Prevention Of Iodine Deficiency Disorders Research Articles

The Impact of Exposure to Iodine and Fluorine in Drinking Water on Thyroid Health and Intelligence in School-Age Children: A Cross-Sectional Investigation.

Iodine and fluorine, as halogen elements, are often coexisting in water environments, with nearly 200 million people suffering from fluorosis globally, and, in 11 countries and territories, adolescents have iodine intakes higher than that required for the prevention of iodine deficiency disorders. It has been suggested that excess iodine and/or fluorine can affect thyroid health and intellectual development, especially in children, but their combined effect has been less studied in this population. This study investigated 399 school-age children in Tianjin, China, collected drinking water samples from areas where the school-age children lived, and grouped the respondents according to iodine and fluorine levels. Thyroid health was measured using thyroid hormone levels, thyroid volume, and the presence of thyroid nodules; intelligence quotient (IQ) was assessed using the Raven's Progressive Matrices (CRT) test; and monoamine neurotransmitter levels were used to explore the potential relationship between thyroid health and intelligence. Multiple linear regression and restricted cubic spline (RCS) analyses showed that iodine and fluorine were positively correlated with thyroid volume and the incidence of thyroid nodules in school-age children, and negatively correlated with IQ; similar results were obtained in the secondary subgroups based on urinary iodine and urinary fluoride levels. Interaction analyses revealed a synergistic effect of iodine and fluorine. A pathway analysis showed that iodine and fluorine were negatively associated with the secretion of free triiodothyronine (FT3) and free tetraiodothyronine (FT4), which in turn were negatively associated with the secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Iodine and fluorine may affect IQ in school-aged children through the above pathways that affect thyroid hormone secretion; of these, FT3 and TSH were negatively correlated with IQ, whereas FT4 was positively correlated with IQ. The relationship between thyroid hormones and monoamine neurotransmitters may involve the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, with FT4 hormone concentrations positively correlating with dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HT) concentrations, and FT3 hormone concentrations positively correlating with DA concentrations. Monoamine neurotransmitters may play a mediating role in the effects of iodine and fluoride on intelligence in schoolchildren. However, this study has some limitations, as the data were derived from a cross-sectional study in Tianjin, China, and no attention was paid to the reciprocal effects of iodine and fluorine at different doses on thyroid health and intelligence in schoolchildren in other regions.

Indian Thyroid society expert consensus on salt Iodisation

ABSTRACT Iodine, an essential micronutrient, is crucial for the production of thyroid hormones - triiodothyronine(T3) and thyroxine(T4). Thyroid hormones regulate the optimum mental development, physical growth and development, regulation of body metabolism, heat generation, and maintenance of body temperaturein an individual. Geological processes like flooding, soil erosion, deforestation, and rivers changing course, deplete the surface soil of iodine, as it is present in the top layers of soil and easily soluble in water. As a result, the population residing in the area with iodinedeficient soil, becomes susceptible to a spectrum of functional and developmental abnormalities due to dietary deficiency of iodine. Universal Salt Iodization (USI) for prevention of IDDs in India is a public health success story. The adoption of the salt iodization strategy serves as a textbook example of the journey of an intervention through the iterative loop of research to policy to programme. Salt iodization has proved to be a safe, accessible, available, affordable, and cost-effective strategy to address the burden of IDDs in India. India has been at the forefront of the efforts to control IDDs globally. India is on its way to achieving the target of > 90 percent household coverage of adequately iodized salt. Revised Food Safety and Standards (Fortification of Foods) Regulations released in 2019 introduced an upper limit for iodine concentration in salt, the adequate iodine level required at the production and consumer level, including the distribution channel at 15 – 30 ppm. Universal Salt Iodisation (USI) is India's public health success story. There is a need to consolidate progress so far and focus on strategy to reach the “last mile”. Sustainable elimination of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDDs) with Universal Salt Iodisation (USI) being the primary strategy needs to also factor in harmonisation with salt reduction strategy for control of non-communicable diseases.

IN MEMORY OF PROFESSOR YAREMA TOMASHEVSKYI – SCIENTIST, DOCTOR AND TEACHER

We are deeply saddened to inform that on August 12, Yarema Illich Tomashevskyi, a distinguished professor of the Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, passed away at the age of 94.
 Professor Tomashevskyi was born on December 3, 1929, in the village of Stetseva in Pokuttia area. In 1953, he graduated with honors from Lviv Medical Institute and then studied in the clinical residency program for internal medicine from 1953 to 1955. In the following three years, he chaired the therapeutic departments of Kamianka-Buzka District Hospital and the 4th Hospital in Lviv. In 1958, he commenced employment as an assistant at Lviv Medical Institute and was subsequently promoted to Associate Professor of therapeutic departments. He started and chaired the Department of Endocrinology and Clinical Pharmacology, where he worked for 44 years, from 1978 to 2022. Yarema Illich created and developed the Lviv endocrinological school, the regional endocrinological dispensary, and headed the regional association of endocrinologists. He was a member of the Ukrainian Scientific Society of Endocrinologists.
 Professor Tomashevskyi’s scientific and research endeavors are centered around the issues of cardiology, rheumatology, gastroenterology, balneotherapy, clinical vitaminology, and endocrinology. He deemed the prevention of diseases to be of paramount significance. He founded the Academy of Preventive Medicine at the Shevchenko Scientific Society. He has worked on programs aimed at preventing iodine deficiency disorders and early diagnosis of diabetes, which he diligently implemented in practice. Professor Tomashevskyi is the author and co-author of over 350 publications, including seven monographs and textbooks and many methodological recommendations. Under his leadership, two doctoral and 15 candidate theses were successfully defended.
 The professor’s professional activities included membership in the Ukrainian Medical Association, the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, and editorial boards of the journals “Endocrinology” and “International Endocrinology Journal.” He also contributed to the compilation of scientific works “The Phenomenon of Human. Healthy lifestyle,” “Medical Collection of The Shevchenko Scientific Society.” He was a full member of the Shevchenko Scientific Society and headed the Medical Commission of the SSS for several years. He was respected and known in the medical scientific community of Ukraine. In 1985, Yarema Illich was awarded the badge “Excellence in Healthcare.”
 Professor Yarema Tomashevskyi was an excellent teacher and lecturer, a highly qualified doctor who was loved and respected by students, colleagues, and patients. He was a respected citizen. The professor led a respectable life full of tireless work and care. His favorite sayings from the ancient sacraments, which he steadfastly adhered to, were: “Rush to do good, as human life is fleeting; do everything in moderation; and never express anger.” He was always cheerful, smiling, and friendly.
 Eternal and bright be his memory!
 
 Chairman of the Medical Commission
 of Shevchenko Scientific Society,
 Doctor of Medicine, Professor Valentyna Chopyak

The efficacy of iodinated ethyl esters of safflower seed oil (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in the control of iodine deficiency in sheep

Iodine is an essential component of the thyroid gland hormones (T3 and T4), necessary for mammalian life. Iodine deficiency leads to inadequate thyroid hormone production, and all the consequences of iodine deficiency stem from the associated hypothyroidism. Iodized oil is made by treating a fatty vegetable oil with iodine or hydriodic acid and is an effective long-term means of iodine supplementation. The type and fatty acids profile in the parent oil, as well as the way iodine is trapped, affect the physicochemical properties and effectiveness of the product. This research was conducted to study the effect of iodinated safflower oil on preventing iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) in livestock, compared with a commercial iodine supplement. Iodinated fatty acid ethyl esters prepared from safflower seed oil (IFAEESSO). Thirty Farahani ewes with a history of iodine deficiency were divided into three groups, including control and two treatment groups. The treatment groups received 390 mg of iodine by an intramuscular injection of 1.26 ml of IFAEESSO (n = 10) or 1.5 ml of Depodine® (n = 10), respectively. Serum iodine, thyrotropin stimulating hormone (TSH), T3 and T4 concentrations were assayed at baseline and every 30-day intervals over six months period. Iodine supplementation resulted in a significant increase in serum inorganic iodine over five months with Depodine and IFAEESSO (P < 0.01). Serum T3 and T4 concentrations also increased in treatment groups (P < 0.01), while the concentration of TSH didn’t change. The mean T4 and T3 concentrations were 3.16 μg /dl and 53.89 ng /dl in the control group, which increased to 3.50 μg /dl and 58.88 ng/dl for Depodine and 3.88 μg /dl and 63.55 ng/dl for IFAEESSO, respectively. The serum inorganic iodine and thyroid hormone concentrations were significantly higher in the IFAEESSO group than in the Depodine group (P < 0.01). IFAEESSO is an effective supplement against IDD and more efficient than that of Depodine to increase serum iodine concentration, and thyroid hormone production.

Iodine Deficiency

Iodine deficiency is an important public health problem both in our country and around the world. Iodine deficiency and the health problems it causes, to the large-scale struggle involving health and aid organizations such as the World Health Organization, United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), to accept 21 October as the Global Day for the Prevention of Iodine Deficiency Disorders to raise awareness, to carry out activities in this regard. however, it is still common. Iodine deficiency is seen in 40% of the world population, especially in rural areas. It affects people of all age groups, including infants, pregnant women and children. Fighting iodine deficiency has become the policy of states. In this regard, it has been decided to iodize table salt worldwide and in our country, and table salt has been iodized. In our country, the necessary legal regulations for the mandatory iodization of all table salt were completed in July 1999 and the use of iodized salt has been expanded since the 2000s. At the end of these struggles, iodine deficiency is slightly reduced compared to the old data, but its frequency is still high. In this review, iodine, the causes of iodine deficiency, its incidence, how it is evaluated, the health problems it causes, its treatment and struggle are mentioned.

Iodine supplementation for preventing iodine deficiency disorders in children and adolescents

Iodine supplementation for preventing iodine deficiency disorders in children and adolescents

Iodine Deficiency and Iodine Prophylaxis: An Overview and Update.

The thyroid gland requires iodine to synthesize thyroid hormones, and iodine deficiency results in the inadequate production of thyroxine and related thyroid, metabolic, developmental, and reproductive disorders. Iodine requirements are higher in infants, children, and during pregnancy and lactation than in adult men and non-pregnant women. Iodine is available in a wide range of foods and water and is susceptible to almost complete gastric and duodenal absorption as an iodide ion. A healthy diet usually provides a daily iodine consumption not exceeding 50% of the recommended intake. Iodine supplementation is usually necessary to prevent iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs), especially in endemic areas. The community-based strategy of iodine fortification in salt has eradicated IDDs, such as endemic goiter and cretinism, in countries providing adequate measures of iodine prophylaxis over several decades in the 20th century. Iodized salt is the cornerstone of iodine prophylaxis in endemic areas, and the continuous monitoring of community iodine intake and its related clinical outcomes is essential. Despite the relevant improvement in clinical outcomes, subclinical iodine deficiency persists even in Western Europe, especially among girls and women, being an issue in certain physiological conditions, such as pregnancy and lactation, and in people consuming unbalanced vegetable-based or salt-restricted diets. Detailed strategies to implement iodine intake (supplementation) could be considered for specific population groups when iodized salt alone is insufficient to provide adequate requirements.

Iodine concentration level, availability of adequately iodised salt and proper utilisation, and its influencing factors among households in Eastern Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study

ObjectiveThe availability of iodine concentration in iodised salt at the household level does not guarantee the prevention of iodine deficiency disorders, but it can be significantly assured through proper utilisation....

Time Series and Spatial Epidemiological Analysis of the Prevalence of Iodine Deficiency Disorders in China

ObjectiveTo recognize the spatial and temporal characteristics of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD), China national IDD surveillance data for the years of 1995–2018 were analyzed. MethodsTime series analysis was used to describe and predict the IDD related indicators, and spatial analysis was used to analyze the spatial distribution of salt iodine levels. ResultsIn China, the median urinary iodine concentration increased in 1995–1997, then decreased to adequate levels, and are expected to remain appropriate in 2019–2022. The goiter rate continually decreased and is expected to be maintained at a low level. Since 2002, the coverage rates of iodized salt and the consumption rates of qualified iodized salt (the percentage of qualified iodized salt in all tested salt) increased and began to decline in 2012; they are expected to continue to decrease. Spatial epidemiological analysis indicated a positive spatial correlation in 2016–2018 and revealed feature regarding the spatial distribution of salt related indicators in coastal areas and areas near iodine-excess areas. ConclusionsIodine nutrition in China showed gradual improvements. However, a recent decline has been observed in some areas following changes in the iodized salt supply in China. In the future, more regulations regarding salt management should be issued to strengthen IDD control and prevention measures, and avoid the recurrence of IDD.

Sodium, Potassium and Iodine Intake in an Adult Population of Lithuania.

Hypertension is a leading risk factor for cardiovascular events and death. A reduction in salt intake is among the most cost-effective strategies to reduce blood pressure and the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Increasing potassium lowers blood pressure and is associated with lower cardiovascular risk. Adequate iodine intake is important to prevent iodine deficiency disorders. Salt iodization is a key strategy to prevent such deficiency. In Lithuania, no surveys have been performed to directly assess sodium, potassium and iodine consumption. The aim of the present study was to measure sodium, potassium and iodine intake in a randomly selected adult Lithuanian adult population using 24 h urine collections, and to assess knowledge, attitudes and behavior towards salt consumption. Salt and potassium intakes were estimated in 888 randomly selected participants by 24 h urine sodium and potassium excretion and 679 individuals provided suitable 24 h urine samples for the analysis of iodine excretion. Average salt intake was 10.0 (SD 5.3) g/24 h and average potassium intake was 3.3 (SD 1.3) g/24 h. Only 12.5% of participants consumed less than 5 g/24 h of salt. The median value of urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was 95.5 μg/L. Our study showed that average salt intake is twice as high as the maximum level recommended by the World Health Organization while potassium and iodine intakes in Lithuania are below the recommended levels.

Influence of processing and storage on the iodine content of meat and fish products using iodized salt

Table salt fortified with KIO3 is commonly used to prevent iodine deficiency disorders. However, there is a lack of reliable data about the stability of KIO3 during food processing. In this study several meat and fish products were prepared with iodized salt and the iodine stability was determined through the whole production process. Applied processes included heating, fermenting, freezing, hot smoking, ripening by enzymes and storing. In all products an increase in iodine content was observed after addition of iodized salt. The iodine content remained constant during most of the applied processes. The only iodine loss was observed in ham after heating and can be explained by loss of iodine containing brine. During subsequent storage no iodine loss was observed in any of the products. The use of KIO3 fortified salt in the investigated products might therefore be beneficial for the iodine supply.

Assessment of Sustainable Elimination Criteria for Iodine Deficiency Disorders Recommended by International Organizations.

Enormous efforts have been made to evaluate the worldwide prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs). This study evaluated China's achievements in IDD prevention and control against WHO criteria for sustainable elimination of IDD. The study sample consisted of 556,390 school-aged children and 271,935 pregnant women enrolled in the 2018 China National IDD Surveillance. As a result, at the national level, median urine iodine concentration (MUIC) was 206.1 and 163.5 μg/l in children and in pregnant women, respectively. The proportion of households consuming adequate iodized salt (PHCAIS) was 90.2%. The prevalence rates of goiter in children and thyroid disease in pregnant women were 2.0 and 0.8%, respectively. MUIC showed significant non-linear increasing trends with increasing PHCAIS in both children and pregnant women. The prevalence of thyroid disease in pregnant women had a sharp decreasing trend with increasing PHCAIS. Of note, the prevalence of goiter in children and thyroid disease in pregnant women against MUIC both presented as significant U-shaped curves, with the lowest prevalence at 100–300 μg/l of MUIC in children and 150–250 μg/l in pregnant women. PHCAIS, MUIC, and the programmatic indicators at the national level were all above their cut-offs proposed in the 2007 Criteria. Evaluation by adding the prevalence of goiter (<5%) yielded the different results at the county level. Sustainable elimination of IDD has been achieved nationally. 2018 Chinese surveillance data support the expansion of global cut-offs for optimal iodine status in school-age children from 100–199 to 100–299 μg/l as recommended by others and the lower limit of MUIC (150 μg/l) in pregnant women also seems justified. Inclusion of goiter prevalence <5% in our analysis reduced the number of municipalities and counties which had achieved sustainable elimination of IDD.

Iodine Nutritional Status of Pregnant Women After 14 Years of Lipiodol Supplementation: a Cross-Sectional Study in Historically Iodine-Deficient Areas of China.

Southern Xinjiang has a history of serious iodine deficiency. Since 2007, pregnant women in this area have taken iodized salt and oral lipiodol preparations to prevent iodine deficiency disorders. However, the current status of iodine nutrition and thyroid function in this population is unknown. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 555 pregnant women from 5 counties (cities) in southern Xinjiang and 429 pregnant women from 3 counties in northern Xinjiang. The participants were given a questionnaire and serum concentrations of free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), thyrotropic stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroglobulin antibody (Tg-Ab), and thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO-Ab), and the urine iodine concentration (UIC) was measured. The median UIC and interquartile range [M (IQR)] of the 984 pregnant women in the study was 189.38 (143.15, 288.77) μg/L. Positive Tg-Ab and TPO-Ab titers were detected in 6.74% and 9.55%, 8.30% and 9.84%, and 7.39% and 10.55% in T1, T2, and T3, respectively. The incidence of subclinical hypothyroidism, clinical hypothyroidism, and isolated hypothyroxinemia in pregnant women in areas where lipiodol pills were taken was 4.32%, 0%, and 1.44%, respectively, which was significantly lower than those in areas where lipiodol pills were not taken. The median UIC (IQR) of pregnant women in the two regions was 213.80 (130.44, 331.77) μg/L and 168.30 (155.0, 254.8) μg/L, the UIC of pregnant women who took lipiodol pills was higher than in those who did not take lipiodol pills, and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). According to WHO standards, all pregnant women in southern Xinjiang are in a state of adequate iodine nutrition. Taking lipiodol pills has improved the iodine nutrition level of pregnant women in this area. The results of this study did not find that oral lipiodol pills had adverse effects on pregnant women's thyroid function, but it is necessary to further study the effect of oral lipiodol pills on the offspring.

Wrangle with hypertension: lowered salt intake may not compromise iodine status among tribes of Central India.

The most important risk factor of cardiovascular disease is hypertension and high salt intake contributes to high blood pressure. However, to prevent iodine deficiency disorders, the iodisation of salt is a proven strategy. So, on one hand, we suggest people reduced salt consumption but on the other hand, we also fear an increase in the prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders. In the present study, we investigated the possibility of salt intake at WHO recommended levels resulting in higher or lower iodine status in India by assessing the urinary iodine status and its relation with blood pressure. It was a cross-sectional study. It was a community-based study. We collected 24-hour urine samples for estimation of iodine concentrations in urine from 411 adult hypertensives in the Mandla district of central India. Urinary iodine was estimated using Thermo ORION make ion-selective electrodes. The median urinary iodine excretion was 162·6 mcg/l. Interestingly 371 (90·26 %) subjects were observed with > 200 mcg/l urinary iodine concentration level indicating iodine sufficiency. Individuals with high urine Na significantly had high blood pressure as compared with individuals with low urinary Na excretion (P < 0·01). There is a higher probability of high urine iodine levels among individuals with higher urine Na levels. The study revealed that 90 % of the population were excreting excessive iodine in urine, which is more than adequate iodine uptake. This excess uptake enables a scope for reduction in salt intake to control hypertension.

Adaptation to a High Iodine Intake in Greenland Inuit Suggested by Thyroid Disease Pattern.

Objective: Arctic living is influenced by cold winters, short summers, and excessive iodine intake from the traditional Inuit diet providing for habitation of the Arctic for centuries. This is changing and we surveyed thyroid function in populations living in Greenland. Design: Population-based cross-sectional study. Methods: Data were collected in the capital city in West Greenland and in rural East Greenland. Information on lifestyle, dietary habits, and medical history was obtained using questionnaires. Thyrotropin, free thyroxine, free triiodothyronine, thyroglobulin, and thyroglobulin antibody were measured in serum, iodine, and creatinine in spot urine samples. Results: One percent of the Greenlandic population was invited and 535 participated with an overall participation rate of 95%. Iodine excretion was 225 μg/24 hours in East Greenland and 169 μg/24 hours among West Greenland Inuit. Hyperthyroidism occurred in 10.7% of West Greenlandic Inuit (men/women: 4.3%/16.3%) and 7.8% of East Greenlandic Inuit (3.8%/12.8%). Hypothyroidism was found in 2.7% in West Greenland (0.0%/5.0%) and 5.6% (5.6%/5.6%) in East Greenland. Conclusion: Hyperthyroidism was frequent among Inuit and the occurrence of hypothyroidism was low. The pattern of hyper- and hypothyroidism among Greenlandic Inuit with adequate iodine intake was comparable with those seen in populations with iodine deficiency. Inuit may thus have adapted to excessive iodine intake over centuries, causing a need for a higher iodine intake to prevent iodine deficiency disorders.

Study of Urinary Iodine Level Assessment and its Relation to Thyroid Function during Pregnancy

Abstract Background The global effort to prevent iodine deficiency disorders through iodine supplementation, such as universal salt iodization, has achieved impressive progress during the last few decades. However, iodine excess, due to extensive environmental iodine exposure in addition to poor monitoring, is currently a more frequent occurrence than iodine deficiency. Iodine excess is a precipitating environmental factor in the development of autoimmune thyroid disease. Aim of the study to evaluate the urinary iodine level as a marker of iodine status in pregnant women in 3rd trimester and assess its relation to thyroid functions. Patients and Methods This Cross Sectional Study was conducted on 100 subjects with their ages ranging from 18-35 years old, pregnant females, at the third trimester, selected from Obstetric Out- patient Clinic of Ain shams University Hospitals. Samples were collected from participants in cairo, during the Spring and Summer from March to August. Results in our study, there was a significant negative correlation between Urinary Iodine level and TSH as Iodine difficient group has the Highest TSH, and the Highest Thyroid Volume, as there was a significant negative correlation between Urinary Iodine level and Thyroid Volume. Conclusion TSH level and Thyroid Volume were global effort to prevent iodine deficiency disorders through iodine supplementation, such as universal salt iodization, has achieved impressive progress during the last few decades. However, iodine excess, due to extensive environmental iodine exposure in addition to significantly higher in Iodine difficient group than Excess iodine group, And FT4 level was lower in Iodine difficient group than excess iodine group.

Insufficient Iodine Level in Urine among Children of a Secondary School: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study.

Introduction: Iodine deficiency disorders are common endocrinopathies in Nepal. Children are at risk for iodine deficiency disorders. Irreversible mental retardation and brain damage in children are the devastating disorders lead by iodine deficiency. Therefore, the main objective of the study was to find out the prevalence of insufficient iodine level among the children of a secondary school. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in urine from April 2019 to July 2019 after obtaining ethical approval from Nepal Health Research Council (Registration number: 802/2018). Forty-six urine samples were collected from school children for iodine estimation. Convenience sampling was done. Data were entered into Statistical Package for the Social Science version 21 and descriptive analyses were done. Point estimate at 95% confidence interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data. Results: Among the 46 students, majority 36 (78.30%) (95% Confidence Interval= 66.30-90.21) of the school children had insufficient urine iodine level. Among 36 salt samples collected from school children with low urine iodine level, 8 (22.2%) salt samples had iodine less than 15ppm. Conclusions: Iodine estimation revealed a very high percentage of urine samples containing insufficient levels of iodine is similar as compared to studies done in similar settings. Hence, the school children were at risk of iodine deficiency disorders. Iodine deficiency disorders prevention programs should be priority intervention based on available evidence.

Knowledge and Utilization of Iodized Salt and Associated Factors among Households of Fitche Town, Central Ethiopia, 2020: A Community based Cross-Sectional Study

Adequate knowledge and proper utilization of iodized salt in the household is a significant factor in the prevention of iodine deficiency disorders. This study was aimed at assessing knowledge and utilization of iodized salt and associated factors among the Fitche town community. A total of 470 individuals in the household were participated. About 58.6% of the respondents had good knowledge of iodized salt use and 52.6% use adequately iodized salt. Having higher monthly income [adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=2.97, 95%confidence interval (CI):1.05-8.42], having family health insurance [AOR=2.57, 95%CI:1.15-5.74] and being aware of iodine deficiency consequences [AOR=1.88, 95%CI:1.03-3.40)] were significantly associated with proper utilization of iodized salt. Besides, acquiring health advice on iodized salt [AOR=2.20, 95%CI:1.10-4.40] and educational status [AOR=0.14, 95%CI:0.03-0.56] were shown significant association with the knowledge of respondents on iodized salt use. Even though knowledge of iodized salt use in the study area is higher as compared to other findings, the coverage of proper iodized salt utilization is less than the world health organization recommendation of iodized salt use in households. Therefore, promoting the knowledge and utilization of iodized salt should be strengthened. Additionally, routine testing and monitoring for iodine levels in salt sold in the markets and used by households have enormous benefits.

Чорнобильська аварія та йодна недостатність як фактори ризику тиреоїдної патології у населення постраждалих регіонів України

Наслідком аварії на Чорнобильській атомній електростанції була негативна дія опромінення на здоров’я населення значних територій України та прилеглих країн, наслідки цієї дії будуть виявлятися протягом багатьох років. Дослідження, проведені у 2011–2014 рр. у Київській, Житомирській і Чернігівській областях, показали, що йодний дефіцит у харчуванні населення на цих територіях зберігається та негативно діє на здоров’я мешканців, які зазнали впливу факторів Чорнобильської аварії. Розв'язання проблеми профілактики йододефіцитних захворювань лежить в аспекті прийняття законодавчих актів щодо масової і групової йодної профілактики.

Excess iodine exposure

To prevent iodine deficiency disorders, the universal salt iodization programme has been introduced all over the globe, including environmentally iodine sufficient regions irrespective of their iodine status. As a result, iodine-induced thyroid dysfunctions namely hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, autoimmune thyroid diseases, endemic goiter and even thyroid cancer including infertility, still births, abortions and embryo toxicity have emerged as a major public health problem. In other words, the consequence of iodine deficiency and excess is almost ‘U’-shaped. Hypothyroidism caused by iodine deficiency affects reproductive functions of organisms; however, such undesirable effects of iodine overload on male gonadal physiology together with hormonal profiles are yet to be adequately explored. The discovery of iodide transporter in the testis justifies an independent role of iodine in male reproductive function, which is not entirely known. Recent studies on human subjects and animal models are now revealing further perceptions into the effect of excess iodine on male infertility with euthyroid status. Excess iodine exposure has been linked with deterioration of structural and functional changes of testis leading to compromised spermatogenesis by affecting various cellular and molecular signaling pathways culminating into disrupted the blood-testis barrier and cytoskeleton. This review provides an update and summarizes various novel insights of excess iodine exposure on reproduction by establishing the independent role of iodine on male reproductive endocrinology, which might help in formulating future strategies to prevent iodine-induced male infertility, an emerging global concern, especially in the post-salt iodization era.