graphene and graphite interfaces using classical molecular dynamics simulations. The aim is to identify the best performing monomer binder blend and carbon-based material for the design of battery-optimized energy devices. The PVP:PAA monomer binder blend and graphite are found to have the best interaction energies, densification upon adsorption, and more ordered structure. The adsorption of both monomer binder blends is strongly guided by the higher affinity of PVP and PAA monomeric molecules for the surfaces compared to PVDF. The structure of adsorbed layers of PVP:PVDF monomer binder blend on graphene and graphite develops more quickly than PVP:PAA, indicating faster kinetics. This study complements a previous density functional theory study recently reported by our group and contributes to a better understanding of the nanoscopic features of relevant interfacial regions involving mixtures of monomers of PVP-based battery binders and different carbon-based materials. The effect of a blend of commonly used monomer binders on carbon-based materials is essential for obtaining tightly bound anode and cathode active materials in lithium-ion batteries, which is crucial for designing battery-optimized energy devices.

The Oxygen Evolution Reaction at MoS2 Edge Sites: The Role of a Solvent Environment in DFT-Based Molecular Simulations.

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are employed to study the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) on the edges of stripes of monolayer molybdenum disulfide. Experimentally, this material has been shown to evolve oxygen, albeit with low efficiency. Previous DFT studies have traced this low catalytic performance to the unfavourable adsorption energies of some reaction intermediates on the MoS2 edge sites. In this work, we study the effects of the aqueous liquid surrounding the active sites. A computational approach is used, where the solvent is modeled as a continuous medium providing a dielectric embedding of the catalyst and the reaction intermediates. A description at this level of theory can have a profound impact on the studied reactions: the calculated overpotential for the OER is lowered from 1.15 eV to 0.77 eV. It is shown that such variations in the reaction energetics are linked to the polar nature of the adsorbed intermediates, which leads to changes in the calculated electronic charge density when surrounded by water. These results underline the necessity to computationally account for solvation effects, especially in aqueous environments and when highly polar intermediates are present.

Ambient-Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study of Acetic Acid Thermal Decomposition on Pd(111)

Acetic acid on Pd(111) is an excellent model system to study the effect of water on thermal decomposition of fatty acids and other oxygenates. Acetic acid is a simple molecule that has both methyl and acid groups, where its decomposition involves many of the key bond-breaking steps involved in more complex chemical decompositions. Here, we use ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and mass spectrometry supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the core-level binding energies to study the effect of co-adsorbed water on the decomposition of acetic acid. The addition of water to acetic acid results in an increased acetic acid/acetate coverage and a decreased CO coverage. Moreover, when water is co-dosed with acetic acid, the gas phase composition from the reaction shows an approximately 30% increase in the CO2/CO ratio, suggesting a shift toward CO2 production in the presence of water. These observations are supported by previous DFT calculations, which show that the presence of co-adsorbed water lowers the barriers for O–H bond breaking but increases the barriers for C–O bond breakage, leading to increased CO2 production.

MeGen - generation of gallium metal clusters using reinforcement learning

The generation of low-energy 3D structures of metal clusters depends on the efficiency of the search algorithm and the accuracy of inter-atomic interaction description. In this work, we formulate the search algorithm as a reinforcement learning (RL) problem. Concisely, we propose a novel actor-critic architecture that generates low-lying isomers of metal clusters at a fraction of computational cost than conventional methods. Our RL-based search algorithm uses a previously developed DART model as a reward function to describe the inter-atomic interactions to validate predicted structures. Using the DART model as a reward function incentivizes the RL model to generate low-energy structures and helps generate valid structures. We demonstrate the advantages of our approach over conventional methods for scanning local minima on potential energy surface. Our approach not only generates isomer of gallium clusters at a minimal computational cost but also predicts isomer families that were not discovered through previous density-functional theory (DFT)-based approaches.

Copper(II)‐TEMPO Interaction

AbstractCopper(II) complexes with N‐oxyl reactants such as TEMPO can selectively oxidize alcohols to aldehydes or ketones. The proposed copper intermediates of the oxidation reaction were extensively theoretically studied, but they were never experimentally detected. Here, we present an analysis of “frozen” intermediates that contain alcohols without α‐hydrogen atoms, thus preventing oxidation. The copper(II)‐TEMPO complexes with a bipyridine‐type ancillary ligand were isolated by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and investigated spectroscopically by cryogenic photodissociation spectroscopy. The vibrational characteristics of the complexes suggest that TEMPO retains its unpaired electron even upon coordination with copper(II). In agreement, the electronic photodissociation spectra of the TEMPO‐copper(II) complexes show a characteristic band for gaseous copper(II) complexes. These results contradict interpretations of some previous density functional theory (DFT) analyses of possible reaction intermediates. The experimental data were confronted with theoretical results obtained by pure DFT (OPBE, TPSS) and hybrid DFT (TPSSH, B3LYP) calculations. The methods favor different ground states and capture various aspects of the experimental results demonstrating a multiconfigurational character of the copper(II)‐TEMPO complexes.

Dependence of predicted bulk properties of hexagonal hydroxyapatite on exchange–correlation functional

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is the main component of human bones and teeth. HA has also been widely applied in various technological fields due to its unique properties. Reliable computational simulations for this critical material often require input parameters obtained from the first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations with appropriate exchange–correlation functionals. Previous DFT calculations are insufficient to verify the reliabilities of various functionals, particularly as they fail to assess predictions for multiple properties of the material. In this paper, we first select 18 different functionals to calculate geometric, elastic, electronic, and thermodynamic properties of hexagonal HA bulk crystal. We find that the results from optB86b-vdW and optB88-vdW functionals with dispersion corrections have the overall best agreement with available experimental data. Then, we choose optB88-vdW functional, as well as PBE functional without dispersion corrections as a comparison, to perform extensive first-principles DFT phonon calculations under the quasiharmonic approximation. Various thermodynamic properties (including phonon contributions to internal energy, entropy, and Helmholtz free energy) and thermal parameters (including thermal expansions of volume, thermal expansion coefficients, heat capacities, isothermal bulk moduli, etc.) versus temperature are consequently obtained. By comparing these quantities, we find that the results from optB88-vdW functional have significantly better agreement with available experimental data than those from PBE functional although the latter has been widely used in previous DFT calculations for HA-based material systems.

Why 6-Iodouridine Cannot Be Used as a Radiosensitizer of DNA Damage? Computational and Experimental Studies

Previous density functional theory (DFT) studies on 6-brominated pyrimidine nucleosides suggest that 6-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (6IdU) should act as a better radiosensitizer than its 5-iodosubstituted 2'-deoxyuridine analogue. In this work, we show that 6IdU is unstable in an aqueous solution. Indeed, a complete disappearance of the 6IdU signal was observed during its isolation by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). As indicated by the thermodynamic characteristics for the SN1-type hydrolysis of 6IdU obtained at the CAM-B3LYP/DGDZVP++ level and the polarizable continuum model (PCM) of water, 6-iodouracil (6IU) was already released quantitatively at ambient temperatures. The simulation of the hydrolysis kinetics demonstrated that a thermodynamic equilibrium was reached within seconds for the title compound. To assess the reliability of the calculations carried out, we synthesized 6-iodouridine (6IUrd), which was, unlike 6IdU, sufficiently stable in an aqueous solution at room temperature. The activation barrier for the N-glycosidic bond dissociation in 6IUrd was estimated experimentally using an Arrhenius plot. The stabilities in water calculated for 6IdU, 6IUrd, and 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (5IdU) could be explained by the electronic and steric effects of the 2'-hydroxy group present in the ribose moiety. Our studies highlight the issue of the hydrolytic stability of potentially radiosensitizing nucleotides which, besides having favorable dissociative electron attachment (DEA) characteristics, must be stable in water to have any practical application.

Intercalation Chemistry of the Disordered Rocksalt Li3V2O5 Anode from Cluster Expansions and Machine Learning Interatomic Potentials

Disordered rocksalt (DRX) Li3V2O5 is a promising anode candidate for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries because of its low voltage, high rate capability, and good cycling stability. Herein, we present a comprehensive study of the intercalation chemistry of the DRX-Li3V2O5 anode using density functional theory (DFT) calculations combined with machine learning cluster expansions and interatomic potentials. The predicted voltage profile of the DRX Li3V2O5 anode at room temperature based on Monte Carlo simulations with a fitted cluster expansion model is in good agreement with experiments. In contrast to previous DFT results, we find that Li ions predominately intercalate into tetrahedral sites during charging, while a majority of Li and V ions at octahedral sites remain stable. In addition, molecular dynamics simulations with a fitted moment tensor potential attribute the fast-charging capability of DRX-Li3V2O5 to the facile diffusivity of Li+ via a tetrahedral–octahedral–tetrahedral pathway. We further suggest tuning the Li:V ratio as a means of trading off increased lithiation capacity and decreased anode voltage in this system. This work provides in-depth insights into the high-performance DRX-Li3V2O5 anode and paves the way for the discovery of other disordered anode materials.

Unravelling the surface structure of β-Ga2O3 (100).

The present work is on a comprehensive surface atomic structure investigation of β-Ga2O3 (100). The β-Ga2O3 single crystal was studied by a structural model system in the simulations and in situ characterization via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) and X-ray photoelectron diffraction (XPD) allowed for probing the outermost layers' properties. In situ XPD characterization allows for the collection of valuable element-specific short-range information from the β-Ga2O3 surface, and the results were compared to a systematic and precise multiple scattering simulation approach. The experiments, characterizations, and simulations indicated strong evidence of considerable structural variations in the interatomic layer's distances. Such atomic displacement could clarify the electronic phenomena observed in theoretical studies. The comparison between experimental and theoretical XPD results involving multiple scattering calculations indicated that the β-Ga2O3 surface has two possible terminations. The best fits to the photoelectron diffraction curves are used to calculate the interplanar relaxation in the first five atomic layers. The results show good agreement with previous density functional theory calculations, establishing XPD as a useful tool for probing the atomic structure of oxide surfaces.

Insights into the structure and growth of Lu-doped germanium clusters: comparing density functional theory calculations with photoelectron spectroscopy experiments

ABSTRACT The structure and growth of a series of Lu-doped germanium clusters, LuGe n q (n = 2–14, q = 0, −1) have been investigated by previous photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The ground states of the anionic LuGe n – clusters obtained from DFT calculations are verified by comparing simulated PES with experimental results. The simulated PES for smaller clusters LuGe n – (n ≤ 6) display relatively simple spectral patterns, suggesting high symmetry structures. It is observed that the pentagonal bipyramid shape is the basic framework for the nascent growth process of LuGe n – (n = 2–8). The structures of LuGe n – (n = 2–13) clusters are all exohedral structures with the Lu atom adsorbed at the surface of the bare Ge n – clusters, while LuGe14 – is the smallest endohedral Lu-doped germanium cluster with the Lu atom completely fallen into the germanium frame. It is found that the LuGe n – clusters with even n are more stable than those with odd n and in the LuGe n clusters there is an opposite trend. Especially, the LuGe n q (n = 9, 12, q = 0, −1) clusters are extremely stable compared to other size clusters. HOMO–LUMO gap shows that the chemical stability of bare Ge n – (n = 2–14) clusters are stronger than that of LuGe n q (n = 2–14, q = 0, −1) clusters owing to the doping of a Lu atom.

Facile Benzylic Alkylation of Arenes with Alcohols by Catalysis with Spirocyclic NHC IrIII Pincer Complex.

A facile benzylic alkylation of indenes and other arenes was developed from readily available primary and secondary alcohols using our newly investigated CCC pincer IrIII catalyst (SNIr-H). Excellent regioselectivity and yield (89 %) of the C3-alkylated indenes were obtained. Additionally, the challenging sp2 C-alkylation was readily accomplished. This method could be utilized for the synthesis of the analogs of a histamine H1 receptor antagonist and the functional material template molecule, indeno[2,1-a]indene. A hemilabile IrIII -dihydride intermediate was proposed based on control experiments and previous density functional theory (DFT) calculations for the borrowing hydrogen mechanism and is key to the success of this IrIII catalyst in the reduction of unactivated multi-substituted olefin intermediates.

Facile Benzylic Alkylation of Arenes with Alcohols by Catalysis with a Spirocyclic NHC IrIII Pincer Complex

AbstractA facile benzylic alkylation of indenes and other arenes was developed from readily available primary and secondary alcohols using our newly investigated CCC pincer IrIII catalyst (SNIr−H). Excellent regioselectivity and yield (89 %) of the C3‐alkylated indenes were obtained. Additionally, the challenging sp2C‐alkylation was readily accomplished. This method could be utilized for the synthesis of the analogs of a histamine H1 receptor antagonist and the functional material template molecule, indeno[2,1‐a]indene. A hemilabile IrIII‐dihydride intermediate was proposed based on control experiments and previous density functional theory (DFT) calculations for the borrowing hydrogen mechanism and is key to the success of this IrIII catalyst in the reduction of unactivated multi‐substituted olefin intermediates.