Prevention Of Various Ailments Research Articles

Derivatization-Based Novel Chromatographic and Spectrophotometric Methods for the Simultaneous Determination of Gymnemic Acid and Resveratrol in Antidiabetic Polyherbal Formulation.

Herbal medicine is widely used for the treatment and prevention of various ailments, highlighting the importance of ensuring its consistency and quality. This research focuses on the simultaneous detection of Gymnemic acid (GYM) and Resveratrol (RES) in an antidiabetic polyherbal formulation as no reported method exists for their simultaneously detection. The objective of this study is to develop and validate novel derivatization-based spectrometric and HPTLC methods for the simultaneous determination of GYM and RES. The spectrophotometric method involved derivatization of GYM with benzoyl chloride, followed by measurement of absorbance at 349nm an isoabsorptive point. The HPTLC method utilized post derivatization with vanillin-sulfuric acid, and its separation was achieved on pre-coated silica gel 60GF254 using chloroform:methanol:glacial acetic acid (13:4:0.1, v/v/v) as mobile phase and estimated at 575nm. The developed method exhibits linearity, accuracy, precision, LOD, LOQ, specificity and robustness in accordance with the ICH Q2 (R1) guideline. The percent assay of GYM and RES in the marketed capsule formulation was statistically compared using an unpaired t-test, resulting in a range of 99.51-102.65%. These indicate no significant difference between the proposed method and the marketed formulation. Therefore, both novel methods can be interchangeably used for quality control of GYM and RES in polyherbal formulations.

Bioactive compound profile of propolis product from Beekeeping (Meliponiculture) in Turi Yogyakarta Indonesia

Medicinal bio-products have been used all over the world for the treatment and prevention of various ailments, particularly in developing countries where infectious diseases are endemic and modern health facilities and services are inadequate. There is growing evidence in the correlation of the bio-chemical constituents found in medicinal bio-products with their pharmacological activities. One source of natural bioproduct medicine is propolis from the stingless bee. The objective of this research was to analyze the composition of bioactive compunds found in the methanolic extract of raw propolis from the stingless bee farmed in the meliponiculture practice in Turi, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The raw propolis sample was extracted with methanol by using the soxhlet extractor and the obtained crude methanolic extract was then analyzed using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. The qualitative analyses of the methanolic crude extract using the GC-MS showed that the profile of the propolis’ chromatogram has different types of high and low molecular weight compounds consisting of 26 bioactive compounds which can be categorized in 3 (three) different groups: terpenoids, phenolic, and steroids. Most of the bioactive compounds are found to be biologically important. Futher research is still needed to further analyze the presence of other various bioactive compounds and to confirm and isolate their individual bio-chemical constituents for treatment of various ailment and the bioprospecting of potential antimicrobial drugs.

Recommended dietary allowances, ICMR 2020 guidelines: A practical guide for bedside and community dietary assessment – A review

Assessment of diet bedside and in the community is crucial for the management and prevention of various ailments. Recommended dietary allowances and nutritional requirements of humans is a growing science that keeps changing, hence medical fraternity needs to be updated. ICMR-NIN are the nodal agencies in India for refining and reformulating dietary needs as per the nutritional transition occurring globally. They have published Nutrient Requirements for Indians: Recommended Dietary Allowances and Estimated Average Requirements - A Report of the Expert Group 2020, consisting of vital changes which are developed to satisfy the needs of the healthy population, keeping in view the reduction of disease risk and maintaining optimal health of the population. Most textbooks of community medicine have not yet adopted the newer recommendations and it is crucial that current students follow the paradigm shift which has happened in nutritional needs. The twenty-four-hour (24 hr) semi-quantitative dietary recall method is the preferred dietary assessment method at the bedside and community due to its less administration time and usability even on illiterates. It is considered the best method when there is no patience or motivation to answer food-related questions. Here is an attempt to compile and simplify all required information for dietary assessment from reliable sources in one place which empowers healthcare professionals to perform a dietary assessment.

An Analytical Report of Phytochemical Constituents, Pharmacological Potential, and Toxic Effects of Radish

Vegetables have great significance and importance as they are not only useful as food but on the other hand, vegetables are a vital source in the treatment and prevention of various ailments, a powerful source of minerals, vitamins, antioxidants, fibers, and amino acids, therefore, help to buildup and heal the body. Mainly concerning cruciferous vegetables, have been famous for marked effects of cardio-protective, antimicrobial, and anti-carcinogenic. The environments of Pakistan are amicable for vegetable production. Raphanus sativus generally named radish is a widespread plant all over the world belongs to the Brassicaceae family. Edible R sativus L. Var. caudatus are green color seed pods, utilized for properties attributed to Raphanus. Different chemical constituents are identified from radish. Various researches show that the whole radish plant has significant pharmacological activity. The current review expands ontypes, phytochemical components, and pharmacological potential and toxic outcomes of the radish plant Keywords: Radish, varieties, constituents, pharmacology, uses, toxicity

A new insight in immunomodulatory impact of botanicals in treating avian coccidiosis.

Avian coccidiosis is caused by genus Eimeria (E.) i.e. E. maxima, E. necatrix, E. tenella, E. acervulina, E. brunette and E. mitis and lead to three billion US dollar per year economic loss in poultry industry and reduces the growth performance of birds. To purge undesirable foreign agents, immune system produces a variety of molecules and cells that ultimately neutralize target particles in healthy organisms. However; when this particular system compromises, infection develops and the load of pathogens along with their virulence factors overcome both; innate and adaptive immune systems. Livestock and poultry sectors are important part of agriculture industry worldwide. Due to excessive use of chemotherapeutic agents, pathogens have developed resistance against these agents leading to the great economic losses. Numerous therapeutic approaches are in routine process for the treatment and prevention of various ailments but irrational use of antibiotics/chemicals has raised alarming concerns, like the development of drug resistant strains, residual effects in ultimate users and environmental pollution. These problems have led to the development of alternatives. In this regard, anticoccidial vaccine can be used as an alternative but due to high cost of production, plant derived biological response modifiers and antioxidants compounds are considered as a promising alternative. This review summarizes the immunotherapeutic effects of different compounds particularly with reference to avian coccidiosis.

A review of the pharmacological activities and protective effects of Inonotus obliquus triterpenoids in kidney diseases

Abstract Kidney diseases are common health problems worldwide. Various etiologies ultimately lead to the development of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. Natural compounds from herbs or medicinal plants are widely used for therapy and prevention of various ailments, among which is Inonotus obliquus. I. obliquus is rich in triterpenoids and the main active ingredients include betulinic acid, trametenolic acid, inotodiol, and ergosterol. New evidence suggests that I. obliquus triterpenes may be an effective drug for the treatment and protection of various kidney diseases. The aim of this review is to highlight the pharmacological activities and potential role of I. obliquus triterpenes in the kidney disease treatment and protection.

Iridoids Analysis by Different Analytical Techniques and its Role as Pharmacologic Agents: A Review

Abstract: Iridoids are monoterpenoids classed with a cyclopentanopyran framework and detected in various plants and certain special animals. In plants, it exists as glycosides, generally bound to glucose. Around six hundred iridoid glycosides are available in fifty-seven families of plants. Iridoids are abundant in dicotyledonous plants belonging to the Diervillaceae, Loganiaceae, Apocynaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Lamiaceae, and Rubiaceae families. Analytical techniques like chromatography, NMR, UPLC, etc., are used for the identification, separation, and estimation of either herbal extracts or formulations of iridoids. Advanced analytical techniques are useful for precise and accurate quantification of active ingredients responsible for therapeutic effects. They can be achieved by a developed and validated robust analytical method. Iridoids have shown diverse pharmacological properties. Some of the important activities are immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and cardio-protective effects. The other important activities are antimicrobial, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, anticancer, choleretic, antispasmodic, and purgative activities attributed to iridoids. There were not many efforts made in the past to gather and review the literature on various aspects of iridoids. This review article has collected a myriad of literature on old and advanced analytical techniques, including method development and validation of methods for quantitative and qualitative analysis of iridoids. The review also emphasizes the role of iridoids in the prevention of various ailments.

Traditional and Herbal Medicines: Opportunities and Challenges

Pharmacognosy Research,2022,14,2,107-114.DOI:10.5530/pres.14.2.15Published:April 2022Type:Review ArticleAuthors:Sachin Saggar, Prince Ahad Mir, Nishant Kumar, Apporva Chawla, Jasreen Uppal, Shilpa, and Anmoldeep Kaur Author(s) affiliations:Sachin Saggar1, Prince Ahad Mir2,*, Nishant Kumar3, Apporva Chawla4, Jasreen Uppal5, Shilpa6, Anmoldeep Kaur7 1Department of Pharmaceutics, Amritsar Group of Colleges, Punjab, INDIA. 2Department of Pharmacognsoy and Phytochemistry, Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Punjab, INDIA. 3Department of Pharmaceutics, Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Punjab, INDIA. 4Department of Pharmacology, Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Punjab, INDIA. 5Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Punjab, INDIA. 6Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amritsar Group of Colleges, Punjab, INDIA. 7Department of Pharmacology, Amritsar Group of Colleges, Punjab, INDIA. Abstract:Background: Since ancient times natural herbs were extensively used for the treatment and prevention of various ailments and in past few decades, due to an extensive research in traditional system of medicine various herbal medicines have been developed for the prevention and treatment of diseases, which are environmentally, organically safe and inexpensive. Indian sub-continent has a good capability to tackle the task of meeting the worldwide demand for such products due to its rich wealth in case of herbal medicine. Historically, Indian people conventionally played a vital role in the development and management of these biological sources and also preserve their pertinent data that were accumulated via trial and error over centuries. Objectives: Due to tremendous global resurgence in traditional and alternative healthcare systems, the market for herbal medicines has grown at an impressive rate and therefore has great economic importance. However, the primary barriers to the expansion of herbal medicine include biodiversity loss, over-exploitation and improper use of medicinal plants, industrialization, biopiracy, and a lack of regulation and infrastructure. For the expansion of herbal medicine usage in the twenty-first century, conservation, proper research based on traditional knowledge, quality control of herbal medicine, and correct documentation are required. Methods: The desired and encouraging testifying items for systematically evaluated reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) standards were opted. A literature exploration was accomplished utilizing SCIENCE DIRECT, SCOPUS and GOOGLE SCHOLAR to locate articles for the present scenario about traditional and herbal medicines. Conclusion: The availability and type of conventional medicine safety and effectiveness data are far from sufficient to fulfil the requirements required to support its use globally. This review paper examines the restrictions and issues associated with conservation, science and technology, regulatory constraints, potential usage of herbal medicines, the drug production industry, safety and efficacy, and the prospects for traditional remedies on a nationally and internationally scale. Key words: Traditional medicines, Herbal medicines, Healthcare system, Regulatory constraints, Traditional Knowledge, Quality control. View:PDF (205.35 KB)

Study of Drug Use Evaluation and Bleeding Risk of Anticoagulants by Has-Bled In Geriatrics

Anticoagulant therapy being the most conventional form of therapeutic intervention is the cornerstone for the treatment and prevention of various ailments including Atrial Fibrillation (AF), Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS), Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) and patients undertaking cardiac procedures1. Bleeding is the principal complication of anticoagulants even though used within its therapeutic limit. An innovative tool HAS-BLED score come up with the assessment of bleeding risk among patients under anticoagulant therapy supporting the physicians in a better clinical decision making2,3. The objective is to evaluate drug use and bleeding risk of anticoagulant drugs using HAS-BLED Score among geriatric patients. A prospective observational study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital among hundred patients for a period of six months. It was found that 61% were males and 49% were females. Most of the patients were from the age group of 65-70 (53%), 71-75 (31%) and least less than 75 (16%). The most commonly prescribed dosage form was parenteral (79%) and drug was heparin (52%). The bleeding risk of twenty patients taking warfarin was assessed using HAS- BLED Score, the risk categories shows greater than or equal to 3 (60%) high risk and score between 1-2 (40%) moderate risk. Drug use pattern of anticoagulants needs uninterrupted and repeated surveillance not only to discern therapeutic efficacy but also to scrutinize potential adverse drug reaction. From the HAS-BLED score distribution of patients taking warfarin conveys the need to monitor the parameters especially INR before and after initiation of anticoagulant therapy. Keywords: Drug Use Evaluation, Anticoagulant Therapy, HAS-BLED Score, Atrial Fibrillation, Bleeding Risk, Warfarin

VARIATIONS IN ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF SYZYGIUM CUMINI OF DIFFERENT GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS

The emergence of antibiotic resistance and the evolution of new strains of disease causing agents, are of highly concern to the global health community. Plants are potential source of antimicrobial agents. They have been used traditionally for prevention of infections caused by micro-organisms. Description of Krimighana herbs enumerated in Ayurveda classics is suggestive towards the importance of this group of medicine. Jambu (Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels) is a member of Myrtaceae family. In Raja Nighantu it is mentioned that plant Jambu is having Kriminashaka property. It has been widely used medicine in the prevention of various ailments like cough, Dysentary, Diabetes, inflammation and ringworm. It is well established fact that geographical variations effects the potential and activity of medicinal herbs. Hence, the present study was undertaken to investigate Syzygium cumini procured from different geographical locations including Delhi, Rajasthan and Maharashtra for their potential activity against human infections caused by pathogens. Method The aqueous extract of Syzygium cumini of all the three areas was prepared. The activity of the plant extract was evaluated against nine bacterial pathogens and one fungal strain, which include Staphyllococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumonia and Candida albicans. The activity was carried out using Disk diffusion method. Result and Conclusion: All samples of Syzygium cumini showed potential antimicrobial activity against four pathogens including Staphyllococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. MIC was also evaluated against the tested pathogenic strains. The sample from Maharashtra showed MIC i.e. 80µg, 40µg, 80µg against Staphyllococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Candida albicans respectively which is less as compare to sample from Rajasthan and Delhi. Region wise sample from Maharashtra showed good ZOI and MIC.

A Review on Impact of Medicinal Plants on the Treatment of Oral and Dental Diseases.

Plants play a vital role in the general wellbeing of an individual. Globally plants are habitually used by the people for the treatment and prevention of various ailments. There is an increased attempt made from ancient days to prevent the disease occurrence rather than to treat it. Through the development of modern scientific procedures, it is now identified that the usage of plants in different forms promotes the health of the patient. Oral and dental hygiene is the primary factor of a human being to lead a healthy life. Poor diet, nutrition and improper hygienic practices lead to teeth and gum diseases, dental cavities and plaque etc., Use of herbal extracts and their products in day-to-day life is a promising and interesting alternative to synthetic compounds to control oral diseases. The present review summarizes the usage of medicinal plants in the treatment and prevention of oral and dental diseases in different aspects.

Review Importance of Herbal Plants in the Management of Urolithiasis

Medicinal plants have been known for millennia and are highly esteemed across the world as an abundant source of therapeutic agents for prevention of various ailments. Today large number of population is suffering from urinary calculi, kidney stone and gall stone. Stone disease has gained increasing relevance as a consequence to changes in living conditions, due to malnutrition and industrialization. Changes in incidence and prevalence, the occurrence of stone types and stone location, and the way in which stone removal are explained. Therapeutic plants (Armoracia lopathifolia, Cassia fistula, Diospyros melaoxylon etc.) are being used from centuries because of its safety, efficacy, ethnical acceptability and less side effects when compared with synthetic drugs. The present review deals with options to be followed for the potential of medicinal plants in stone dissolving activity.

A review of pharmacognostic, physicochemical, phytochemical and pharmacological studies on Ficus bengalensis L.

Since the birth of humans on this planet, plants have been utilized for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of various ailments. Ficus bengalensis L., belonging to family Moraceae, commonly known as Banyan tree, is one the most utilized plants. It is a very large tree with spreading branches bearing multiple aerial roots hanging downward. In traditional systems of medicines, various plant parts such as stem bark, aerial roots, vegetative buds, leaves, fruits and latex are used in diabetes, dysentery, seminal weakness, menorrhagia, leucorrhoea, erysipelas, nervous disorders, burning sensation, hemorrhages and applied topically on pimples, abscesses, wounds, ulcers, sores, cracked soles of the feet and rheumatic inflammations. Pharmacognostic studies have been done to set its quality control parameters and various phytochemicals viz. phytosterols, anthocyanidin derivatives, fatty acids, amino acids, polysaccharides, flavonoids, flavonols, leucoanthocyanidins and triterpenoids have been identified and isolated. This plant is reported to possess many useful pharmacological activities also viz. antihyperglycemic, antidiabetic, Antihyperlipidemic, hypocholesterolemic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antibacterial, antifungal, larvicidal, anti-diarrhoeal, antimutagenic, antioxidant, cytotoxic, hepatoprotective, anti-arthritic, antiallergic and immunostimulatory. The present review is an effort to give a detailed survey of the literature on its ethnomedical uses, pharmacognosy, physicochemical parameters, phytochemistry, pharmacological studies and other commercial uses.

Effect of Aqueous Extracts of Mangifera indica linn. on the Testes of Adult Male Wistar Rats

The use of various medicinal plants in the treatment and prevention of various ailments especially in developing countries of the world cannot be overlooked. Among these medicinal plants is Mangifera indica linn. whose effect on reproductive parameters of male Wistar rats was studied in this research. Adult male wistar rats used in the study were within the weight range 150-175kg, and were divided into two groups - Group 1(G1) rats were untreated and served as control, while Group 2 (G2) were experimental rats and were orally given 10mg/kg of the aqueous extract of Mangifera indica for a period of six weeks. In the research, body weight changes were measured throughout the six weeks and it was observed at the end of the sixth week that there was a drastic reduction in the weight of the animals. It was also observed in the micrograph taken that the tunica albunigea and the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubule had been distorted, the sertoli cells and the spermatogonic cells were reduced thereby becoming scanty, there were also little and in some areas no spermatids and spermatozoa, giving a clear hyaline degeneration. It could be concluded from the above observations that mangifera indica leaf extract has adverse effects on some male reproductive parameters.

The costs of physical inactivity in the world: a general review

There is convincing evidence in the scientific literature of the effectiveness of regular physical activity and physical exercise in the conservation of health and the prevention of various ailments. However, studies into the association between costs of medical services and physical inactivity have not been duly addressed. International studies have quantified these costs and revealed the association between physical activity and/or sedentary behavior. Therefore, this review sought to gather information available from several countries and analyze the global costs associated with physical inactivity over the past few decades. The results of twenty-four original and well-researched articles in nine countries, including Brazil, were analyzed. The results showed that physical inactivity, irrespective of the method of classification, is burdensome to the economy of health worldwide, and directly responsible for the high cost of medication, the incidence of hospitalization and the frequency of medical appointments. The costs of the group of the physically inactive population affected by chronic diseases feature among the major components of the total costs involved in public health.

Pharmacognostic, physicochemical, phytochemical and pharmacological studies on Careya arborea Roxb.; A review

Since the birth of humans on this planet, plants have been utilized for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of various ailments. C. arborea belonging to family Lecythidaceae is one the most utilized plants. It is a tree having large sessile yellowish flowers and large green berry type fruits with persistent style and calyx. Traditionally is has been used to treat cough and cold, infertility, jaundice developed after delivery, piles, blood dysentery, scorpion sting, sores in intestine, bed sores, ear pain, snake bite, inflammation, ulcer, spermatorrhoea and wounds in humans and corneal opacity and weakness in animals. Many pharmacological activities of this plant are reported viz. antidiarrhoeal, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, hypoglycemic, antibacterial, antifungal, antileishmanial, α-glucosidase inhibitory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, cytotoxic, CNS depressant and anticoagulant. Various phenolic compounds, sterols, terpenes, saponins and tannins have been isolated from this plant. Pharmacognostic studies for its authentication have also been carried out. Hamdard Ghutti® is one of the available polyherbal formulations containing C. arborea. This review provides adequate information about ethnomedicinal uses, general morphology, pharmacognostic and physicochemical parameters, phytoconstituents, pharmacological properties, and available formulations of this plant.

Antimycobacterial effects of African medicinal plants Terminalia brownii and Terminalia laxiflora

Terminalia brownii and Terminalia laxiflora are popular medicinal plants in Africa, used for treatment and prevention of various ailments and diseases, among them tuberculosis and related symptoms. Decoctions of the leaves, bark and roots are used against cough in Sudan. Tuberculosis is common in sub-Saharan Africa and the incidence of antibiotic resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis is increasing. New antimycobacterial compounds could be found from African medicinal plants. The purpose of this study was to investigate the growth inhibitory effects of extracts of different polarities of T. brownii and T. laxiflora against Mycobacterium smegmatis using modified agar disk diffusion and microdilution methods [1,2]. M. smegmatis is commonly applied as a model organism due to its similarity to M. tuberculosis as well as its relative resistance to rifampicin. Acetone extracts of the leaves and cold water extracts of the roots of T. brownii gave significant growth inhibitory effects with inhibition zones of 27.0 and 26.7 mm and MIC 2500 and 5000 µg/ml, respectively. In addition, hot water decoctions of the roots of T. brownii gave significant growth inhibitory results. Compared to stem wood, bark and leaf extracts, the root of T. laxiflora gave the best antimycobacterial effects and especially acetone (MIC 625 µg/ml), methanol and ethyl acetate extracts (MIC 1250 µg/ml) gave good activities. A hot water decoction of T. laxiflora roots showed slight antimycobacterial activity. Our results support the traditional uses of the roots of T. brownii as hot water decoctions for treatment of tuberculosis and cough.

Pathophysiology of kidney, gallbladder and urinary stones treatment with herbal and allopathic medicine: A review

Medicinal plants have been known for millennia and are highly esteemed all over the world as a rich source of therapeutic agents for the prevention of various ailments. Today large number of population suffers from kidney stone, gall stone and urinary calculi. Stone disease has gained increasing significance due to changes in living conditions i.e. industrialization and malnutrition. Changes in prevalence and incidence, the occurrence of stone types and stone location, and the manner of stone removal are explained. Medicinal plants are used from centuries due to its safety, efficacy, cultural acceptability and lesser side effects as compared to synthetic drugs. The present article deals with measures to be adopted for the potential of medicinal plants in stone dissolving activity. The problem of urinary stones or calculi is a very ancient one and many remedies have been employed during the ages these stones are found in all parts of the urinary tract, the kidney, the ureters and the urinary bladder and may vary considerably in size. In the present article, an attempt has been made to emphasis on herbal option for urinary stone.