Prevent LDL Oxidation Research Articles

Beeswax Alcohol Prevents Low-Density Lipoprotein Oxidation and Demonstrates Antioxidant Activities in Zebrafish Embryos and Human Subjects: A Clinical Study.

Oxidative stress is one of the primary instigators of the onset of various human ailments, including cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and dementia. Particularly, oxidative stress severely affects low-density lipid & protein (LDL) oxidation, leading to several detrimental health effects. Therefore, in this study, the effect of beeswax alcohol (BWA) was evaluated in the prevention of LDL oxidation, enhancement of paraoxonase 1 (PON-1) activity of high-density lipid & protein (HDL), and zebrafish embryo survivability. Furthermore, the implication of BWA consumption on the oxidative plasma variables was assessed by a preliminary clinical study on middle-aged and older human subjects (n = 50). Results support BWA augmentation of PON-1 activity in a dose-dependent manner (10-30 μM), which was significantly better than the effect exerted by coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10). Moreover, BWA significantly curtails LDL/apo-B oxidation evoked by CuSO4 (final 0.5 μM) and a causes a marked reduction in lipid peroxidation in LDL. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed a healing effect of BWA towards the restoration of LDL morphology and size impaired by the exposure of Cu2+ ions (final 0.5 μM). Additionally, BWA counters the toxicity induced by carboxymethyllysine (CML, 500 ng) and rescues zebrafish embryos from development deformities and apoptotic cell death. A completely randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled preliminary clinical study on middle- and older-aged human subjects (n = 50) showed that 12 weeks of BWA (100 mg/day) supplementation efficiently diminished serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and total hydroperoxides and enhanced total antioxidant status by 25%, 27%, and 22%, respectively, compared to the placebo-control and baseline values. Furthermore, the consumption of BWA did not exhibit any noteworthy changes in physical variables, lipid profile, glucose levels, and biomarkers pertinent to kidney and liver function, thus confirming the safety of BWA for consumption. Conclusively, in vitro, BWA prevents LDL oxidation, enhances PON-1 activity in HDL, and positively influences oxidative variables in human subjects.

Efektivitas Ekstrak Daun Salam (Syzygium polyanthum) Dalam Mencegah Kenaikan Kadar Kolesterol LDL Tikus Putih (Rattus norvegicus) Diinduksi Kuning Telur Puyuh

Quail egg yolk contains high cholesterol which can trigger dyslipidemia. If Cholesterol is consumed in excess, will increase lipid profile, which can increase LDL cholesterol levels. Bay leaf extract contains several active compounds, like quercetin, a class of flavonoids with antioxidants that can prevent LDL oxidation. The aim of this study is to ensure the effectiveness of bay leaf extract on LDL cholesterol levels in white rats induced by quail egg yolk. The animal tested in this study were male white rats (Rattus norvegicus) with the Sprague Dawley strain. Samples were randomly selected and divided into five groups: three groups given quail egg yolk and bay leaf extract in various doses of 0.18 g/day, 0.36 g/day and 0.72 g/day, positive control given quail egg yolk, and negative control without treatment. The ANOVA test showed that there were significant results between the treatment groups, positive control and negative control (p<0.05). Next, the BNJ test showed that giving bay leaf extract (0.18 g/day, 0.36 g/day) had a significant effect on LDL cholesterol levels (p<0.05), while a dose of 0.72 g/day showed that not significant (p>0.05), so we can conclude that the dose of 0.72 g/day was the most effective in preventing an increase in LDL cholesterol levels.

Comparison of Policosanols via Incorporation into Reconstituted High-Density Lipoproteins: Cuban Policosanol (Raydel®) Exerts the Highest Antioxidant, Anti-Glycation, and Anti-Inflammatory Activity.

Reconstituted high-density lipoproteins (rHDL) containing each policosanol from Cuba (Raydel®), China (Shaanxi Pioneer), and the United States (Lesstanol®) were synthesized to compare the physiological properties of policosanol depending on sources and origin countries. After synthesis with apolipoproteinA-I (apoA-I) into rHDL, all policosanols bound well with phospholipid and apoA-I to form discoidal rHDL. An rHDL containing Cuban policosanol (rHDL-1) showed the largest rHDL particle size of around 83 ± 3 nm, while rHDL containing Chinese policosanol (rHDL-2) or American policosanol (rHDL-3) showed smaller particles around 63 ± 3 nm and 60 ± 2 nm in diameter, respectively. The rHDL-1 showed the strongest anti-glycation activity to protect the apoA-I degradation of HDL from fructose-mediated glycation: approximately 2.7-times higher ability to suppress glycation and 1.4-times higher protection ability of apoA-I than that of rHDL-2 and rHDL-3. The rHDL-1 showed the highest antioxidant ability to inhibit cupric ion-mediated LDL oxidation in electromobility and the quantification of oxidized species. A microinjection of each rHDL into a zebrafish embryo in the presence of carboxymethyllysine (CML) showed that rHDL-1 displayed the strongest anti-oxidant activity with the highest embryo survivability, whereas rHDL-2 and rHDL-3 showed much weaker protection ability, similar to rHDL alone (rHDL-0). An intraperitoneal injection of CML (250 μg) into adult zebrafish caused acute death and hyperinflammation with an elevation of infiltration of neutrophils and IL-6 production in the liver. On the other hand, a co-injection of rHDL-1 resulted in the highest survivability and the strongest anti-inflammatory ability to suppress IL-6 production with an improvement of the blood lipid profile, such as elevation of HDL-C and lowering of the total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglyceride. In conclusion, Cuban policosanol exhibited the most desirable properties for the in vitro synthesis of rHDL with the stabilization of apoA-I, the largest particle size, anti-glycation against fructation, and antioxidant activities to prevent LDL oxidation. Cuban policosanol in rHDL also exhibited the strongest in vivo antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities with the highest survivability in zebrafish embryos and adults via the prevention of hyperinflammation in the presence of CML.

Lyso-DGTS Lipid Derivatives Enhance PON1 Activities and Prevent Oxidation of LDL: A Structure-Activity Relationship Study.

Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) plays a role in regulating reverse cholesterol transport and has antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, vasodilative, and antithrombotic activities. Scientists are currently focused on the modulation of PON1 expression using different pharmacological, nutritional, and lifestyle approaches. We previously isolated a novel active compound from Nannochloropsis microalgae—lyso-diacylglyceryltrimethylhomoserine (lyso-DGTS)—which increased PON1 activity, HDL-cholesterol efflux, and endothelial nitric oxide release. Here, to explore this important lipid moiety’s effect on PON1 activities, we examined the effect of synthesized lipid derivatives and endogenous analogs of lyso-DGTS on PON1 lactonase and arylesterase activities and LDL oxidation using structure–activity relationship (SAR) methods. Six lipids significantly elevated recombinant PON1 (rePON1) lactonase activity in a dose-dependent manner, and four lipids significantly increased rePON1 arylesterase activity. Using tryptophan fluorescence-quenching assay and a molecular docking method, lipid–PON1 interactions were characterized. An inverse correlation was obtained between the lactonase activity of PON1 and the docking energy of the lipid–PON1 complex. Furthermore, five of the lipids increased the LDL oxidation lag time and inhibited its propagation. Our findings suggest a beneficial effect of lyso-DGTS or lyso-DGTS derivatives through increased PON1 activity and prevention of LDL oxidation.

The Benefits of High-Resistant Starch and Beta-Carotene Snack in Ameliorating Atherogenic Index and Inflammation in Obesity

BACKGROUND: In obesity, lipid abnormalities may be related to the higher risk of cardiovascular diseases associated with increased oxidation of lipids and inflammation. Resistant starch and beta-carotene reduce atherosclerosis risk related to low-grade inflammation and oxidative stress in obesity. AIM: This study aimed to evaluate the benefits of a snack containing high-resistant starch and beta-carotene in improving the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and inflammation in obesity. METHODS: This study used a single-blinded and randomized controlled design. Fifty subjects received 42 g of snacks per day for 6 weeks, either tested snacks or standard snacks. Anthropometry, body composition, lipid profile, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) were measured before and after intervention. RESULTS: The snack containing high-resistant starch and beta-carotene significantly decreased LDL, AIP, and TNF-α (p < 0.05). Positive correlations were found between AIP and triglycerides in both snacks (p < 0.05), LDL or TNF-α in the standard snack (p < 0.05), and TNF-α and ox-LDL in both snacks (p < 0.05). A negative correlation was found between AIP and HDL in both snacks (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A snack containing high-resistant starch and beta-carotene reduced AIP and inflammation by preventing LDL oxidation.

Norbixin, a natural dye that improves serum lipid profile in rabbits and prevents LDL oxidation

We hypothesized that norbixin, which is a carotenoid used as an orange/red natural food coloring additive, has anti-atherogenic properties. An in vitro oxidation assay with human LDL and a rabbit model of atherosclerosis were used to test this hypothesis. Norbixin inhibited the oxidation of isolated human LDL in a concentration-dependent manner. In the in vivo assay, rabbits were fed with a regular chow (control) or an atherogenic diet (0.5% cholesterol) alone or supplemented with norbixin (10, 30 or 100 mg/kg b.w.) for 60 days. Norbixin supplementation (30 and 100 mg/kg b.w.) increased HDL levels and reduced triglyceride levels and the atherogenic index of rabbits. This effect was associated with the decrease of serum levels of oxidized LDL, oxidized LDL antibodies and aortic tissue levels of lipid and protein oxidation in the atherogenic rabbits supplemented with norbixin. Atherogenic diet increased enzymatic (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and thioredoxin reductase-1) and non-enzymatic (non-protein thiol groups content) antioxidant defense systems in the aortic tissue but reduced the activity of paraoxonase-1 in the serum. All these changes were prevented by norbixin supplementation (10, 30 and 100 mg/kg b.w.). These results suggest that norbixin has atheroprotective potential by improving serum lipid profile and preventing oxidative modifications of circulating LDL and aortic tissue. Norbixin may, therefore, be beneficial in the control of atherosclerosis risk factors and can be further investigated as a candidate to be used not only as a functional food ingredient but also for therapeutic applications and in the nutraceutical industry.

Pathophysiology of Venous Thromboembolism: Putative role of HDL

IntroductionIn 2019, cardiovascular disease (CVD) was the main reason of all global deaths (32%) and out of these deaths, 85% were due to heart attack and stroke alone. Venous thromboembolism (VTE), which is the third leading cause of CVD, has a very high incidence rate in Indian Population. Data suggest that thromboembolic disorders are due to multiple genetic and environmental variables and hence considered as a complex multifactorial trait. High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) has attracted a great deal of interest in recent years because of its implications in the prevention of various CVD. Various data suggests the relation between HDL and the expression of coagulation/fibrinolytic factors among the patients of CVD. Protein content of HDL is largely responsible for antioxidant mechanism by metabolizing lipid hydro peroxides and preventing their accumulation. Association of venous thrombosis and dyslipidemia has been investigated in several clinical studies, but results are inconsistent. Therefore, we sought to identify the role of HDL in pathophysiology of VTE in both human and animal studies.MethodologyDVT was detected in male patients using color Doppler followed by D‐Dimer and Prothrombin Fragment 1+2 (PF1+2) levels to confirm thrombus formation. HDL associated proteins, endothelial adhesion molecules, thrombotic molecules, inflammatory molecules and oxidized lipoprotein levels were measured. For animal study, a complete stasis animal model was standardized to generate thrombus formation in the SD rats. Thrombus length/weight was measured along with D‐Dimer & PF 1+2 levels. HDL was isolated from plasma and was used in kinetic reaction of LDL oxidation. Progression of LDL oxidation was measured through DCFH‐method. All experimental procedures were performed in accordance to ethical guidelines.Major FindingsA well written consent was taken from all the participants before conducting human study. High levels of D‐Dimer and PF 1+2 in DVT patients as well as IVC ligated group confirmed thrombosis. HDL associated molecules were found to be significantly lower, whereas adhesion molecules, inflammatory molecules, and thrombotic molecules were significantly higher in both DVT patients and IVC ligated group. Oxidized lipoproteins and the lipooxygenase enzymes responsible for lipoprotein oxidation were found significantly higher. Isolated HDL used in LDL oxidation kinetics reaction found to be non‐functional in preventing LDL oxidation. P‐value of <0.05 was used as significance for all the tests.Conclusion & DiscussionLow levels of HDL proteins along with high levels of adhesion molecules, thrombotic markers and inflammatory molecules indicate the suppression of HDL activity. High lipooxygenase enzymes and oxidized lipoprotein levels support the hypothesis of dysfunctional HDL. HDL isolated from the ligated group was unable to prevent the LDL oxidation which clarifies that HDL loses its functionality in case of VTE. Furthermore, finding of this study will also help in understanding the pathophysiology of VTE which might give an insight in prevention/early diagnosis of the disease.

Syzygium cumini leaf extract protects macrophages against the oxidized LDL-induced toxicity: A promising atheroprotective effect

Oxidized LDL (oxLDL) plays a pivotal role on atherosclerosis development, mainly in the formation of lipid-laden macrophage “foam cells”. As a consequence, substances that can modulate LDL oxidation have a pharmacological and therapeutic relevance. Based in previous findings showing the ability of Syzigium cumini leaf extract (ScExt) in preventing LDL oxidation in vitro, this study was aimed to assess the effects of ScExt on oxLDL-mediated toxicity in murine J774 macrophages-like cells. For biochemical analyses, LDL isolated from fresh human plasma and oxidized with CuSO4 was incubated with ScExt pre-treated macrophages. Our results demonstrated that ScExt was efficient in preventing the overproduction of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), the loss of macrophage’s viability and the foam cells formation induced by oxLDL. These protective effects of ScExt make it a promising antioxidant for future trials toward atherogenesis.

Cardioprotective effect of red wine and grape pomace

Several studies have related moderate consumption of red wine with prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). According to epidemiological studies, those regions with high consumption of red wine and a Mediterranean diet show a low prevalence of CVD. Such an effect has been attributed to phenolic compounds present in red wines. On the other hand, by-products obtained during winemaking are also a significant source of phenolic compounds but have been otherwise overlooked. The cardioprotective effect of red wine and its byproducts is related to their ability to prevent platelet aggregation, modify the lipid profile, and promote vasorelaxation. Phenolic content and profile seem to play an important role in these beneficial effects. Inhibition of platelet aggregation is dose-dependent and more efficient against ADP. The antioxidant capacity of phenolic compounds from red wine and its by-products, is involved in preventing the generation of ROS and the modification of the lipid profile, to prevent LDL oxidation. Phenolic compounds can also, modulate the activity of specific enzymes to promote NO production and vasorelaxation. Specific phenolic compounds like resveratrol are related to promote NO, and quercetin to inhibit platelet aggregation. Nevertheless, concentration that causes those effects is far from that in red wines. Synergic and additive effects of a mix of phenolic compounds could explain the cardioprotective effects of red wine and its byproducts.

(PSEUDO)HYPONATREMIA SECONDARY TO LIPOPROTEIN X

SESSION TITLE: Medical Student/Resident Critical Care Posters SESSION TYPE: Med Student/Res Case Rep Postr PRESENTED ON: October 18-21, 2020 INTRODUCTION: Hyponatremia can be associated with clinically significant disease and often portends worse outcomes, significant hospital morbidity, increased length of stay and hospital cost.[1] Pseudohyponatremia, may be a culprit in overusing hospital resources and unnecessary workup. Here we present a case of altered mental status (AMS) thought initially to be due to hyponatremia. CASE PRESENTATION: A 58 year-old Caucasian male with a history of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) treated with resection, radiation and temozolomide, on chronic tube feeds (TF) through gastrostomy tube presented with two weeks of AMS. The spouse reported maintenance of TF but was unsure of how much free water she was actually giving. The patient’s exam was significant for blood pressure of 89/60 mmHg, tachycardia at 101 beats per minute, he had lethargy with response to painful stimuli, significant scleral icterus, dry mucous membranes with no gross motor deficits and unremarkable lung and cardiac exams. His workup was significant for sodium of 120 mmol/L, blood urea nitrogen of 48 mg/dL, creatinine of 1.5 mg/dL, direct hyperbilirubinemia of 47 mg/dL (thought to be due to hepatic injury from temozolomide), aspartate aminotransferase of 1,025 U/L, alanine aminotransferase of 595 U/L, alkaline phosphatase of >1,200 U/L, undetectable ammonia level and a negative drug screen. He was started on intravenous fluids and lactulose without any clinical improvement and minimal change in sodium levels. Further workup showed a serum osmolality of 315 mOs/kg (which pointed towards a pseudohyponatremia picture), triglycerides of 343 mg/dL, cholesterol of 1,652 mg/dL, LDL of 24 mg/dL. Full lipoprotein profile and lipid electrophoresis identified lipoprotein X (LpX) which accounted for the observed pseudohyponatremia. MRI head showed possible recurrent GBM without intracranial shift, thought to be the culprit behind his AMS. DISCUSSION: LpX appears in the serum secondary to cholestasis. It is a result of reflux of bile acid into the serum that combines with albumin to form LpX. It is also composed of small amounts of triglycerides, free cholesterol and apolipoprotein C.[2] Interestingly, LpX was not found to be associated with ischemic heart disease. This is thought to be due to a particle size of 18-25 nm, which prevents it from incorporating into the endothelium. It may even be protective against LDL induced atherosclerosis as it decreases LDL oxidation.[3] Thus, lipid lowering medication may not be needed. It is important to note that LpX may cause a hyperviscosity syndrome and could require lipopheresis. CONCLUSIONS: Our case highlights LpX as a rare cause of pseudohyponatremia and the importance of differentiating between true hyponatremia and pseudohyponatremia to avoid unnecessary workup and therapy that may increase morbidity and length of hospital stay. Physicians should be aware of this entity and include it in future practice. Reference #1: Corona G, Giuliani C, Parenti G, et al. The Economic Burden of Hyponatremia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Med. 2016;129(8):823-835.e4. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.03.007 Reference #2: Fellin R, Manzato E. Lipoprotein-X fifty years after its original discovery. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2019;29(1):4-8. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2018.09.006 Reference #3: Chang PY, Lu SC, Su TC, et al. Lipoprotein-X reduces LDL atherogenicity in primary biliary cirrhosis by preventing LDL oxidation. J Lipid Res. 2004;45(11):2116-2122. doi:10.1194/jlr.M400229-JLR200 DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Youssef Abouleish, source=Web Response Speaker/Speaker's Bureau relationship with Genentech Please note: $5001 - $20000 Added 04/01/2020 by Joshua Sill, source=Web Response, value=Honoraria

The History of the WHHL Rabbit, an Animal Model of Familial Hypercholesterolemia (II) - Contribution to the Development and Validation of the Therapeutics for Hypercholesterolemia and Atherosclerosis.

A number of effective drugs have been developed through animal experiments, contributing to the health of many patients. In particular, the WHHL rabbit family (WHHL rabbits and its advanced strains (coronary atherosclerosis-prone WHHL-CA rabbits and myocardial infarction-prone WHHLMI rabbits) developed at Kobe University (Kobe, Japan) contributed greatly in the development of cholesterol-lowering agents. The WHHL rabbit family is animal models for human familial hypercholesterolemia, coronary atherosclerosis, and coronary heart disease. At the end of breeding of the WHHL rabbit family, this review summarizes the contribution of the WHHL rabbit family to the development of lipid-lowering agents and anti-atherosclerosis agents. Studies using the WHHL rabbit family demonstrated, for the first time in the world, that lowering serum cholesterol levels or preventing LDL oxidation can suppress the progression and destabilization of coronary lesions. In addition, the WHHL rabbit family contributed to the development of various compounds that exhibit lipid-lowering and anti-atherosclerotic effects and has also been used in studies of gene therapeutics. Furthermore, this review also discusses the causes of the increased discrepancy in drug development between the results of animal experiments and clinical studies, which became a problem in recent years, and addresses the importance of the selection of appropriate animal models used in studies in addition to an appropriate study design.

Pharmacognostic Studies on Curcuma Longa

The turmeric (Curcuma longa) plant, a perennial herb belonging to the ginger family, is cultivated extensively in south and southeast tropical Asia. The rhizome of this plant is also referred to as the “root” and is the most useful part of the plant for culinary and medicinal purposes. The most active component of turmeric is curcumin, which makes up 2 to 5% of the spice. The characteristic yellow color of turmeric is due to the curcuminoids. Curcumin is an orange–yellow crystalline powder practically insoluble in water. Turmeric is used as a dietary spice, coloring agent in foods and textiles, and a treatment for a wide variety of ailments. It is widely used in traditional Indian medicine to cure biliary disorders, anorexia, cough, diabetic wounds, hepatic disorders, rheumatism, and sinusitis. Turmeric paste in slaked lime is a popular home remedy for the treatment of inflammation and wounds. For centuries, curcumin has been consumed as a dietary spice at doses up to 100 mg/d. Extensive investigation over the last five decades has indicated that curcumin reduces blood cholesterol, prevents LDL oxidation, inhibits platelet aggregation, suppresses thrombosis and myocardial infarction (MI), suppresses symptoms associated with type II diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis (MS), and Alzheimer’s disease, inhibits human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication, enhances wound healing, protects from liver injury, increases bile secretion, protects from cataract formation, and protects from pulmonary toxicity and fibrosis, is an anti-leishmaniasis and an antiatherosclerotic. Additionally, there is extensive literature that suggests that curcumin has potential in the prevention and treatment of a variety of other diseases.

Inhibition of LDL oxidation and inflammasome assembly by nitroaliphatic derivatives. Potential use as anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic agents

We have previously shown the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of several para-substituted arylnitroalkenes. Since oxidative stress and inflammation are key processes that drive the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis, in the present work the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic properties of an extended library of aryl-nitroaliphatic derivatives, including several newly designed nitroalkanes, was explored. The antioxidant capacity of the nitroaliphatic compounds, measured using the oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay (ORAC) showed that the p-methylthiophenyl-derivatives were about three times more effective than Trolox to prevent fluorescein oxidation, independently of the presence or the absence of the double bond next to the nitro group. The peroxyl radical scavenger capacity of the p-dimethylaminophenyl-derivatives was even higher, being the reduced form of these compounds even more active. In fact, while the antioxidant capacity of 1-dimethylamino-4-(2-nitro-1Z-ethenyl)benzene and 1-dimethylamino-4-(2-nitro-1Z-propenyl)benzene was 4.2 ± 0.1 and 5.4 ± 0.1 Trolox Eq/mol, respectively; ORAC values obtained with the ethyl and the propyl derivatives were 10 ± 1 and 13 ± 2 Trolox Eq/mol, respectively. The p-dimethylamino-derivatives, especially the nitroalkanes, were also able to prevent LDL oxidation mediated by peroxyl radicals. Oxygen consumption due to the oxidation of fatty acids was delayed in the presence of the dimethylamino substituted compounds, only the alkanes interrupted the chain of lipid oxidations decreasing the rate of oxygen consumption. Although the formation of foam cells in the presence of oxidized-LDL (oxLDL) remained unaffected, the molecules containing the dimethylamino moiety were able to decrease the expression of IL-1β in LPS/INF-γ challenged macrophages.

The Effect of Extra Virgin Olive Oil on LOX-1 and COX-2 in High Fat Diet Rats

Background: High fat diet is a diet containing large amounts of fat consistently, the increase dietary fat and cholesterol which have a key role in growing health problems. Extra virgin olive oil associated with prevention of LDL oxidation, beneficial changes in lipid ratios and low risk for CHD.Objective: to determine the anti-inflammatory effect of extra virgin olive oil extract to levels of COX-2 and LOX-1 in the blood in rats induced by high fat dietMethods: This research is an experimental study that used randomized posttest only control group design. 30 Wistar rats which were divided into five groups: group of control (-) which received normal diet and group of control (+) which received high fat diet without EVOO treatment and three high fat diet groups treated by EVOO 1 mL/kg/day, 2 mL/kg/day and 3 mL/kg/day orally for 2 months. The blood was collected from eyes rats and serum separation by centrifuge. COX-2, LOX-1 concentration was measured by the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results: The result of this study showed higher COX-2 concentrations in groups treated with EVOO than control group. COX-2 serum levels of negative control where significantly lower than those of rats treated with 2 ml/kg/day (p = 0.047) and 3 ml/kg/day EVOO (p = 0.014). The COX-2 serum levels of group received 1 ml/kg/day were significantly lower than those of rats received 3 ml/kg/day EVOO (p = 0.027). And showed not significantly deferent among all groups (p = 0.570).Conclusions: The conclusion of this study has showed that extra virgin olive oil extract might have minor anti inflammatory and antioxidant effect in rats.

Comparative analysis of phytochemical profile, antioxidant activities and foam prevention abilities of whole fruit, pulp and seeds of Emblica officinalis

Emblica officinalis fruit is commonly used in Ayurvedic formulations for its role in prevention of various diseases. Its seeds have been found to enhance the antioxidant defences of the body in diabetic rats and its pulp methanolic extract is known for its antioxidant potential. However the antioxidant activity of the seed in comparison to pulp needs to be studied. A comparative study of the antioxidant potential of the whole fruit, seeds and pulp, respectively, is needed to identify which part of the fruit could be exploited for pharmaceutical or nutraceutical purposes. We compared the free radical scavenging capacity of the methanol extract of seed, pulp and whole fruit extract and also identified major flavonoids and phenolics by HPLC profiling. We also assessed the oxidized LDL- induced foam cell prevention and nitrite scavenging activity after LPS stimulation of RAW 264.7 macrophages. Pulp showed the highest antioxidant activity compared to seeds with IC50 values of 6 μg/ml and 13 μg/ml for DPPH radical scavenging assay and 41 and 70 μg/ml for nitric oxide scavenging activity, respectively. After 5 h incubation, among the three extracts studied, pulp showed the highest activity—88.89 % prevention of LDL oxidation, higher than that of the standard, ascorbic acid. Phytochemical analysis showed that phenolic content was highest in pulp and total tannins highest in seeds. HPLC profiling documented the presence of caffeic acid, coumaric acid, syringic acid and myricetin in both pulp and seeds with gallic acid present in pulp and tannic acid in seeds and whole fruit extract.

Betanin--a food colorant with biological activity.

Betalains are water-soluble nitrogen-containing pigments that are subdivided in red-violet betacyanins and yellow-orange betaxanthins. Due to glycosylation and acylation betalains exhibit a huge structural diversity. Betanin (betanidin-5-O-β-glucoside) is the most common betacyanin in the plant kingdom. According to the regulation on food additives betanin is permitted quantum satis as a natural red food colorant (E162). Moreover, betanin is used as colorant in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Recently, potential health benefits of betalains and betalain-rich foods (e.g. red beet, Opuntia sp.) have been discussed. Betanin is a scavenger of reactive oxygen species and exhibits gene-regulatory activity partly via nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2-(Nrf2) dependent signaling pathways. Betanin may induce phase II enzymes and antioxidant defense mechanisms. Furthermore, betanin possibly prevents LDL oxidation and DNA damage. Potential blood pressure lowering effects of red beet seem to be mainly mediated by dietary nitrate rather than by betanin per se.

Flavonoid rich extract of Murraya Koenigii alleviates in-vitro LDL oxidation and oxidized LDL induced apoptosis in raw 264.7 Murine macrophage cells.

Several lines of evidences have established a lineage between Oxidised LDL (Ox-LDL) to apoptosis of macrophages in which the high level of intracellular cholesterol play a crucial role. This study assesses the potency of Murraya koenigii (MK) leaf extract in alleviating LDL oxidation and Ox-LDL induced lipotoxicity in murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells. Results indicated that presence of MK extract prevented oxidation of LDL as evidenced by its oxidation kinetics and formation of LDL oxidation products. Also, MK extract accounted for improvement in cell viability and mitochondrial membrane potential of Ox-LDL treated cells. The Ox-LDL induced increment in intracellular oxidative stress, nuclear condensation and apoptosis was effectively prevented by MK extract possibly due to their established anti-oxidant and free radical scavenging potentials which may be attributed to the presence of flavonoids present in the extract. Prevention of oxidative modification of LDL, free radical induced damage and Ox-LDL induced death of RAW 264.7 cells provide preliminary evidences of its anti-atherosclerotic potential and warrants further elucidation and validation for its use in-vivo and may be useful as a functional food supplement and an alternative medicine to prevent LDL oxidation and oxidized LDL induced toxicity.

Cardio Protective Effect of Dark Chocolate Components: Mechanisms of Actions

Chocolate is made from the seeds of a tropical rainforest tree called � Theobroma cacao �. When compared with other food sources based on oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) mea surement, dark chocolate is a major source of flavonols with highest antioxidant levels. Some of the health benefits of cocoa consumption include antioxidant properties such as polyphenolic compounds, among others are monomeric flavanols, epicatechin, catechin and oligomeric procyanidins. Both experimental and observational studies have suggested that chocolate consumption has a positive influence on human health, with antioxidant, antihypertensive, anti -inflammatory, anti-atherogenic, and antithrombotic eas well as influence on insulin sensitivity, vascular endothelial function, and bioavailability of nitric oxide. In addition, dark chocolate consumption may alter lipid effects, by lowering total and low density lipoproteins and increasing high dens ity lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The antioxidants found in chocolate have been shown to inhibit plasma lipid oxidation probably by scavenging free radical species. There are some experimental studies to prove that flavonoids could prevent LDL oxidation in vitro by scavenging radical species or sequestering metal ions. Dark chocolate (DC) has beneficial effects in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) due to its anti

Paraoxonase 2 Gene (Cys<sup>311</sup>-Ser) Polymorphism and the Risk of Coronary Artery Disease

Background: Human paraoxonase-2(PON2) which is exclusively intracellular possesses unique properities that distinguish it from PON1 and PON3. Recently, it was demonstrated that PON2 protects against atherosclerosis by preventing LDL oxidation. Emerging evidences have proposed that genetic variations in the PON2 gene may be associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). Objectives: To investigate the relationship between a common PON2 gene (Cys311-Ser) polymorphism and the presence and extent of CAD. Methods: The study comprised 112 patients recruited from those undergoing coronary angiography for suspected CAD, who were divided according to the presence or absence of CAD into 2 groups Group I including 62 patients with CAD and Group II including 50 patients proved to have normal coronaries. All the subjects included in the study were genotyped for the (Cys311-Ser) polymorphism of PON2 gene using RCR-RFLP. Results: The frequency of Cys allele was significantly higher in group I compared to Group II (77.4% vs. 56% respectively, P 311 Cys allele [OR 5.67, CI (1.99 - 14.77), P

The effects of atorvastatin on oxidative stress in L-NAME-treated rats

Objectives. Current evidence suggests that the beneficial vascular effects of statins are not limited to the statins’ lipid-lowering properties; these drugs can also improve vascular endothelial cell function. Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) is a potent synthetic nitric oxide inhibitor, and long-term oral L-NAME treatment is used to induce vascular lesions in experimental animal models. Methods. We determined the effects of statins on protein carbonyl (PCO), lipid hydroperoxides (LHP), oxidized low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDL) and antioxidants such as paraoxonase 1 (PON1) and total thiols (T-SH) in long-term L-NAME-treated rats. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into three groups, namely, control, L-NAME-treated (1 mg/mL in drinking water for three weeks), and atorvastatin plus L-NAME-treated (4 mg/kg/day atorvastatin for 1 week during the third week of L-NAME treatment) groups. Results. In the L-NAME group, the ox-LDL, LHP and PCO were higher and the PON1 and T-SH were lower than the concentrations observed for the controls. When compared with the L-NAME group, the L-NAME plus atorvastatin group had significantly lower ox-LDL and LHP and higher PON1 activities. Additionally, the elevated total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein-C (LDL-C) in the L-NAME group were decreased by atorvastatin administration. TC and LDL-C were positively correlated with ox-LDL and LHP and negatively correlated with PON1 in all groups. High-density lipoprotein-C (HDL-C) was negatively correlated with ox-LDL. Conclusion. PON1 prevents LDL oxidation and inactivates LDL-derived oxidized phospholipids; its activity showed a pronounced decrease in the L-NAME treatment group and was increased in the atorvastatin group. Based on our findings, we concluded that the atorvastatin had HDL-related antioxidant activity as well as lipid-lowering properties.