Prevention Of IDDM Research Articles

Allicin has significant effect on autoimmune anti-islet cell antibodies in type 1 diabetic rats

The research purpose was to experimentally investigate the effect of allicin administration on the levels of main type 1 diabetes (IDDM) autoantibodies which are anti-islet cell antibodies (ICA) with an attempt to find a relation between this immunological effect and histological and/or biochemical findings. We have evaluated, with the help of ELISA kits, the levels of ICA and serum insulin in male Sprague-Dawley rats with Streptozotocin-induced IDDM in addition to pancreatic histological findings. The four groups (6 rats each) under study received or not different intraperitoneal doses of allicin for a period of 30 days. Daily intraperitoneal administration of allicin (either at as low dose of 8 mg/kg or high dose of 16 mg/kg) for up to 30 days to type 1 diabetic rats effectively reduces levels of anti-islet cell antibodies and in addition, reduced the level of insulin due to damaged Langerhans islet cell was significantly increased in the serum due to a repairing tissue process in pancreatic tissues. These experimental results suggest that allicin treatment has a therapeutic protective effect against autoimmune reactions occurring in IDDM. The data may provide new strategies for using allicin to be recommended as an excellent candidate in the clinical management, control, and prevention of IDDM.

Prevention of IDDM in children with prediabetes using insulin

Prevention of IDDM in children with prediabetes using insulin

Prediction and prevention of IDDM

Prediction and prevention of IDDM

The limitations of clinical trials for prevention of IDDM.

The limitations of clinical trials for prevention of IDDM.

Prevention of IDDM: strategies based on new observations of molecular pathogenesis. Workshop held in Majvik, Kirkkonummi, Finland, 6-8 May 1996.

Prevention of IDDM: strategies based on new observations of molecular pathogenesis. Workshop held in Majvik, Kirkkonummi, Finland, 6-8 May 1996.

Modulation and detection of IDDM by membrane associated antigens from the islet beta cell line NIT-1.

We have utilized the NOD islet beta-cell line NIT-1 to monitor beta-cell specific autoantibodies and to investigate the modulation of IDDM in NOD mice by NIT-1 membrane associated antigens. The sera from diabetic but not from pre-diabetic or protected NOD mice strongly stained NIT-1 cells in FACS analysis. The cell surface antigens on NIT-1 cells were trypsin-sensitive. NIT-1 cells could not be stained by anti-mouse GAD67 antibody; however, we could demonstrate the presence of GAD65 and GAD67 mRNA by RT-PCR. Longitudinal analysis of anti-NIT-1 antibodies showed that these antibodies were present in the neonates but disappeared after weaning. Sonicated NIT-1 cell membrane preparations protected NOD mice from diabetes when injected intravenously in 5 week old mice. The protection was associated with reduced cytotoxic activity and elevated Th2-like responses as indicated by IgG1 antibodies against the NIT-1 cells. Subcutaneous injection of sonicated NIT-1 membranes or the injection of control red blood cell membranes failed to induce protection. We conclude that NIT-1 cell membranes do not express GAD but contain other antigens that are important in the development and prevention of IDDM. These antigens could be useful for the diagnosis of diabetes by monitoring autoantibody levels and for the modulation of IDDM by immunotherapy.

The potential role of nicotinamide in the secondary prevention of IDDM

The potential role of nicotinamide in the secondary prevention of IDDM

The design of trials for prevention of IDDM

The design of trials for prevention of IDDM

The design of trials for prevention of IDDM.

Several large clinical trials for the prevention of IDDM in islet cell antibody positive first-degree relatives are planned or underway. The design of these trials rests in part on assumptions about the natural history of autoimmunity during the prediabetic period and on the likely effectiveness of the intervention being tested. At this time, most of the factors that influence the required sample size can only be roughly estimated.

Immunological aspects of diabetes mellitus: Prospects for pharmacological modification

It is now well known that insulin-dependent diabetes is a chronic progressive autoimmune disease. The prolonged prediabetic phase of progressive β-cell dysfunction is associated with immunological abnormalities. A prediabetic period is suggested by the appearance of islet cell antibodies, anti-insulin antibodies, and anti-insulin receptor antibodies. The existence of activated T lymphocytes and abnormal T cell subsets are also other markers. There is still no concensus about the use of the immunosuppression superimposed upon conventional insulin therapy in early diagnosed IDDM and the follow-up of the relatives of IDDM patients who share the genetic predisposition and serological markers for the risk of future onset of IDDM. Treatment in the prodromal period cannot be justified because a link between the disease and early markers such as ICA has not been established with certainty (Diabetes Research Program NIH, 1983). Many immunopharmacological manipulations were reported to be effective in animal models. However, most of them are not readily applied to human subjects. Morever, IDDM patients are now believed to be heterogeneous, with a complex genetic background. HLA-DR, and more recently DQ, are closely related to the genetic predisposition to IDDM but those genes are not themselves diabetogenic. The contribution of autoimmunity does not appear to be uniform, and in some cases, the contribution of virus is considered more important. There is a lack of a marker for the future onset of IDDM. ICA and ICSA were found after mumps infection, but the existence of those autoantibodies and even the co-existence of HLA-DR3 do not always indicate the future trend to insulin dependency. More precise markers will be disclosed through the biochemical analysis of the target antigens on pancreatic β-cell for islet antibodies and effector T cells. Much safer and more effective immunopharmacological treatment will be developed through animal experimentation using rat and mouse models. The recent development and interest in this field will further facilitate the attainment of the goal or the complete prevention of IDDM.

Restoration of Immune-dysfunction and Prevention of IDDM in NOD Mice by Immunomodulators

Restoration of Immune-dysfunction and Prevention of IDDM in NOD Mice by Immunomodulators