Prevention Of Rape Research Articles

EU approach towards violence against women and domestic violence – new EU Directive

European Union (EU) approach towards violence against women and domestic violence is analyzed through interconnection with principles of gender equality and nondiscrimination. The combination of gender-based discrimination and gender inequality with other forms of discrimination (economic, political, etc.) very often result in specific forms of violence against women. EU acceded the Istanbul Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence of the Council of Europe in June 2023, which was spiritus movens for the adoption of the new EU Directive in this field. Achievements and shortcomings of this Directive are presented, as well as its significance within existing relevant EU primary and secondary legislation. New legislation criminalizes the following offences across the EU: female genital mutilation, forced marriage, non-consensual sharing of intimate images, cyber stalking, cyber harassment and cyber incitement to hatred or violence. However, criminalization of rape is lacking due to the absence of agreement of the constitutional element of sexual consent. Instead, prevention of rape and raising awareness of the importance of central role of consent are included. Taking into account the problem of secondary victimization, the Directive regulates rules on the measures of assistance and protection to victims that are to be secured by Member States, who are obliged to implement Directive in three years period. Directive gains special significance when taking into account relevant official data on violence against women in the EU. This Directive is to be considered the step forward in the direction of realization of gender equality de facto.

Sex Crimes and Victim Blaming: How to Stop It

This article addresses the issue of victim blaming in sex crimes. It examines the causes that lead people to blame rape victims and the consequences of victim blaming, including its impact on the mental health and well-being of survivors. The findings of the study revealed that to prevent rape and sexual assault, it is imperative to educate men on the prevention of rape and to challenge traditional gender roles. Parents should be made aware of the potential dangers of gender socialization. Women and girls should never be instructed to alter their behavior or attire. This approach may inadvertently convey the notion that their actions are a cause of rape or sexual assault. In the event of rape or sexual assault, it is crucial to provide support to the victim. It is also essential to cease the practice of blaming victims. The perpetrator is solely responsible and should be held accountable. To eradicate rape, it is essential that individuals recognize the potential for men and women to coexist as equals. Finally, the article suggests some strategies to challenge victim blaming.

Epidemiological pattern of rape cases managed at a regional hospital in South Africa.

South Africa has one of the highest incidences of rape globally. Understanding the epidemiological pattern of rape is needed to inform the design of effective intervention programmes for rape prevention and management of alleged rape cases. To investigate important epidemiological patterns associated with rape in Kimberly, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. The Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe Hospital (RMSH) forensic unit. A descriptive, retrospective cross-sectional clinical audit of rape cases. The majority (93.3%) of the alleged rape victims were women, with a mean age (SD) of 21.6 years (11.3); the male population made up 6.7% of the cases, with a mean age (SD) of 10.5 years (6.9). The highest incidence of alleged rape in the male population was seen in the age group ≤ 16 years (81.8%) and for women 17-30 years (50.3%). Most of the incidents occurred at the perpetrators' homes (42.7%); on the days Fridays (14.6%), Saturdays (29.9%) and Sundays (23.2%); at night up to midnight 20:00-23:59 (32.9%) (p = 0.01) and involved threats of violence (55.5%). The majority (56.0%) of the perpetrators were known to the victims. Important information about the victims and circumstances in which rape occurs as reported herein can be used to inform the design of effective intervention programmes for sexual crime prevention and management in Kimberly, South Africa. This study helped to advance knowledge and understanding of the epidemiological pattern associated with rape in Kimberley, Northern Cape Province of South Africa.

иктимологическая профилактика изнасилований

В статье рассматривается понятие виктимологической профилактики, ее особенности и значение при предупреждении таких преступлений, как изнасилования. Определяются основные направления ее реализации, приводится статистика, анализируется эффективность практической реализации. Методологической основой исследования выступили такие общенаучные методы, как диалектический метод, метод анализа, синтеза, индукции, дедукции, а также частнонаучные методы (сравнительно-аналитический, статистический, историко-правовой, формально-юридический). The article discusses the concept of victimological prevention, its features and significance in the prevention of crimes such as rape. The study determines the main directions of prevention implementation, provides statistics, and analyzes the effectiveness of practical implementation. The methodological basis of the research is such general scientific methods as the dialectical method, the method of analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, as well as private scientific methods (comparative-analytical, statistical, historical-legal, formal-legal).

Adverse Childhood Experiences, Aggression, Empathy, and Psychopathology in Adult Males Accused of Rape.

Background:Investigating the underlying psychosocial factors is a cornerstone of planning need-based intervention for adult males accused of rape. Unresolved debates on its etiology, mediation, or interaction among causal psychosocial variables fuel curiosity to scrutinize it further. Hence, we studied potential influence of and relation between adverse childhood experiences, aggression, empathy, and psychopathology in adult males accused of rape in India and investigated the risk factors for the same.Methods:With a correlational research design, 40 literate and consenting adult males medically confirmed for rape were recruited using convenient sampling. The assessment was done on Adverse Childhood Experiences, Aggression Questionnaire, Symptom Checklist-90, and Interpersonal Reactivity Index. Descriptive statistics, Pearson’s product–moment correlation, and stepwise linear regression analysis were calculated.Results:Approximately 75% of the participants experienced at least one category of Adverse Childhood Experiences. Scores above cut-off points were obtained on anger, hostility, fantasy, and personal distress. Significant correlations were obtained between adverse childhood experiences and psychopathology; between hostility and psychopathology, perspective taking, and personal distress; and in case of indirect aggression, with perspective taking and empathetic concerns. Regression analysis revealed that an increase in Symptom Checklist-90 global scores increases hostility and that lower personal distress predicts higher scores on hostility on Aggression Questionnaire.Conclusions:Adverse childhood experiences, aggression, and psychopathology play a critical role and, therefore, should be included as core components of the prevention of rape or relapse prevention programs at the community level.

Masculine honour beliefs and volunteering to prevent rape versus volunteering to help women who have been raped

ABSTRACT This research examined how masculine honour beliefs (MHB) relate to individuals’ intentions to volunteer for organisations that aim to prevent rape or to provide services to women who have been raped. We predicted both men and those higher in MHB would be more supportive of efforts intended to prevent rape and less supportive of efforts intended to provide support to women who have been raped. Participants (N = 195) were recruited at a large Midwestern university and indicated their willingness to volunteer for ten organisations, three of which addressed either the prevention of rape or the provision of support to women who have been raped. Participants also reported their adherence to individual difference variables, including MHB. Our results supported our hypotheses, suggesting that for both men and those higher in MHB, protecting women from rape, or deterring and preventing rape, appears more important than supporting women who have been raped. This research extends our understanding of how gender roles and MHB relate to perceptions of rape, its prevention, and its consequences.

Analysis of Criminal Law Sanctions' Application Against Statutory Rape from the Positive Law Perspective on Ambon Island and Lease Islands

The purpose of this study was to analyze the application of criminal law sanctions against statutory rape in Indonesia. The analysis employed a positive law perspective and an empirical legal approach. The research data consisted of verbal utterances and observation results collected from Criminal Investigators at the Ambon Island and Lease Islands’ police stations. Data analysis was carried out through (1) data reduction, (2) data display, and (3) conclusion. The results of this study indicate that criminal sanctions against statutory rape in Indonesia are applied through the process of investigation, visum et repertum, prosecution and summons of suspects and witnesses, statements of criminal penalties for the perpetrators, and prevention of sexual immorality and rape. The criminal sanctions are based on “Law Number 35 of 2014 about Amendments to Law Number 23 of 2002 concerning Child Protection Articles 76D and 81. Keywords: criminal, intercourse, positive law

Institutional commitment to combating sexual violence: The practices and policies of U.S. universities.

By presenting institution-level variables of 118 universities across 50 states and the District of Columbia, we provide a descriptive overview of the types of programs and sexual assault-related data. Specifically, we examine correlations between policies and practices related to sexual assault prevention and reports of rape. As expected, we found that universities with policies pertaining to affirmative consent, alcohol, and inclusive definitions of assault, combined with practices like mandatory training and transparency with campus climate survey findings, also have higher reports of sexual assault.

Analyzing Child Rape in Bangladesh: A Socio-Legal Perspective

AbstractBangladesh is experiencing an epidemic of child rape. Discrimination based on patriarchal philosophies, inadequate rape laws, inadequate policies to address child rape, a conservative criminal justice system, and a conventional judicial environment has culminated in injustice for victims. Laws exist that require severe punishments; however, child rape has not been satisfactorily prevented. Societal norms, stigma, political pressure, money, power, and the critical process of the justice system make it extraordinarily difficult for victims to receive justice. This article describes the reasons why men rape children, including offenders’ psychological conditions and the advantages that men have over the weaker in the criminal justice system, enjoying impunity. While attempting to understand the reasons broadly, statistical data show that the reporting of such crimes has been increasing, but this does not genuinely represent the actual number of crimes committed. The article focuses on social phenomena associated with child rape culture and identifies reasons why crimes are not reported. An in-depth discussion of inappropriate laws for child rape and of the loopholes in these laws demonstrates the hardship that victims face in their fight for justice. Finally, social and legal recommendations for the prevention of child rape are highlighted.

A Review of the Conceptual Issues, Social Epidemiology, Prevention and Control Efforts Relating to Rape in Nigeria.

Rape is an endemic criminal sexual behaviour in Nigeria and its perpetration not only violates survivors' dignity but also compromises their health and wellbeing. The rape-related data used in this traditional literature review are derived mainly from small-scale surveys conducted in Nigeria. The deviant behaviour could be perpetrated against both males and females of various socio-demographic characteristics; however, it is young females that are disproportionately more affected. The determinants of rape include factors that are associated with adverse social, cultural and economic conditions. In Nigeria the prevention and control of the practice involve stakeholders such as parents, Non-governmental Organisations, religious institutions, government ministries as well as government agencies that constitute the criminal justice system. The criminal justice system uses existing legal statutes on rape to arrest, prosecute, adjudicate, and punish offenders. The barriers to the control and prevention of rape in Nigeria include the following: inappropriate perception; social stigmatization; under-reporting; and cumbersome legal requirements needed to establish a case of rape. Strategies with potentials for curbing rape in the country include public enlightenment, multi-sectoral action, advocacy, amendment of rape-related laws; training targeted at personnel in health care and criminal justice systems and formulation of evidence-based policies.

TINJAUAN PERATURAN BUPATI NOMOR: 45 TAHUN 2015 TENTANG TATA CARA PENCEGAHAN DAN PENANGGULANGAN HIV/AIDS TERHADAP PERKEMBANGAN PROSTITUSI KABUPATEN BANYUWANGI

AbstractProstitution is a negative thing. For those who undergo these activities are considered scum of society. But in a certain sense, the existence of prostitution is considered a positive thing. Because the presence of prostitution is able to impact on the prevention of rape. In addition, prostitution activities are also tolerated for reasons of economic factors, whether it is the fulfillment of the economic needs of the family, or other people whose work by utilizing the existence of the prostitution practice. In Banyuwangi Regency, there are 14 locations of prostitution localization. Yet, undetected places as the impact of pathological behavior. By the proliferation of activities just precisely open the door of the most vital and deadly diseases, namely HIV / AIDS. Therefore, in order to handle the HAV / AIDS, the Government of Banyuwangi Regency makes a policy in the form of Regent Regulation of Banyuwangi Number: 45 / 2015, About: The Prevention and Control procedure of HIV / AIDS. The existence of the Government policy of Banyuwangi Regency just precisely impact on the progress of HIV / AIDS case that more increased.Keywords: Prostitution, HIV / AIDS, Banyuwangi Regency

Rape and its Association with Substance Use in Female Students of Hawassa University, Ethiopia

Background: Rape occurs throughout the world and it is a common and serious public health problem affecting millions of women each year. The most common place where rape occurs is school setting and different factors appear to increase women’s vulnerability to rape. The objective of the present study, therefore, was to assess the prevalence of rape and its association with substance use in female university students.Methods: An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted using self-administered anonymous questionnaire in female students of Hawassa University, South Ethiopia. A total of 579 female students were included in the study. The prevalence of rape was determined by counting frequency distributions and logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios with 95% confidence interval (95%CI) using SPSS statistical package for windows.Results: The prevalence of attempted rape was 25.5% and 16.9% since joining the university and in the current academic year, respectively. Similarly, the magnitude of completed rape was 20.7% and 16.5% after joining the university and in the current academic year, respectively. Khat chewing (AOR=3.51, 95%CI: 1.76- 6.97), cigarette smoking (AOR=1.68, 95%CI: 1.23-2.67), alcohol drinking (AOR=2.47: 95%CI: 1.36-4.64), having had drinking friends (AOR=2.15, 95%CI: 1.21-3.82) and using other substances including cocaine (AOR=3.77, 95%CI: 1.41-9.87) were associated with rape in the current academic year.Conclusion: The prevalence of rape among female university students was high. There was significant association between rape and substance use by female university students. Interventions that target prevention of rape, reduction of sources of substance supply and behavioral changes towards substance use and its consequences may benefit female students.

Clinical Study of Rape against Females at the Yaoundé Gyneco-Obstetric and Pediatric Hospital, Cameroun

Objective: To describe the clinical and therapeutic aspects of rape against females in a tertiary level hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with a retrolective collection of data, concerning the female patients with a clinical diagnosis of rape received from January 1st 2008 to December 31st 2012. Results: Rape was confirmed at physical examination in 131 cases. The rape victim survivals were mostly aged less than 20 years (85/131; 64.9%), unmarried (127/131; 97.0%), with no income (95/131; 72.5%) and had no university education level (110/131; 83.9%). The aggression commonly took place during the night (68/131; 51.9%), at the victim’s or aggressor’s home (70/131; 53.4%), with physical constraint (73/131; 55.8%), by an unknown aggressor (88/131; 67.2%). A vaginal penetration was reported by 97.0% of the victims (127/131) while 12.2% of them (16/122) had an anal ingress. Condom usage was uncommon during rape (3/131; 2.3%). Vulvar and vaginal lesions were encountered in 32.8% of the cases (43/131). Only 27.5% (36/131) of the victims were prescribed an emergency contraception, while antiretroviral prophylaxis was administered to 46.6% (61/131) of them. Conclusion: These data might be useful for prevention of rape. The clinical management of survival victims of rape needs to be improved.

Prevalence of and factors associated with non-partner rape perpetration: findings from the UN Multi-country Cross-sectional Study on Men and Violence in Asia and the Pacific.

Rape perpetration is under-researched. In this study, we aimed to describe the prevalence of, and factors associated with, male perpetration of rape of non-partner women and of men, and the reasons for rape, from nine sites in Asia and the Pacific across six countries: Bangladesh, China, Cambodia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and Sri Lanka. In this cross-sectional study, undertaken in January 2011-December 2012, for each site we chose a multistage representative sample of households and interviewed one man aged 18-49 years from each. Men self-completed questions about rape perpetration. We present multinomial regression models of factors associated with single and multiple perpetrator rape and multivariable logistic regression models of factors associated with perpetration of male rape with population-attributable fractions. We interviewed 10,178 men in our study (815-1812 per site). The prevalence of non-partner single perpetrator rape varied between 2·5% (28/1131; rural Bangladesh) and 26·6% (225/846; Bougainville, Papua New Guinea), multiple perpetrator rape between 1·4% (18/1246; urban Bangladesh) and 14·1% (119/846; Bougainville, Papua New Guinea), and male rape between 1·5% (13/880; Jayapura, Indonesia) and 7·7% (65/850; Bougainville, Papua New Guinea). 57·5% (587/1022) of men who raped a non-partner committed their first rape as teenagers. Frequent reasons for rape were sexual entitlement (666/909; 73·3%, 95% CI 70·3-76·0), seeking of entertainment (541/921; 58·7%, 55·0-62·4), and as a punishment (343/905; 37·9%, 34·5-41·4). Alcohol was a factor in 249 of 921 cases (27·0%, 95% CI 24·2-30·1). Associated factors included poverty, personal history of victimisation (especially in childhood), low empathy, alcohol misuse, masculinities emphasising heterosexual performance, dominance over women, and participation in gangs and related activities. Only 443 of 1933 men (22·9%, 95% CI 20·7-25·3) who had committed rape had ever been sent to prison for any period. Rape perpetration committed by men is quite frequent in the general population in the countries studied, as it is in other countries where similar research has been undertaken, such as South Africa. Prevention of rape is essential, and interventions must focus on childhood and adolescence, and address culturally rooted male gender socialisation and power relations, abuse in childhood, and poverty. Partners for Prevention--a UN Development Programme, UN Population Fund, UN Women, and UN Volunteers regional joint programme for gender-based violence prevention in Asia and the Pacific; UN Population Fund Bangladesh and China; UN Women Cambodia and Indonesia; United Nations Development Programme in Papua New Guinea and Pacific Centre; and the Governments of Australia, the UK, Norway, and Sweden.

Understanding gender-based violence perpetration to create a safer future for women and girls.

Worldwide, one in three women experience gender-based violence, which imparts physical, mental, and sexual health morbidities. It also causes mortality--more than a third of homicides of women are attributable to male partners. These data justifiably create global outrage, accentuated by horrific recent high-profile cases, including the brutal gang rape of a student in New Delhi, and the attempted assassination of Pakistani student and education activist Malala Yousafzai. However, mounting of an effective, evidence-based, sustainable response to gender-based violence has proven elusive, partly because of the paucity of data for the population that we need to understand the most: the perpetrators of gender-based violence. Most research into such violence focuses on victimisation, which provides invaluable insight into survivors' experiences, risk factors, and needs for support. However, to put a stop to this global pandemic demands a fundamental understanding, and modification, of the behaviour of gender-based violence perpetrators. Population-based data for men's violence perpetration and its root causes are scarce and are mostly limited to Africa. Analyses of the UN Multi-country Cross-sectional Study on Men and Violence in Asia and the Pacific presented in The Lancet Global Health represent a major advancement in that they describe the epidemiology of perpetration of the main forms of gender-based violence--intimate partner violence and non-partner rape--in a large and generalisable sample from the world's most populous region. Such violence perpetration, including rape by multiple perpetrators, was prevalent, with 25-80% of the men studied perpetrating physical, sexual, or both types of intimate partner violence, and 3-27% committing single perpetrator non-partner rape. The findings offer much-needed direction for prevention and intervention. Targeting of interventions is essential.... Language: en

How We Still Fail Rape Victims: Reflecting on Responsibility and Legal Reform

ABSTRACT Despite over thirty years of rape law reform, rape remains too prevalent, and successful convictions of rapists remain too rare. argue in this Article that we continue to Jail rape victims because we are too quick to give hi to our instinct to blame and less willing to engage in the careful reflection that would lead us to see more profoundly our collective responsibility for this failure. The Article proceeds ill five sections. In Section I, review a number of studies and argue that rape reforms to date, while significant, have nonetheless been inadequate. then discuss the pervasiveness of rape myths about blame, both over time and in the present day. In Section II, extend my analysis to rape in the tort system. Drawing on a recent empirical analysis of jury verdicts arid settlements, as well as interviews with practicing plaintiffs attorneys, argue that unless harm is concrete and visible, we tend to devalue it. In Section III, turn my attention to policymaking. Based on a series of empirical studies, discuss the role of the media and legislators in shaping policy response to sex crimes. argue that the policy response has often been driven by moral panic rather than careful reflection. In Section IV, evaluate why reform has Jailed and suggest that the impulse to blame all men or all men in fraternities is overly simplistic. In Section V, conclude the paper with a reflection on the deeper meanings of rape myths and rape law reform. argue that to find lasting solutions for the problems of sexual violence we must first look inward. Reflection, leading to collective responsibility and collective action, is the best path to reform. ********** [W]e must move on from the reassuring repetition of stale phrases to a new, difficult, but essential confrontation with reality. For the great enemy of truth is very often not the lie--deliberate, contrived and dishonest--but the myth--persistent, persuasive, and unrealistic. Too often we hold fast to the cliches of our forebears. We subject all facts to a prefabricated set of interpretations. We enjoy the comfort of opinion without the discomfort of thought. --John F. Kennedy (1) Can you look at yourself in the mirror and say: I have contributed to the sexual assault of a woman? If you're like me, not only is the answer no, but the very question is offensive. Me, contribute to someone's rape? Never. How dare you! To buttress our responses, we quickly point to other targets. We might blame the victim, pornography, out-of-control men, the media, the courts, or something else--but whatever it is, we make sure that we stay out of harm's way. We know who we are, and we know that it couldn't possibly be us. After all, we're reading a law review article. We're educated. We're working for change. We are open-minded. We are the good guys here ... aren't we? Through a series of publications over the past decade, led in part by Jon Hanson and his colleagues at Harvard Law School's Project on Law and Mind Sciences, scholars have begun to challenge legal academia to confront a discomforting possibility: we don't know ourselves as well as we think we do. Through a situationist approach to legal analysis, Hanson and his collaborators have challenged us to think not only about the law, but about ourselves as well. (2) In this article, employ a situationist approach to revisit the laws of rape and sexual assault. Specifically, argue that reflecting on our response to rape will help us better understand why, despite over three decades of rape law reform, we have failed to make significant progress on preventing rape before it happens and prosecuting rape after it happens. In short, argue that we must all take responsibility for our collective failures in prevention and prosecution of rape. In taking the situationist approach, borrow a line from Hanson and colleagues and encourage the reader to [t]ry to be aware of what you bring to this Article; be aware of how you read, why you are reading, and even that you are reading. …

Odyssey of a Community Psychologist Practitioner

SUMMARY Carolyn Swift has pioneered new professional roles in unconventional settings, including a Midwestern city hall and an interactive TV network. Her career-long interest in the prevention of rape began when she learned of the sexual abuse of adolescent males in the city's jail, and projected the long-term implications of such abuse for reducing its incidence in future generations. She explored the use of QUBE, an experimental interactive TV network, as a platform for teaching prosocial behavior to children-a preliminary step in violence prevention. Empowering women and men in relationships was a theme throughout her career. Her life path reflects her challenge as an early feminist-to combine a devotion to family with a passion to build a more just world.

HIV/AIDS and HCV in prisons: A select annotated bibliography (part 2)

The rates of HIV infection among prisoners in most countries are significantly higher than in the general population. HCV seroprevalence rates are even higher. While most prisoners living with HIV or AIDS and/or HCV contract their infection(s) outside the institutions before imprisonment, there is evidence that the risk of being infected in prison, in particular through sharing of contaminated injecting equipment and through unprotected sex, is great. Outbreaks of HIV infection have been documented in a number of countries. Since the early 1990s, various countries have introduced HIV and, to a lesser extent, HCV prevention programmes in prisons. Part 2 of the select annotated bibliography on HIV/AIDS and HCV in prisons contains selected “essential” articles and reports that provide information about (1) prevalence of HIV, HCV, and risk behaviours in prisons; (2) transmission of HIV and HCV in prisons; and (3) measures aimed at preventing HIV and HCV infection in prisons: education, voluntary testing and counselling, provision of condoms, prevention of rape, sexual violence and coercion and bleach and needle and syringe programmes. Each section also contains a brief review of the evidence, based on recent work undertaken by WHO.

Who Is Most at Risk of Becoming a Convicted Rapist? The Likelihood of a Rape Conviction among the 1966 Birth Cohort in Denmark

The conventional response to the atrocious crime of rape is punishment. However, the aim of criminal justice organizations should be to prevent the behaviour occurring in the first place. Using results from a prospective study of all boys born in 1966 in Denmark where those convicted of rape (N=96) between the ages of 15 and 27 years are compared with those who are not (N=43,307), various risk factors are identified. Identifying risk factors does not produce a panacea but illustrates a possible prevention programme. While recognizing that those convicted of rape may not be representative of all those committing rape, prevention of rape may usefully be associated with enhancing the life chances of fathers and sons, in providing greater support for those who have been in foster/residential care, and in recognizing that parental or personal psychiatric illness may have serious consequences. The fact that the risk factors for future violence are similar to those for rape endorses the point that rape is essentially a violence offence rather than a sex offence. It further demonstrates that prevention programmes for rape will have associated benefits.1

Empirically Enhanced Reflections on 20 Years of Rape Research

Using PsychInfo review of rape and sexual assault publications, the period of greatest fertility coincided with the establishment (1975) and demise (1987) of the National Center for the Prevention and Control of Rape. To document what has been learned and when, the era in which new rape concepts entered the literature is summarized and important developments highlighted. Then, new investigations that are urgently needed are elaborated. The author expresses concern that current federal investment is insufficient to sustain and expand a science workforce adequate to the tasks ahead. Since 1995, more than 1 billion US dollars have been awarded to prosecutors, law enforcement, and community agencies to assist victims of violence. In contrast, between 1996 and 2003, only 14 of 178 (7%) of investigator-initiated grants funded by the Department of Justice and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for violence against women had titles pairing the word sexual with assault, violence, abuse, or rape.