Prevention Of Neurological Disorders Research Articles

Innovation in the prevention of neurological diseases

Innovation in the prevention of neurological diseases

Role of residential greenspace in the trajectory of major neurological disorders: A longitudinal study in UK Biobank

BackgroundStroke and dementia are major neurological disorders that contribute significantly to disease burden and are interlinked in terms of risk. Nevertheless, there is currently no study investigating the influence of residential greenspace on the trajectory of these neurological disorders. MethodsThis longitudinal study utilized data from the UK Biobank. Exposure to residential greenspace was measured by the percentage of total greenspace coverage within a 300-meter buffer zone surrounding the participants' residences. A multistate model was employed to illustrate the trajectory of major neurological disorders, and a piecewise Cox regression model was applied to explore the impact of residential greenspace on different time courses of disease transitions. ResultsWith 422,649 participants and a median follow-up period of 12.5 years, 8568 (2.0 %), 5648 (1.3 %), and 621 (0.1 %) individuals developed incident stroke, dementia, and comorbidity of both conditions, respectively. An increase in residential greenspace by one interquartile range was associated with reduced risks of transitions from baseline to stroke, dementia, and death, as well as from stroke to comorbidity. The corresponding hazard ratios (HRs) were 0.967 (95 % CI: 0.936, 0.998), 0.928 (0.892, 0.965), 0.925 (0.907, 0.942), and 0.799 (0.685, 0.933), respectively. Furthermore, the protective effect of residential greenspace on the transition from stroke or dementia to comorbidity was particularly pronounced within the first year and over 5 years after stroke and during the 2 to 3 years after dementia onset, with HRs of 0.692 (0.509, 0.941), 0.705 (0.542, 0.918), and 0.567 (0.339, 0.949), respectively. ConclusionThis study observed a protective role of residential greenspace in the trajectory of major neurological disorders and contributed to identifying critical progression windows. These findings underscore the significance of environment-health interactions in the prevention of neurological disorders.

Classification Techniques in Machine Learning for Age-related Electroencephalography Data Analysis

Electroencephalography (EEG) is used to measure event-related potentials in neuroscience. Age-related changes can alter the EEG signals as well as neurological diseases. Understanding EEG signals is beneficial to the diagnosis, prediction and prevention of neurological disorders, including neurological rehabilitation and the brain-com­puter interface. EEG data analytic application is a new frontier in neuroscience and neuroengineering. In this review article, EEG analysis during the resting state, working memory tasks and brain aging is briefly discussed. Several clas­sification techniques in machine learning are discussed and compared in terms of aging, including the support vector machine, K-nearest neighbor, decision tree, random forest, multilayer perceptron, logistic model tree and Naïve Bayes. Dealing with big data analysis using machine learning will be a mega trend in the future, including EEG data.

The role of glial glutamate transporter in the baseline synaptic response and short-term synaptic plasticity of CA1 area of the hippocampus in male Wistar rat

Background. Glial cells release different gliotransmitters and response to neurotransmitters released from neurons. These cells especially astrocytes, having different transporters, play an important role in synaptic space homeostasis and synaptic plasticity. In this study, the role of hippocampal glial glutamate transporter (EAAT2) in baseline synaptic response and short term synaptic plasticity were investigated. Methods. In this experimental study, ceftriaxone, EAAT2 activator (0.5mmol/0.5μl), was microinjected intrahippcampally for activation of hippocampal glial glutamate transporter in male wistar rats. Baseline synaptic response and short term synaptic plasticity were evaluated by field potential recording. fEPSP was recorded from CA1 following Schaffer collaterals stimulation. After Input/Output curve construction, short term synaptic plasticity was induced by paired pulse stimulations. Results. Activation of EAAT2 by ceftriaxone microinjection in CA1 did not have any effect on baseline synaptic response (P> 0.05, Two Way ANOVA). There was no significant difference in Paired Pulse Index at 20, 80, and 200 ms inter-pulse interval between ceftriaxone treated and control group (P> 0.05, Two Way ANOVA). Conclusion. The results suggest that hippocampal glial glutamate transporter activation does not have effect on baseline synaptic response and short term synaptic plasticity in CA1 area of the hippocampus. Practical implications. Considering the role of glial cells in regulating the excitability of the nervous system as well as synaptic plasticity, correcting these features of the nervous system by manipulating glial cells can help the treatment or prevention of neurological diseases. In this study, the role of glial cells in the homeostasis of the glutamate in the synaptic space of the hippocampus was evaluated, through the stimulation of its uptake, on the basic synaptic activity and short-term synaptic plasticity.

Prevention of Neurologic Disease with Fasting.

Fasting has been widely studied in both prevention and treatment of many neurologic disorders. Some conditions may be prevented with any type of fasting, while some may require a stricter regimen. Fasting reduces weight, fasting blood glucose, and insulin resistance, and favorably alters the gut biome and the immune system. This article discusses various versions of fasting that have been studied as well as the known and theoretical mechanisms of how fasting effects the body and the brain. This article will then review evidence supporting the potential preventive and treatment effects of fasting in specific neurologic disorders including ameliorating the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, improving cognition in Alzheimer's disease, reducing migraine frequency and intensity, and reducing seizure frequency in epilepsy.

Punicic Acid and Its Role in the Prevention of Neurological Disorders: A Review.

Millions of people worldwide are affected by neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). NDs are characterized by progressive damage and death of nerve cells accompanied by high levels of inflammatory biomarkers and oxidative stress conditions. Punicic acid, the main bioactive component of pomegranate (Punica granatum) seed oil, is an omega-5 isomer of conjugated α-linoleic acid that has shown strong anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects that contributes towards its positive effect against a wide arrange of diseases. Punicic acid decreases oxidative damage and inflammation by increasing the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. In addition, it can reduce beta-amyloid deposits formation and tau hyperphosphorylation by increasing the expression of GLUT4 protein and the inhibition of calpain hyperactivation. Microencapsulated pomegranate, with high levels of punicic acid, increases antioxidant PON1 activity in HDL. Likewise, encapsulated pomegranate formulations with high levels of punicic acid have shown an increase in the antioxidant PON1 activity in HDL. Because of the limited brain permeability of punicic acid, diverse delivery formulations have been developed to enhance the biological activity of punicic acid in the brain, diminishing neurological disorders symptoms. Punicic acid is an important nutraceutical compound in the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s disease.

Quantitative analysis of macroscopic solute transport in the murine brain

BackgroundUnderstanding molecular transport in the brain is critical to care and prevention of neurological disease and injury. A key question is whether transport occurs primarily by diffusion, or also by convection or dispersion. Dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE-MRI) experiments have long reported solute transport in the brain that appears to be faster than diffusion alone, but this transport rate has not been quantified to a physically relevant value that can be compared to known diffusive rates of tracers.MethodsIn this work, DCE-MRI experimental data is analyzed using subject-specific finite-element models to quantify transport in different anatomical regions across the whole mouse brain. The set of regional effective diffusivities (D_{eff}), a transport parameter combining all mechanisms of transport, that best represent the experimental data are determined and compared to apparent diffusivity (D_{app}), the known rate of diffusion through brain tissue, to draw conclusions about dominant transport mechanisms in each region.ResultsIn the perivascular regions of major arteries, D_{eff} for gadoteridol (550 Da) was over 10,000 times greater than D_{app}. In the brain tissue, constituting interstitial space and the perivascular space of smaller blood vessels, D_{eff} was 10–25 times greater than D_{app}.ConclusionsThe analysis concludes that convection is present throughout the brain. Convection is dominant in the perivascular space of major surface and branching arteries (Pe > 1000) and significant to large molecules (> 1 kDa) in the combined interstitial space and perivascular space of smaller vessels (not resolved by DCE-MRI). Importantly, this work supports perivascular convection along penetrating blood vessels.

Futures Planning at the AAN: Approach and Initial Outcome.

We describe a process of organizational strategic future forecasting, with a horizon of 2035, as implemented by the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) on behalf of its members, and as a model approach for other organizations. The participants were members of the 2018-2020 AAN Boards of Directors and Executive Team, moderated by a consultant with expertise in future forecasting. Four predetermined model scenarios of import to our field (1 "expectable," 1 "challenging," and 2 "visionary") were discussed in small groups, with alternative scenarios developed in specific domains. Common themes emerged among all scenarios: the importance of thoughtful integration of biomedical and information technology tools into neurologic practice; continued demonstration of the value of neurologic care to society; and emphasis on population management and prevention of neurologic disease. Allowing for the inherent uncertainties of predicting the future, the AAN's integration of structured forecasting into its strategic planning process has allowed the organization to prepare more effectively for change, such as the disruptions stemming from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The approaches outlined here will be integrated into future AAN operations and may be implemented to a similar effect by other organizations.

The Potential Neuroprotective Role of Free and Encapsulated Quercetin Mediated by miRNA against Neurological Diseases.

Chronic neuroinflammation is a pathological condition of numerous central nervous system (CNS) diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and many others. Neuroinflammation is characterized by the microglia activation and concomitant production of pro-inflammatory cytokines leading to an increasing neuronal cell death. The decreased neuroinflammation could be obtained by using natural compounds, including flavonoids known to modulate the inflammatory responses. Among flavonoids, quercetin possess multiple pharmacological applications including anti-inflammatory, antitumoral, antiapoptotic and anti-thrombotic activities, widely demonstrated in both in vitro and in vivo studies. In this review, we describe the recent findings about the neuroprotective action of quercetin by acting with different mechanisms on the microglial cells of CNS. The ability of quercetin to influence microRNA expression represents an interesting skill in the regulation of inflammation, differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis and immune responses. Moreover, in order to enhance quercetin bioavailability and capacity to target the brain, we discuss an innovative drug delivery system. In summary, this review highlighted an important application of quercetin in the modulation of neuroinflammation and prevention of neurological disorders.

Гало-гравітаційна тракція при лікуванні складних (>100°) сколіотичних деформацій хребта в дітей: огляд клінічних випадків

Relevance. The definition of «complex spinal deformity» remains rather vague, but in most publications mark it as a deformation, which on average exceeds 100 degrees. Modern surgical practice of one-stage correction of complex spinal deformities includes performing osteotomies of the spine, which significantly improves the possibility of deformity correction, but also increases the risk of neurological complications and the volume of intraoperative blood loss. The aim. To improve the results of surgical treatment of patients with complex spinal deformities through the preliminary use of halogravitational traction and to establish an effective and safe algorithm for the treatment of complex spinal deformities in children. Materials and methods. During the period from 2008 to 2018, the Orthopedic and Traumatology Department of the National Children’s Specialized Hospital «OKHMATDYT» treated 48 children with complex spinal deformities (>100°) using halo-gravity traction. Of these, 32 are boys and 16 are girls. The average age of the patients was 12.9 years. The average Risser score was 4.2 (P>0.01). 27.1% of patients had type 1 deformity according to Lenke, type 2 – 54.1%, type 3 – 8.3%, type 4 – 6.4%, type 5 – 4.1%. Results and discussion. Using of halo- gravity traction for the preoperative reduction of spinal deformity and prevention of neurological disorders, the average duration of spinal traction application was 46 (P>0.01) days. A weight of 40–50% of the patient’s body weight was used. After the stage of halo-gravity traction, the spine was stabilized with a polysigmentary construction. Conclusion. Halo-gravity traction as a first stage of severe scoliotic spinal deformations treatment allows to increase the mobility of the vertebral column and to adjust spinal cord step by step for the next correction treatment. The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of participating institution. The informed consent of the patient was obtained for conducting the studies. Key words: spinal deformity, halo-gravity traction, surgical treatment.

Novel Therapeutic Delivery of Nanocurcumin in Central Nervous System Related Disorders.

Nutraceuticals represent complementary or alternative beneficial products to the expensive and high-tech therapeutic tools in modern medicine. Nowadays, their medical or health benefits in preventing or treating different types of diseases is widely accepted, due to fewer side effects than synthetic drugs, improved bioavailability and long half-life. Among herbal and natural compounds, curcumin is a very attractive herbal supplement considering its multipurpose properties. The potential effects of curcumin on glia cells and its therapeutic and protective properties in central nervous system (CNS)-related disorders is relevant. However, curcumin is unstable and easily degraded or metabolized into other forms posing limits to its clinical development. This is particularly important in brain pathologies determined blood brain barrier (BBB) obstacle. To enhance the stability and bioavailability of curcumin, many studies focused on the design and development of curcumin nanodelivery systems (nanoparticles, micelles, dendrimers, and diverse nanocarriers). These nanoconstructs can increase curcumin stability, solubility, in vivo uptake, bioactivity and safety. Recently, several studies have reported on a curcumin exosome-based delivery system, showing great therapeutical potential. The present work aims to review the current available data in improving bioactivity of curcumin in treatment or prevention of neurological disorders.

Neuroprotective and Preventative Effects of Molecular Hydrogen.

One of the beneficial effects of molecular hydrogen (H2, hydrogen gas) is neuroprotection and prevention of neurological disorders. It is important and useful if taking H2 every day can prevent or ameliorate the progression of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease or Alzheimer's disease, both lacking specific therapeutic drugs. There are several mechanisms of how H2 protects neuronal damage. Anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and the regulation of the endocrine system via stomach-brain connection seem to play an important role. At the cellular and tissue level, H2 appears to prevent the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and not only hydroxy radical (•OH) but also superoxide. In Parkinson's disease model mice, chronic intake of H2 causes the release of ghrelin from the stomach. In Alzheimer's disease model mice, sex-different neuroprotection is observed by chronic intake of H2. In female mice, declines of estrogen and estrogen receptor-β (ERβ) are prevented by H2, upregulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor, tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB). The question of how drinking H2 upregulates the release of ghrelin or attenuates the decline of estrogen remains to be investigated and the mechanism of how H2 modulates endocrine systems and the fundamental question of what or where is the target of H2 needs to be elucidated for a better understanding of the effects of H2.

THE RESULTS OF SURGICAL TREATMENT OF SPRENGEL'S DEFORMITY DEPENDING ON THE PATIENTS’ AGE

Introduction. Despite the developments, up to now, such questions as the effectiveness of surgical treatment of Sprengel's deformity in children older than 7 years; elimination of the cosmetic defect caused by scapular hypoplasia and shoulder girdle shortening; and prevention of neurological disorders caused by the brachial plexus compression remain debatable.Objective. Effectiveness evaluation of surgical treatment of Sprengel's deformity in patients of various age groups, and the improvement of the results of surgical correction of high scapula.Materials and methods. Treatment data of 14 patients with high scapula were analyzed. To compare the effectiveness evaluation of surgical treatment, patients were divided into 2 groups: I group - 6 children (42.8 %) aged 4 to 8 years; II group - 8 children (57.2 %) aged 9 to 16 years. During examination, the active and passive shoulder abduction alongside with its rotation was measured in degrees. Shoulder girdles length and the size of transverse and longitudinal scapula bodies were measured in the radiographs of both shoulders. Diameters of the articular surface and the head of the shoulder were determined.Results. Analysis of the clinical manifestations of the disease showed that diagnosis in children under 2 years of age was noted only in 2 (14.3 %) cases with a bone form of the disease. Deformity in other patients was regarded as a manifestation of scoliosis, an anomaly in the development of the cervical spine according to the Clinnel-Feil type, the presence of cervical ribs, and a benign bone tumor. Restriction of shoulder abduction was a symptom that drew parents’ attention. All patients underwent surgery. Analysis of the results of surgical treatment of two groups of patients showed that the scapula position along its lower corner corresponded to the opposite side in the first group of patients. There was symmetry in the position of the spine of the scapula. All patients of the first group had shortening of the shoulder girdle due to the decrease of scapula lateral size, which ranged from 2.5 to 3 cm, depending on the age of the patient. Further observation over the next 2 years showed that the difference in the scapula transverse size decreased to 1.2-1.5 cm in 5 (35.7 %) cases. Scapula transverse size before surgery was reduced from 3.1 up to 4.5 cm. in patients of the second group, depending on the form of Sprengel's deformity. 6 months after the operation, scapula position in its lower corner was equal to the indices of a healthy half of the body. Therefore, a comparative analysis of the anatomical data during the follow-up period after surgery up to 2 years showed that patients of the first age group had a tendency to improve indicators of scapular size and shoulder length. Analysis of the shoulder joint function in the form of shoulder abduction showed that its average increase was 700 in patients of the first group, and only 500 in patients of the second group.Conclusions. Surgical treatment of high scapula gives a positive result in children older than 7-8 years in the form of cosmetic defect elimination and some improvement in the range of shoulder joint motion. Functional indicators in children of a younger age group are better, however, lagging in scapula growth and shortening of the shoulder girdle is possible. Sharp shortening of the shoulder girdle while pulling shoulders back can be corrected by lengthening the spine of the scapula with the help of osteotomy method and replacing the defect with a bone allograft.

The impact of endothelial cell death in the brain and its role after stroke: A systematic review

The supply of oxygen and nutrients to the brain is vital for its function and requires a complex vascular network that, when disturbed, results in profound neurological dysfunction. As part of the pathology in stroke, endothelial cells die. As endothelial cell death affects the surrounding cellular environment and is a potential target for the treatment and prevention of neurological disorders, we have systematically reviewed important aspects of endothelial cell death with a particular focus on stroke. After screening 2876 publications published between January 1, 2010 and August 7, 2019, we identified 154 records to be included. We found that endothelial cell death occurs rapidly as well as later after the onset of stroke conditions. Among the different cell death mechanisms, apoptosis was the most widely investigated (92 records), followed by autophagy (20 records), while other, more recently defined mechanisms received less attention, such as lysosome-dependent cell death (2 records) and necroptosis (2 records). We also discuss the differential vulnerability of brain cells to injury after stroke and the role of endothelial cell death in the no-reflow phenomenon with a special focus on the microvasculature. Further investigation of the different cell death mechanisms using novel tools and biomarkers will greatly enhance our understanding of endothelial cell death. For this task, at least two markers/criteria are desirable to determine cell death subroutines according to the recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death.

Science, science fiction, and Nick Payne’s Elegy: a conceptual third way

ABSTRACT The depiction of science in theatre has been widely acknowledged and debated, while discussion of science fiction in theatre remains limited. Specifically, plays which draw upon the practices of both sciences fact and fiction are typically viewed as examples of the former, with the latter’s influence elided. Nick Payne’s Elegy interrogates the evolution of medical treatment into the prevention of neurological diseases, depicting a future society where such disorders can be surgically cured. The play creatively expands upon modern scientific knowledge to imagine this future world, using a science-fictional lens to engage with current ethical stances regarding life, death and the line between both. However, critical reaction to the play focused predominantly on Elegy’s apparently factual foundations, as opposed to its combination of imagined and scientific aspects. This paper aims to encourage a more nuanced view of science fiction, and its relationship to science, in theatre. By placing Elegy in conversation with science fiction scholarship, and by drawing comparisons with specific areas of current scientific research in which charges of science-fictionality have encouraged engagement and funding opportunities, I propose a template for how theatre-makers and scholars can recognise the role that science fiction plays within contemporary performance.

A review on neonatal neural tubal disorders

The neurological examination is an important in the evaluation of fetal abnormalities and helping to diagnose and provide the prognostic information regarding neonates. Neurological disorders like Spina bifida and Intra ventricular hemorrhage are may be apparent before birth or appear during course of gestational period or after birth. Most of the neurological disorders are due to the preterm birth (before 37 weeks of pregnancy). This article reviews about epidemiology, pathophysiology , diagnosis, treatment, management and prevention of neurological disorders like Spina bifida and Intra ventricular hemorrhage.

Neuritogenic and in vitro antioxidant activities of Malaysian Gracilaria manilaensis Yamamoto & Trono

Numerous marine-based compounds have been identified as having diverse biological activities. Gracilaria manilaensis Yamamoto & Trono is a red agarophyte endemic to the Malaysia coastal area. It is used as a gelling and thickening agent for food industries. In this study, the rat pheochromocytoma cell line (PC-12Adh) was employed as in vitro model to investigate the neuritogenic activities in hot aqueous, methanol, and ethanol extracts of G. manilaensis. Phytochemical contents and in vitro antioxidant activities of the extracts were also determined. All G. manilaensis extracts were found to increase the percentage of neurite-bearing cells and upregulated the neuronal cytoskeleton of PC-12Adh cells with no inhibition across the tested concentration range (0–0.15 mg mL−1). The methanol and ethanol extracts had higher phenolic and flavonoid contents than the hot aqueous extract. They also showed higher antioxidant activities against 2,2-diphenyl-1-pircryhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) free radicals and higher reducing power compared to the hot aqueous extract. It is believed that G. manilaensis may possess potent bioactive compounds that mimic the neuroactivity of the nerve growth factor (NGF) for neuronal survival, development, and differentiation. It has been suggested that agar producer G. manilaensis might be a promising dietary supplement for cognitive health in the prevention of neurological disorders.

Recent Advances in Studies on the Therapeutic Potential of Dietary Carotenoids in Neurodegenerative Diseases.

Carotenoids, symmetrical tetraterpenes with a linear C40 hydrocarbon backbone, are natural pigment molecules produced by plants, algae, and fungi. Carotenoids have important functions in the organisms (including animals) that obtain them from food. Due to their characteristic structure, carotenoids have bioactive properties, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and autophagy-modulatory activities. Given the protective function of carotenoids, their levels in the human body have been significantly associated with the treatment and prevention of various diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases. In this paper, we review the latest studies on the effects of carotenoids on neurodegenerative diseases in humans. Furthermore, animal and cellular model studies on the beneficial effects of carotenoids on neurodegeneration are also reviewed. Finally, we discuss the possible mechanisms and limitations of carotenoids in the treatment and prevention of neurological diseases.

Paraquat exposure-induced Parkinson’s disease-like symptoms and oxidative stress in Drosophila melanogaster: Neuroprotective effect of Bougainvillea glabra Choisy

Extracts from the leaves of Bougainvillea glabra Choisy are used in traditional medicines, but their actions on the central nervous system have not been studied. In the present study, we investigated the potential neuroprotective effects of Bougainvillea glabra Choisy leaf extract (BG extract) against paraquat (PQ)-induced neurotoxicity. Male adult wild-type flies (1- 4days old) were exposed to PQ (3.5mM) and/or BG extract (120μg/mL) through food for 4days. PQ-fed flies had decreased locomotor capacity in negative geotaxis and crossing number assays and had a higher incidence of mortality than the control group. PQ neurotoxicity was also associated with a marked decrease in dopamine levels and increase in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and lipid peroxidation. Co-exposure to BG extract prevented mortality, and dopamine depletion, improved locomotor performance and decreased AChE activity, ROS production and lipid peroxidation. GC–MS and HPLC analyses of BG extract revealed the presence of many antioxidant compounds such as phytol, α,γ-tocopherol, squalene, stigmasterol, geranylgeraniol, quercetin, and caffeic, vanillic, coumaric, ferulic acids. Our results showed neuroprotective effects of BG extract, reflecting the presence of antioxidant compounds. Thus, we suggested that B. glabra leaves could be considered an effective agent in the prevention of neurological disorders, where dopamine depletion and/or oxidative stress are involved, as in Parkinson’s disease (PD).

Iron-Restricted Diet Affects Brain Ferritin Levels, Dopamine Metabolism and Cellular Prion Protein in a Region-Specific Manner.

Iron is an essential micronutrient for several physiological functions, including the regulation of dopaminergic neurotransmission. On the other hand, both iron, and dopamine can affect the folding and aggregation of proteins related with neurodegenerative diseases, such as cellular prion protein (PrPC) and α-synuclein, suggesting that deregulation of iron homeostasis and the consequential disturbance of dopamine metabolism can be a risk factor for conformational diseases. These proteins, in turn, are known to participate in the regulation of iron and dopamine metabolism. In this study, we evaluated the effects of dietary iron restriction on brain ferritin levels, dopamine metabolism, and the expression levels of PrPC and α-synuclein. To achieve this goal, C57BL/6 mice were fed with iron restricted diet (IR) or with normal diet (CTL) for 1 month. IR reduced iron and ferritin levels in liver. Ferritin reduction was also observed in the hippocampus. However, in the striatum of IR group, ferritin level was increased, suggesting that under iron-deficient condition, each brain area might acquire distinct capacity to store iron. Increased lipid peroxidation was observed only in hippocampus of IR group, where ferritin level was reduced. IR also generated discrete results regarding dopamine metabolism of distinct brain regions: in striatum, the level of dopamine metabolites (DOPAC and HVA) was reduced; in prefrontal cortex, only HVA was increased along with the enhanced MAO-A activity; in hippocampus, no alterations were observed. PrPC levels were increased only in the striatum of IR group, where ferritin level was also increased. PrPC is known to play roles in iron uptake. Thus, the increase of PrPC in striatum of IR group might be related to the increased ferritin level. α-synuclein was not altered in any regions. Abnormal accumulation of ferritin, increased MAO-A activity or lipid peroxidation are molecular features observed in several neurological disorders. Our findings show that nutritional iron deficiency produces these molecular alterations in a region-specific manner and provide new insight into the variety of molecular pathways that can lead to distinct neurological symptoms upon iron deficiency. Thus, adequate iron supplementation is essential for brain health and prevention of neurological diseases.