Prevention Of Spillage Research Articles

The Effect of The Presence of Agrochemical and Leachates in Ground Water on Public Health

Purpose: This study assesses the effects of agrochemical and leachates present in and Ground water on public health in Niger state and its environs, to carry out this study four research were raised for the study with four research questions and four research hypotheses.
 Methodology: The physicochemical parameters of ground water of four study in four different point area namely Minna, Suleja, Bida and Lapai. The ground water was collected from the wells located in these study Area during the months of February 2019 to November 2019. The depth of the bore wells ranged from 10-12m in all these stations. Chemical analysis of the water samples was carried out with a view to determine the chemical constituents of the water and the level of pollution in the project area. Thirteen (13) parameters were examined in sixteen water samples collected.
 Findings: Physio-chemical parameters present in the various study area were considered to be insignificant hence the results also indicated that groundwater within the range of the study area had less concentration of agrochemical. Except electrical conductivity (EC), in W3 which was found to be lower than the1000 S/cm recommended by the WHO while W1, W2 and W4 were found to be higher than the world health organization standard. 
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: This study however recommended that Good Agricultural Practice (GAP), proper timing and application of exact quantity of agrochemicals needed by crops and prevention of spillage during application should continue to be practice.

Laparoscopic Management of Hepatic Hydatid Cyst at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University

Background: Laparoscopic management of hydatid cyst in the liver is now becoming popular with the introduction of modern devices like Pallanivelue Hydatid Cyst Cannula System that makes the procedure easier, safe, and acceptable. The laparoscopic approach is not only a cosmetic issue; it also prevents the recurrence rate by preventing spillage and complete removal of endocyst. Objective: Here we assess the Laparoscopic management of hydatid cyst in the liver of 30 cases at the Department of General Surgery. Methods: It is a prospective study having ages ranging from 18 to 65 years were included in this study, from April 2015 to March 2020. Laparoscopic endocystectomy was performed in all cases with deroofing of the cyst wall and observed the outcome of the procedure. All the cases were diagnosed clinically and confirmed by ultrasonography and CT scan. Results: A total of 30 patients, 13 males, and 17 were females. The most common presenting complaints were pain in the abdomen in 20(66.66 %), a lump in the right upper abdomen in 18(60 %), jaundice 2(10 %). Hepatic Hydatid cyst diagnosed by USG, CT scan, and serological test were included in this study. The distribution of cyst sizes was: 1-5 cm 3; 6-10 cm 8; 11-15 cm 10; > 15 cm 9 patients. Abdominal ultrasound and CT scan were done to confirm the diagnosis of hepatic hydatid cyst in all patients. The right lobe was involved in 25(83.33 %), left lobe in 4(13.33 %) with both lobes in 1(3.33 %). Intraoperative complications 5(16.66%). Per operative bleeding 1(3.33%), spillage 2(6.66%), and cystic biliary communication 2(6.66%). The main operating time was 95(60-120) minutes. The mean duration of hospital stay was 5.22(3-10) days. Conclusion: The laparoscopic cyst evacuation and omentoplasty using PHS are safe for treating the hydatid cyst of the liver in the selected patients, while addressing all the conventional surgical principles of treating the hydatid cysts, like aspiration, prevention of spillage, sterilization of cysts, and partial deroofing. It aids early recovery with good cosmetic results. PHS is an ideal method for single or multiple hydatid cysts of the liver with minimal complications and morbidity.

Radical Laparoscopic Treatment for Liver Hydatidosis

General surgeons have traditionally been comfortable using intracavitary (i.e., the cavity of the cyst) approaches to the management of hydatidosis of the liver. Many ingenious approaches (including the use of a liposuction machine [1]) have been proposed to make the surgery easy and safe, with the prevention of spillage and anaphylaxis given the highest priority. The emergence of laparoscopic liver surgery did not radically affect this approach, with surgeons focusing on effective cyst decompression while preventing spillage by chemical sterilization of the parasites in situ. Surgeons practicing in endemic zones see more complex cases of the disease, with multiple, large cysts, those presenting with complications like abscess or rupture, or those mimicking malignancy. In situations like these, more radical approaches are not rare, although they are still unusual, as exemplified by the article by Ramia et al. [2] in this issue of World Journal of Surgery. It seems like a Hobson’s choice to attempt a total cyst excision through a non-anatomical liver resection and thus to risk bleeding, versus trying a safer intracavitary approach with its risks of spillage and recurrence. The lack of hard evidence on this subject does not help us. While several studies have shown the efficacy of laparoscopic liver resection, this is probably an example of a procedure better reserved for an ivory tower setting or a high-volume center. A liver surgeon with an occasional patient harboring a large cyst is better off doing a standard cystectomy, rather than trifling with a reluctant pericyst and its vascular rage. This is an age of the pervasive invasiveness of minimally invasive hi-tech gadgets. Can we not visualize a patient with a large hydatid cyst in the right lobe of the liver being dealt with by an enthusiastic young laparoscopic surgeon keen to try out the latest fad of radical cystectomy with the latest energy device (that purportedly would effortlessly fry all vessels, major and otherwise)? Such a situation would likely be a setting for a surgical disaster. In the Third World, this would likely be associated with loss of limb health, property, and mental peace, all affecting the care providers [3]. The reader would do well to note that most of these radical procedures would be feasible and safer when performed in the left lobe of the liver. The deep, intraparenchymal cyst is another beast, and needs a separate, preferably very experienced tamer. Having burnt several fingers in the flames lit by offended inferior phrenic, hepatic, and caval veins, this writer is obliged to strike a warning note of caution, while applauding the Spanish results of this radical approach.

Inflammatory pseudotumour secondary to spilled intra-abdominal gallstones

INTRODUCTIONSpillage of calculi in the abdomen is frequent during Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy (LC). Though uncommon, these stones may lead to early or late complications. We describe a rare case of spilled gallstone presenting four years after the index procedure, with a mass in the parietal wall mimicking a neoplastic lesion. PRESENTATION OF CASEA 50 year old male presented with a mass in the right upper quadrant for the past 2 years. His past surgical history included a LC done four years ago. Intraoperative procedural details of the surgery were not available. A Computed Tomography (CT) scan showed an extrahepatic mass in the subdiaphragmatic space extending onto the soft tissues of the parietal wall. He underwent laparoscopic piecemeal excision of this organized mass. His post operative period was uneventful and he was pain-free on follow up. DISCUSSIONGallbladder perforation can occur due to excessive traction during retraction or during dissection from the liver bed. It can also occur during extraction from the abdomen. Infected bile, pigment gallstones, male gender, advanced age, perihepatic location of spilled gallstones, more than 15 gallstones and an average size greater than 1.5cm have been identified as risk factors for complications. Definitive treatment is surgery with excision of the organized inflammatory mass and extraction of gallstones to avoid future recurrence. CONCLUSIONSpilled gallstones can be a diagnostic challenge and can cause significant morbidity to the patient. Clear documentation of spillage and explanation to the patient is of utmost importance, as this will enable prompt recognition and treatment of any complications. Prevention of spillage is the best policy.

Observation on clinical effect of prevention of spillage after conducting injection by using an insulin pen

目的 探讨胰岛素注射完毕之后两种拔针方法对漏液情况的影响.方法 将同期住院的糖尿病施行胰岛素治疗的病人随机分为两组,观察组注射完药液后停留5 s,退出一半针头后再停留5 s然后拔出.对照组注射完胰岛素停留10 s后将针头直接拔出.结果 观察组注射后漏液的情况低于对照组(P 0.05),而对照组的拔针方法与注射部位有关(P<0.01).结论 使用胰岛素注射笔拔针时先在体内停留5 s,将针头拔出一半后再停留5 s减少了注射后漏液的情况,使胰岛素能充分利用,稳定降糖的效果,为病人减轻经济负担。

Prevention of spillage by adding chemotherapeutic drugs into transfusion bottles under negative pressure

目的 总结先天性食管闭锁患儿围手术期的护理.方法治疗先天性食管闭锁26例,术前需预防及治疗吸人性肺炎,加强营养,维持水电解质平衡,提高手术耐受力.术后加强生命体征监护,强化气道管理,注意补液的量和速度,注意防止并发症,保证热量供给并给予合理喂养.结果 22例患儿治愈并获随访,生长发育正常,2例因术后肺炎、硬肿症加重而死亡,2例因吻合口瘘放弃治疗.结论加强围手术期的综合护理,能积极有效地预防及治疗并发症,是提高食管闭锁患儿成活率和生命质量的关键措施之一。

PLANNING FOR MINIMUM OIL-SPILL RISK: ESTERO BAY DEEPWATER TERMINAL AND PIPELINE

ABSTRACT Estero Bay, California, located midway between San Francisco and Los Angeles, may be the site of the first deepwater terminal in the United States capable of handling tankers larger than 200,000 deadweight tons. The ships would be moored 2.6 miles from shore at a single point mooring (SPM). Crude oil would be transferred to the San Francisco Bay area by a 280-mile pipeline. One of the first questions asked by most permitting organizations is, what is the chance of an oil spill and how would you clean it up. The environmental studies for the project have addressed this question with particular attention to the prevention of spillage and, secondarily, to the cleanup equipment and organization required in the event that spillage should occur. Equal consideration is being given to the operational procedures, including use of owner-trained mooring masters. A plan for manpower organization and the pooling of people during an emergency has been developed.

The Management of Genito-Urinary Tuberculosis

Abstract(1) Urogenital tuberculosis is of hematogenous origin and is never primary.(2) Tuberculosis is not limited to the genitourinary tract; therefore close cooperation with the internist is essential.(3) Miliary lesions may cause tubercle bacilluria with normal pyelographic findings.(4) Healing of renal tuberculosis by calcification (“true autonephrectomy”) or by slough of caseous material rarely occurs.(5) The commonly employed cleansing and sterilizing agents fail to remove acid-fast bacilli from ureteral catheters, a possible source of diagnostic error.(6) Bilateral retrograde pyelography is not contraindicated in tuberculosis.(7) Sanatorium care is important, pre- and postoperatively.(8) Surgical details of nephrectomy and ureterectomy include: proper preparation, anesthesia, transfusion, oxygen therapy and atraumatic technic (rib resection, removal of perirenal fat, ureterectomy).(9) Sinuses, fistulas, amyloidosis, cystitis, meningitis, postoperative spreads and bilateral renal tuberculosis are discussed.(10) Cutaneous ureterostomy plays an important role as a palliative procedure.(11) Nephrostomy has been found to be safe and beneficial when indicated.(12) Genital tuberculosis occurred in 14.4 per cent of male autopsies, of which 95.2 per cent showed prostatic involvement.(13) Medical treatment of genital tuberculosis is unsatisfactory.(14) Radical removal of the entire genital tract (Young) appears logical for patients with a satisfactory pulmonary status. No favorable case has been admitted on our service.(15) Epididymectomy or orchidectomy is advisable to prevent traumatizing of these exposed tuberculous foci.(16) Surgery for the tuberculosis of the external genitals requires attention to anesthesia, prevention of spillage, removal of sinus tract, preservation of blood supply, proper dependent drainage, and satisfactory scrotal support.