Effective Prevention Research Articles

Prevalence of mental health problems in people living with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis

ABSTRACT HIV remains a significant public health concern, with an estimation of 39 million people infected. There is a lack of universally accepted benchmarks for prevalence of mental health problems among people living with HIV. We aimed to compute aggregate estimates of mental health problems among people living with HIV. We conducted a comprehensive literature search in PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase. Our inclusion criteria encompassed peer-reviewed cross-sectional or longitudinal studies conducted in any country that investigated people living with HIV and provided data allowing us to determine the prevalence of mental health problems. We conducted a meta-analysis to determine the combined prevalence of mental health problems among people living with HIV and consider predefined moderators by subgroup meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis. Our initial search identified 31 407 records. After removing the duplication and excluding ineligible records, 240 studies were included in our meta-analysis. Six commonly reported mental health problems were identified (depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, post-traumatic stress disorder, stigma, and psychological distress). The pooled prevalence was 31% (95% CI 28–34) for depression, 29% (24–34) for anxiety, 20% (17–24) for suicidal ideation, 20% (13–28) for post-traumatic stress disorder, 47% (40–55) for stigma, 44% (31–56) for psychological distress. After considering predefined moderators, the heterogeneity was still observed. A high prevalence of mental health problems was observed among people living with HIV. Effective prevention and treatment programs can alleviate symptoms and promote mental health. This, in turn, can have a positive impact on all aspects of HIV management, leading to improved overall health outcomes for people living with HIV.

Diabetes knowledge and behaviour: a cross-sectional study of Jordanian adults.

Diabetes mellitus is a significant global health concern that is projected to affect 7.7% of the global population by 2030. Understanding factors that influence diabetes knowledge and management adherence is crucial for effective diabetes mellitus management and prevention. This study investigates the relationships between demographic and clinical factors and their impact on diabetes knowledge and behaviour, as well as the potential influence of diabetes knowledge on management behaviours. The study comprised a cross-sectional survey of 1050 adults, collecting data on age, sex, marital status, education, employment, hypertension, dyslipidaemia (any lipid imbalance, such as high cholesterol, high LDL-cholesterol or low HDL-cholesterol), smoking and diabetes status. Two multiple linear regression models were used to identify factors associated with diabetes knowledge and behaviour, and a simple linear regression model was used to assess the relationship between knowledge and behaviour. Significant associations were found between diabetes knowledge and the following factors: age (44.32 ± 9.53 for ≥50 years vs 39.73 ± 9.95 for 18 to <25 years; p<0.0001), sex (49.00 ± 12.35 for women vs 45.09 ± 13.27 for men; p<0.0001), marital status (50.92 ± 11.69 for married vs 45.39 ± 13.10 for single; p<0.0001), smoking status (45.78 ± 13.22 for smokers vs 48.22 ± 12.15 for non-smokers; p=0.003), hypertension (46.46 ± 13.11 for present vs 47.31 ± 12.87 for absent; p=0.007) and diabetes status (69.49 ± 17.35 for present vs 62.76 ± 16.88 for absent; p<0.001). Behaviour scores correlated similarly with these factors except for diabetes and smoking status. The adjusted simple linear regression model revealed that diabetes knowledge was significantly associated with better management behaviours (coefficient=0.0794, p<0.001) after adjusting for demographic and clinical factors. This study highlights the importance of demographic and clinical factors in the context of diabetes knowledge and behaviours, underscoring the need for targeted educational and preventive programmes to improve diabetes management, especially in vulnerable populations. Additionally, the strong association between diabetes knowledge and management behaviours supports a knowledge-attitude-behaviour (KAB) model of diabetes management.

Investigating the impact of metabolic syndrome and its components on pancreas fat: a Bidirectional Mendelian randomization study

Objective: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and fatty pancreas are two prevalent health conditions that are strongly associated with an elevated risk of developing type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and pancreatic cancer. Understanding the causal relationship between these conditions is important for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies. In this study, we performed a bidirectional Mendelian randomization analysis to investigate the potential causal relationship between MetS and fatty pancreas. Methods: This study undertook bidirectional Mendelian randomization. Genetic instruments for obesity, glycemic, lipid, and blood pressure were identified as instrumental variables for MetS traits in order to evaluate their causal role in pancreatic fat etiology. Summary level data for pancreas fat (PF) were obtained from a genome-wide association study conducted in the UK Biobank. Results: There was no causal relationship between MetS as a binary trait and PF. In addition, a causal association of increasing Waist-to-Hip Ratio (WHR) with pancreatic fat risk was found [odds ratio (OR)=1.173, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.067-1.288, p=9*10-4]. Notably, there is no evidence of a causal relationship between PF and glycemic, lipid, and blood pressure. Sensitivity analyses did not indicate that pleiotropy was an important source of bias. Conclusion: MetS had no causal relationship with pancreatic fat. Of the components of the metabolic syndrome, only abdominal obesity and pancreatic fat were observed to be causally related.

Preventive potential of chitosan self-assembled coconut residue dietary fiber in hyperlipidemia: Mechanistic insights into gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids.

Hyperlipidemia is a metabolic disorder resulted from unhealthy dietary and lifestyle habits. Its pathogenesis is possibly linked to gut microbiota dysbiosis. This study investigates the preventive effects of chitosan self-assembled coconut residue dietary fiber (CRFSC) on hyperlipidemia induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) and gut microbiota. CRFSC resulted in a significant weight loss of 7.9% in HFD rats and had a preventive effect on all four lipid parameter abnormalities. HFD supplemented with oat group resulted in a weight loss of 3.8% in HFD rats and had no preventive effect on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) abnormalities. Prevention was achieved not only through the modulation of gut microbiota composition and the increase of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels, but also through the activation of superoxide dismutase enzyme and the inhibition of malondialdehyde accumulation, all of which are the factors leading to the controlling of lipid abnormalities and oxidative damage. The prevention of lipid parameters by chitosan self-assembled coconut residue dietary fiber (CRFSC) may be attributed to its richness in chitosan and insoluble dietary fiber, as well as its ability to enrich beneficial bacteria such as Akkermansia, Roseburia, and Ruminococcus. Correlation analysis demonstrated that key bacterial species producing SCFAs, which are rich in the CRFSC diet, had a positive impact on controlling hyperlipidemia. Hence, consumption of a CRFSC diet could serve as an effective strategy for preventing and controlling the development of hyperlipidemia due to its potential ability to regulate gut microbiota and SCFAs. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study showed that dietary fiber from coconut residue after chitosan self-assembly had preventive effects on overweight, dyslipidemia, and oxidative damage in rats. In addition, CRFSC also increased the content of short-chain fatty acids in the gut. And improve gut health by affecting gut microbiota. This finding suggests that CRFSC can be used as a dietary strategy to prevent hyperlipidemia and has practical significance in developing new healthy foods.

Scale-specific effects of urban landscape pattern on the COVID-19 epidemic in Hangzhou, China

Abstract Context Understanding the scale-specific effects of different landscape variables on the COVID-19 epidemics is critical for developing the precise and effective prevention and control strategies within urban areas. Objective Based on the landscape epidemiology framework, we analyzed the scale-specific effects of urban landscape pattern on COVID-19 epidemics in Hangzhou, China. Methods We collected COVID-19 cases in Hangzhou from 2020‒2022 and combined the datasets of land use and land cover (LULC) and social gathering point (SGP) to quantify the urban landscape pattern. Optimal general linear model with stepwise regression was applied to explore the dominant landscape factors driving the COVID-19 transmission in the city. Furthermore, multi-scale geographically weighted regression illustrated the spatial heterogeneity and scale specificity of these landscape variables’ effects to COVID-19 epidemic. Results Eight landscape variables of LULC and SGP patterns were identified which explained 68.5% of the variance in spatial risk of COVID-19. Different optimal bandwidths across these variables in MGWR indicated their scale-specific effects. LSI of green space enhanced the spatial risk across the entire region. The effects of landscape contagion, the number of water bodies, LSI of cropland and built-up areas, and the density of commercial houses were detected to vary between urban and suburban areas. The effects of LSI of water bodies and the density of shopping malls were found to vary among different districts. Conclusions In this study, we firstly discriminated the scale-specific effects of different landscape variables on the COVID-19 epidemic in the urban region. These findings can help to optimize the differentiated zoning prevention and control strategies for COVID-19 in cities and guide policy-making and urban planning at a multi-scale hierarchical perspective to improve public health and urban sustainability.

Seroprevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Infections in Small Ruminants in Europe

Paratuberculosis, also known as Johne’s disease, is a granulomatous enteritis in both domestic and wild ruminants caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Understanding the prevalence of this disease in small ruminants is essential for disease control and prevention strategies. A systematic review of the literature was conducted using the PubMed, ScienceDirect and Scopus databases to identify all articles reporting Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) seroprevalence in sheep and goats in Europe, published from January 2006 to December 2023. The initial search for existing publications reporting systematic reviews and primary studies was carried out by searching the available databases. For the final selection of studies, an initial screen for basic eligibility and a detailed appraisal of quality were performed. After the study selection, the relevant data was extracted. The detailed appraisal generated 21 publications that reported 55 studies, 22 (40.0%) from sheep (12 at the animal-level and 10 at the flock-level) and 28 (50.9%) from goats (17 at the animal-level and 11 at the flock-level), and 5 (9.1%) from mixed small ruminant species at the animal level. In total, 34 (61.8%) were animal-level studies and 21 (38.2%) were flock-level studies. Population and inclusion criteria were highly variable among studies. Sample sizes ranged from 291 to 15,585 animals. Most studies reported testing adult animals (over 24 months of age). Commercial ELISA kits were used in most studies. The highest prevalence was obtained in sheep (100%) in Türkiye, and the lowest was found also in sheep (0.7%) in Austria. Overall, the results suggest that MAP antibodies have been frequently detected among small ruminants in some countries and there is a need for standardisation of case definitions to improve the accuracy of prevalence estimates. Further research is needed to understand the risk factors associated with MAP infection in small ruminants and to develop effective control and prevention strategies.

Perspectives of postpartum women on intermittent presumptive treatment in Uganda: implications for malaria prevention: a qualitative study.

Malaria during pregnancy leads to many deaths in Africa. COVID-19 contributed to more malaria cases due to interruptions in prevention efforts. Intermittent presumptive treatment (IPTP) is an effective malaria prevention strategy for pregnant women, but adoption barriers still exist. The study aim was to explore barriers to the adoption of IPTP at Kawempe National Referral Hospital (KNRH) Uganda. In a qualitative study design, data was collected using focus group discussions. A total of 37 postpartum mothers were interviewed in six focus group discussions. The interviews were conducted using a structured guide to explore barriers to IPTP implementation at KNRH. The data was transcribed, coded, and analysed using NVivo 10. The study found that mothers lacked adequate knowledge about IPTP, faced socioeconomic and cultural constraints, fear of side effects, a high pill burden, and experience of health system challenges as major themes of barriers to optimal IPTP use. Challenges in the service delivery and inadequate information in regard to importance and expected side effects were identified by the users as the major barriers to IPTP delivery in public health care setting. Improving delivery of focused health education talks and health work attitude and delivery chain for IPTP in the health facilities are recommended to increase its uptake.

Association between hydroxychloroquine use and risk of diabetes mellitus in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis: a UK Biobank-based study

Context/ObjectivesHydroxychoroquine has hypoglycemic effects and may reduce the risk of diabetes mellitus (DM). We determined the association between hydroxychoroquine use and the incidence of DM in a population-based cohort of pations with Rheumatic diseaseMethodsA prospective cohort study among 502392 Potentially eligible participants in the context of UK Biobank, recruitment to the database began between 2006 and 2010. Patients diagnosed with diabetes and fasting glucose greater than or equal to 7 mmol/L at baseline (n=619) were excluded and patients diagnosed with either RA or SLE at baseline (n=6793) were followed up until 2022. Diagnosis was recorded using the International Classification of Diseases, tenth edition (ICD-10) code. The mean follow-up was 13.78 years and the primary outcome was newly recorded type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with the time of onset of diabetes as the follow-up endpoint date.ResultsDuring a median follow-up period of 13.78 (12.93, 14.49) years, diabetes developed in 537 participants, with an incidence of 7.9%. New diabetes cases not taking hydroxychloroquine and taking hydroxychloroquine was 504 (8.03%) and 33 (6.36%), respectively. In univariate models, the hazard ratio for diabetes was 0.89 (95% confidence interval, 0.81-0.98, P=0.014) for hydroxychloroquine users compared with those not taking hydroxychloroquine. After adjusting for age, sex, race, education level, and BMI the hazard ratio for incident diabetes among hydroxychloroquine users was 0.88 (95% confidence interval, 0.80-0.97, P=0.008). In complete multivariate model hazard ratio for hydroxychloroquine was 0.87 (95% confidence interval, 0.79- 0.96, P=0.005).ConclusionHydroxychloroquine was associated with decreased risk of DM among rheumatoid arthritis patients, our data taken together with correlational studies, warrant further investigation of the potential preventive effect of hydroxychloroquine against T2DM.

Diseases Caused by and Behaviors Associated with Toxoplasma gondii Infection

Toxoplasma gondii is an Apicomplexan parasite that is estimated to infect at least one-third of the global human population. T. gondii infection may be transmitted horizontally or vertically. The main risk factors for transmission to humans are related to diet, especially the consumption of undercooked meat, along with soil contact. In immunocompetent persons, the acute infection may go undetected as it typically produces minor, non-specific symptoms that are self-limited. After infection is established, recurrent retinochoroiditis is the most common clinical disease. In contrast, severe systemic or cerebral toxoplasmosis may be life-threatening for immunocompromised individuals. Furthermore, congenital toxoplasmosis acquired in utero may have devastating consequences if not recognized and promptly treated. A growing body of research has identified associations between latent T. gondii infection, and personality traits and risk-taking behaviors. Other studies have documented associations between latent infection and psychiatric conditions that include schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. With no current treatment regimens being curative of T. gondii infection, effective prevention measures at both the public health and individual levels are vitally important.

Network analysis of childhood maltreatment and internet addiction in adolescents with major depressive disorder.

Childhood maltreatment (CM) is closely linked to internet addiction (IA), especially in adolescents with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Previous studies have shown that adolescents who experience CM are more likely to develop IA and other psychological problems. This study aims to explore the complex relationship between CM and IA through network analysis, particularly identifying the core symptoms and bridge symptoms to better understand the development of IA in these adolescents. A cross-sectional study was conducted in seven hospitals in Anhui Province, China, involving 332 adolescents diagnosed with MDD using DSM-5 criteria. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire - Short Form (CTQ-SF) and the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) were used to assess CM and IA symptoms, respectively. Gender-based network analysis was also performed. Network analysis constructed a CM-IA network and identified core and bridge symptoms. "Depress/moody/nervous being offline", "Request an extension for longer time", "Sleep loss due to late-night logins", and "emotional abuse" emerged as central symptoms within the CM-IA network. Additionally, "emotional abuse", "sexual abuse", and "complaints about online time" were identified as key bridge symptoms linking CM and IA. These symptoms demonstrated significant connectivity, underscoring their critical role in linking CM and IA. The findings highlight the complex relationship between CM and IA in adolescents with MDD. Specific symptoms, such as emotional abuse and online-related symptoms, play important roles in understanding and intervening in adolescent IA. Future interventions should target these core and bridge symptoms for more effective prevention and treatment.

Multimodal Sensemaking and Sensegiving Processes of Discursive Threat Appraisal in Environmental Crisis Communication

ABSTRACTThis study investigates how multimodal sensemaking and sensegiving processes of discursive threat appraisal are employed by global movements in their environmental crisis communication when disclosing how corporate commitments are failing to reduce the global plastic pollution. The theoretical framework includes perspectives on global sticky crises, threat appraisal, framing, crisis sensemaking and sensegiving, and multimodal discourse. Empirically, a series of brand audits reports of #breakfreefromplastic global movement are systematically examined. The analytical focus transcends the usual monomodal approach and is directed towards the multimodal interplay that builds strategic discourses through images and texts. Findings details, on the one hand, the multimodal discursive sensemaking processes of content enrichment and appeal bolstering as well as their outcomes related to the building of common sense, new sense, and non‐sense; on the other hand, they clarify how prognostic, diagnostic, and motivational framing tasks are accomplished in environmental crisis sensegiving by the global movement. This study provides insights useful to corporations when reevaluating their own crisis sensemaking and sensegiving in corporate communications and, ultimately, contribute to changing risky corporate behaviour toward more effective and ethical environmental crisis prevention and communication.

Twenty-year trend in the prevalence of increased cardiometabolic risk, measured by abdominal obesity, among Spanish children and adolescents across body mass index categories.

Identifying children and adolescents with cardiometabolic risk at an early stage is crucial for effective treatment and prevention. From a practical perspective, this could be accomplished by assessing the presence of abdominal obesity, which serves as a surrogate indicator of increased cardiometabolic risk and is easy to measure. However, the assessment of abdominal obesity via waist circumference has not yet become a standard procedure in pediatric healthcare. The present study aimed to analyze the secular trends in increased cardiometabolic risk, as indicated by waist circumference among Spanish children and adolescents. This study included 4861 children and adolescents aged 8 to 16years from two nationwide representative cross-sectional surveys, the EnKid study and the PASOS study, conducted in 1998-2000 and 2019-2020, respectively. Anthropometric variables were measured in both surveys by trained personnel. Three different waist-to-height (WHtR) cutoffs were used to define abdominal obesity as criteria for cardiometabolic risk. BMI categories were defined according to the IOTF and WHO growth charts. Abdominal obesity [waist to height ratio (cm/cm) > 0.49] significantly increased from 40.7 to 56.1% and 93.8 to 97.2% in participants with overweight and obesity, respectively, between 1998-2000 and 2019-2020 (p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis, adjusted for sex and age, revealed that the odds of being at increased cardiometabolic risk in 2019-2020 was 1.99 (95% CI 1.48-2.67) in participants with overweight in comparison with 1998-2000. The effect size was comparable among the three WHtR criteria for abdominal obesity or the BMI categories according to IOTF and WHO boundaries. The prevalence of Spanish children with increased cardiometabolic risk, identified by abdominal obesity, significantly increased among those with overweight during the last two decades. This finding underlines the need of including the measurement of waist circumference as a standard procedure in pediatric practice.

LC MS/MS Phytochemical analysis of Ruta montana and the Hepatic Preventive Effects in male Rats exposed to Tebuconazole

&lt;p style="text-align:justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;" lang="EN-US"&gt;In this investigation, we assessed the phytochemical composition and hepatoprotective properties of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;" lang="EN-US"&gt;Ruta montana&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;" lang="EN-US"&gt;, a plant indigenous to Algeria, against liver damage provoked by the systemic fungicide tebuconazole in male Wistar rats. We distributed forty-two rats, each weighing an average of 178±67.2 g, into six groups consisting of seven animals each. The first group, serving as the control, received no intervention. The second group underwent treatment with tebuconazole at a concentration of 100 mg/kg. The third and fourth groups were treated with &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;" lang="EN-US"&gt;Ruta montana&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;" lang="EN-US"&gt; extracts at dosages of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg, respectively. The fifth and sixth groups received combined treatments of tebuconazole (100 mg/kg) and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;" lang="EN-US"&gt;Ruta montana&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;" lang="EN-US"&gt; extracts at 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg, respectively. Over a period of 50 days, we administered these treatments via oral gavage. The ethanolic extract of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;" lang="EN-US"&gt;Ruta montana&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;" lang="EN-US"&gt;, prepared through maceration, underwent analysis using LC-MS/MS, which revealed the presence of nine significant phenolic compounds. The findings demonstrate that exposure to tebuconazole significantly decreased both body and liver weights, and notably altered levels of hepatic enzymes (AST, ALT), indicative of liver toxicity. In contrast, treatment with &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;" lang="EN-US"&gt;Ruta montana&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;" lang="EN-US"&gt; extract ameliorated these adverse effects, confirming its protective efficacy. Histopathological examinations further substantiated the amelioration of liver tissue damage in rats receiving the plant extract. This research underscores the significant role of bioactive phenolic compounds in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;" lang="EN-US"&gt;Ruta montana&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;" lang="EN-US"&gt; in mitigating hepatic injuries induced by tebuconazole, thereby highlighting its potential therapeutic benefits.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Long-Term Impact of the Bloor Viaduct Suicide Barrier on Suicides in Toronto: A Time-Series Analysis: Effet à long terme de la barrière anti-suicide du viaduc Bloor sur les suicides à Toronto : une analyse chronologique.

A suicide prevention barrier was installed at Toronto's Bloor Viaduct bridge in 2003. It was associated with short-term location substitution, possibly mediated by media effects that did not persist over 1 decade. The long-term impact of the barrier is unknown. We examined rates of suicides by jumping from the Bloor Viaduct, other bridges and by other methods using coroner's records in Toronto (1998-2020). We used interrupted time-series Poisson regression analyses to model changes in quarterly bridge-related suicides after barrier installation. A secondary analysis explored the potential substitution effects of suicide by other methods. Of 5219 suicides from 1998 to 2020, 303 were by jumping from bridges. After controlling for covariates, installation of the Bloor Viaduct suicide barrier was associated with a 49% step decrease in bridge-related suicide in the next quarter in Toronto (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 0.51, 95% CI, 0.30 to 0.86) with no rebound increase in bridge-related suicide during the subsequent 17 years after the original drop (IRR = 0.99, 95% CI, 0.96 to 1.03). There was also no associated change in suicides by other methods after the barrier (IRR = 1.04, 95% CI, 0.90 to 1.20). Contrary to initial findings, these results indicate an enduring suicide prevention effect of the Bloor Viaduct suicide barrier. They support the long-term utility of structural interventions at high-frequency sites for suicide.

Biophysics of ACL injuries

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injuries rank among the most prevalent and severe types of injuries, significantly impacting both athletes and non-athletes alike. These injuries not only result in immediate physical impairment, such as intense pain, substantial swelling, and a marked loss of mobility, but also carry long-term health consequences that can alter a person’s quality of life. Chronic pain, persistent instability, and an increased risk of developing osteoarthritis are among the lasting effects that can follow an ACL injury. An in-depth understanding of the biophysics behind ACL injuries is paramount for devising effective prevention and treatment protocols. Biophysics, which combines principles from physics with biological systems, provides crucial insights into the mechanical and structural integrity of the ACL and its susceptibility to injury under various conditions. This systematic review aims to collate and synthesize the current knowledge surrounding the biophysical mechanisms that underlie ACL injuries. The review encompasses a range of factors, including the biomechanical forces that place stress on the ligament, anatomical structures that may predispose individuals to injury, and physiological conditions that affect ligament health and resilience. Each of these factors plays a crucial role in the incidence and severity of ACL injuries. Biomechanical forces, for example, can involve sudden changes in direction or impact during physical activity, leading to excessive stress on the ACL. Anatomical factors might include variations in bone structure or ligament alignment that inherently increase the risk of injury. Additionally, physiological conditions such as muscle strength, flexibility, and overall ligament health can influence the likelihood and extent of an ACL injury. The findings of this review underscore the necessity of adopting integrated approaches in both injury prevention and rehabilitation. Such approaches must consider the multifaceted nature of ACL injuries, involving not only mechanical and anatomical aspects but also physiological and possibly even genetic factors. By emphasizing a multi-faceted understanding, interventions can be more effectively tailored to address the complex interplay of elements that contribute to ACL injuries. This holistic approach can lead to better outcomes for those at risk of or recovering from ACL injuries, enhancing the efficacy of prevention strategies and rehabilitation protocols.

Cyberbullying Among Adolescents in Norway: Time Trends and Factors Associated with Perpetration and Victimization

There is limited knowledge about time trends in cyberbullying involvement, and whereas previous studies have often focused on various mental health outcomes, possible outcomes of cyberbullying may concern a wide range of areas. A better understanding of cyberbullying development over time, as well as of the possible consequences, is needed for effective prevention and intervention efforts. The aims of this study were (i) to gain knowledge of time trends in cyberbullying among Norwegian adolescents, and (ii) to better understand how different forms of cyberbullying involvement is related to a variety of outcomes. Data from the Norwegian Ungdata surveys (2014–2016) were used to assess involvement in cyberbullying over time. Associations with cyberbullying involvement and four outcome variables (belief in a good and happy life, loneliness, school thriving, and depressive symptoms) were assessed using logistic regression analyses. Across years of study, the prevalence rates for cyberbullying involvement were 1.5% for perpetration, 3% for victimization, and 1% for perpetration-victimization. Compared with non-involvement, involvement in cyberbullying in any role was associated with poorer outcomes on all variables. Cyber-victims who were also perpetrators were less likely to have high levels of loneliness and depressive symptoms, compared to cyber-victims only. The prevalence of cyberbullying involvement among adolescents in Norway was relatively unchanged between 2014 and 2016. Cyberbullying involvement is associated with negative outcomes related to mental health, loneliness, school thriving, and beliefs in one’s personal future, and victims of cyberbullying appear to be the most vulnerable group.

Public attitudes and knowledge about self-injury: A cross-sectional web-based survey of Japanese adults.

Nonsuicidal self-injury is common among adolescents. Dispelling related public misconceptions is essential for creating effective prevention and intervention strategies, as these myths contribute to stigmatization. This study examined the prevalence of self-injury myths among the Japanese public and explored how demographics and personal experiences influence these beliefs. A nationwide web-based self-report survey of 2000 Japanese adults (mean age = 44.6 ± 14.3 years) examined their agreement with 14 scientifically unsupported self-injury beliefs. Endorsement rates for each myth were calculated, and the associations between myth beliefs and other variables were explored. Fourteen myths were analyzed, with endorsement rates of 21.0%-68.7%. Logistic regression analysis indicated that men were more likely to endorse the myth that self-injury is uncommon (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.17-1.79), whereas women were more prone to myths about the rarity of self-injury, using a single method, stimulation as the exclusive purpose, wrist-cutting prevalence, and average onset age. Younger participants were more likely to believe that self-injury is solely for stimulation than other age groups. Those with human-service professional experience were more likely to view self-injury as attention-seeking compared to those without such experience (AOR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.07-2.46). With some exceptions, individuals who expressed confidence in their ability to respond to self-injurers were more likely to endorse the myths. These findings highlight the need for targeted educational interventions to dispel misconceptions about self-injury and improve public understanding of this complex behavior.

Research Advances in Adenomyosis-Related Signaling Pathways and Promising Targets

Adenomyosis is a benign gynecological condition characterized by the proliferation of the endometrial stroma and glands into the myometrium, uterine volume enlargement, and peripheral smooth muscle hypertrophy. The typical clinical symptoms include chronic pelvic pain, abnormal uterine bleeding, and subfertility, all of which significantly impact quality of life. There are no effective prevention or treatment strategies for adenomyosis, partly due to a limited understanding of the pathological mechanisms underlying the initiation and progression of the disease. Given that signaling pathways play a crucial role in the development of adenomyosis, a better understanding of these signaling pathways is essential for identifying therapeutic targets and advancing drug development. The occurrence and progression of adenomyosis are closely linked to various underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, including proliferation, migration, invasion, fibrosis, angiogenesis, inflammation, oxidative stress, immune response, and epigenetic changes. This review summarizes the signaling pathways and targets associated with the pathogenesis of adenomyosis, including CXCL/CXCR, NLRP3, NF-κB, TGF-β/smad, VEGF, Hippo/YAP, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, JAK/STAT, and other relevant pathways. In addition, it identifies promising future targets for the development of adenomyosis treatment, such as m6A, GSK3β, sphks, etc.

IMPACTO DAS ANOMALIAS CONGÊNITAS NA MORTALIDADE NEONATAL: UMA REVISÃO SOBRE FATORES DE RISCO E PREVENÇÃO

This integrative review aimed to analyze the incidence of congenital anomalies in neonates and identify associated risk factors, as well as explore the most effective preventive measures described in the scientific literature. Congenital anomalies are structural or functional defects that develop during intrauterine life and are a major cause of neonatal and infant mortality. An estimated 303,000 newborns die annually within the first month of life due to these conditions (WHO, 2016). This study was conducted through the analysis of scientific articles published in the PubMed, SciELO, and Google Scholar databases, using keywords such as "congenital anomalies," "neonates," and "risk factors." Studies published in the last ten years, in Portuguese and English, addressing the incidence and risk factors of congenital anomalies in neonates were included. The results showed that the most common congenital anomalies include neural tube defects, cardiac malformations, and chromosomal abnormalities, such as Down syndrome (PACHECO et al., 2009). The prevalence of these conditions varies according to geographic region and population (BRASIL, 2021). Several maternal risk factors were identified, including advanced maternal age, smoking, alcohol consumption, and exposure to teratogenic substances during pregnancy (ANDRADE et al., 2017). Additionally, adverse socioeconomic conditions and lack of access to quality prenatal care were highlighted as important determinants for the increased incidence of congenital anomalies (LANSKY et al., 2014). Preventive strategies suggested by the literature include folic acid supplementation before and during pregnancy, proper vaccination of pregnant women, and genetic counseling (BRASIL, 2013; ACGO, 2018). Early diagnosis through neonatal screening tests, such as the heel prick test, pulse oximetry, and hearing screening, is crucial for early identification of anomalies and enabling interventions that can improve health outcomes for neonates (MINISTÉRIO DA SAÚDE, 2021). The review also emphasized the importance of early interventions, such as corrective surgeries and supportive therapies, to improve the prognosis of neonates affected by congenital anomalies (CHRISTIANSON, 2006). These interventions can significantly reduce morbidity and mortality rates associated with these conditions, improving the quality of life of affected individuals. In conclusion, this integrative review identified significant risk factors for congenital anomalies and highlighted the importance of preventive interventions and early diagnosis to improve neonatal health outcomes. The effective prevention and management of congenital anomalies require a multidisciplinary approach, including awareness among healthcare professionals, effective public policies, and family involvement in implementing preventive strategies. Ongoing research is recommended to further understand the causes, risk factors, and effective interventions to reduce the incidence of congenital anomalies and improve neonatal health outcomes.

Методологічні підходи до дослідження та формування інституційного забезпечення кліматичного фінансування

Introduction. At the core of any scientific research lies the process of cognition, which necessitates clarification of the conceptual approach in accordance with the chosen methodology. The desired outcomes are determined not only by the initial theoretical stance of the researcher but also by a well-founded formulation of the problem and a specification of the directions for scientific inquiry. Thus, proper scientific cognition and the selection of specific general and special methods require an adequate theoretical and practical understanding of reality, necessitating a sophisticated methodology for scientific research. Problem Statement. Preventing, countering, and adapting to the negative impacts of climate change for the socio-economic development of countries and the deterioration of the environment require the establishment of effective institutional support for climate financing, aimed at mitigating these issues. To implement such measures through climate financing, a well-grounded methodology is essential for both research and the formation of institutional support for climate financial flows. Purpose. To define methodological approaches to the study and formation of institutional support for climate financing. Methods. A systemic approach was applied, along with monographic, historical, economic-statistical methods, and methods of comparative and expert analysis. Results. The significance of the methodology of scientific cognition has been established. Methodological approaches to the study and formation of institutional support for climate financing have been outlined, along with their components and the methodological arsenal for addressing the identified issues. Conclusions. To conduct a comprehensive study and establish institutional support for climate financing, advanced methodological approaches are required. These will enable a thorough understanding of the essence, varieties, functions, components, and instruments of such financing, facilitating the development of adequate institutional support to enhance the effectiveness of prevention, counteraction, and mitigation of the negative impacts of climate change and adaptation to these changes.