Prevention Of Hypercholesterolemia Research Articles

Prevention of Hypercholesterolemia with "Liposomes in Microspheres" Composite Carriers: A Promising Approach for Intestinal-Targeted Oral Delivery of Astaxanthin.

Cardiovascular diseases are caused by hypercholesterolemia. Astaxanthin (AST) has been reported to exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, its bioavailability is poor because of low solubility and instability. In order to improve the bioavailability of AST, we developed an intestinal-responsive composite carrier termed as "liposomes in micropheres" incorporating N-succinyl-chitosan (NSC)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) liposomes that functionalized by neonatal Fc receptors (FcRn) into hydrogels of sodium alginate (SA) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS). In the AST NSC/HSA-PEG liposomes@SA/CMCS microspheres, the AST's encapsulation efficiency (EE) was 96.26% (w/w) and its loading capacity (LC) was 6.47% (w/w). AST NSC/HSA-PEG liposomes had stability in the gastric conditions and achieved long-term release of AST in intestinal conditions. Then, AST NSC/HSA-PEG liposomes@SA/CMCS bind to intestinal epithelial cell targets by the neonatal Fc receptor. In vitro permeation studies show that there was a 4-fold increase of AST NSC/HSA-PEG liposomes@SA/CMCS in AST permeation across the intestinal epithelium. Subsequent in vivo experiments demonstrated that the composite carrier exhibited a remarkable mucoadhesive capacity, allowing for extended intestinal retention of up to 12 h, and it displayed deep penetration through the mucus layer, efficiently entering the intestinal villi epithelial cells, and enhancing the absorption of AST and its bioavailability in vivo. And oral administration of AST NSC/HSA-PEG liposomes@SA/CMCS could effectively prevent hypercholesterolemia caused by a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet (HFHCD). These advancements highlight the potential of NSC/HSA-PEG liposomes@SA/CMCS composite carriers for targeted and oral uptake of hydrophobic bioactives.

Hake heads proteins hydrolysates as a source of bioactive peptides with prevention against hypercholesterolemia in mice: The involvement of oxidative dysfunction in hepatic tissues

Food proteins are a source of nutraceutical and bioactive peptides that promote health and prevent diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of Hake heads proteins hydrolysates (HHPH) in the prevention of hypercholesterolemia, oxidative stress and obesity in mice fed a high cholesterol diet. After six week of treatment serum lipid profiles (total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol), the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) level, the advanced oxidation protein product (AOPP) and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) were tested. The high cholesterol diet led to dyslipidemia, oxidative stress and liver structure damage, compared with the control group. It is interesting to note that the addition of HHPH to the HCD attenuated these anomalies in a dose-dependent manner. The overall findings revealed that the hypocholesterolemic effect of HHPH could be due to their capacity to diminish serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels as well as to their antioxidant activities by improving the liver architecture.

Therapeutic treatment with phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors alleviates kidney injury and renal fibrosis by increasing MMP-9 in a doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity mouse model

Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is associated with kidney dysfunction and is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in industrialized countries. Here, we evaluated the effects of the phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE-4) inhibitors rolipram and roflumilast on a doxorubicin-induced NS model. Early-stage rolipram treatment preserved glomerular filtration barrier function, as indicated by reduced serum protein and albumin loss and the prevention of hypercholesterolemia. These effects were associated with reduced glomerular and tubular lesions and abrogated renal cell apoptosis. In addition, rolipram treatment reduced inflammation, which was characterized by a decrease in macrophage accumulation and reduced levels of CCL2 and TNF in the kidneys. Rolipram also reduced renal fibrosis, which was associated with decreased α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) area and increased metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) activity in renal tissue. Late-stage rolipram or roflumilast treatment preserved glomerular filtration barrier function, as characterized by reduced serum albumin loss, decreased proteinuria, and the prevention of hypercholesterolemia. Importantly, only roflumilast treatment was associated with a reduction in glomerular and tubular lesions at this time point. In addition, both rolipram and roflumilast reduced renal tissue fibrosis and MMP9 activity in renal tissue.

Association of meal timing of energy, macronutrients and foods with hypercholesterolaemia in the US adults.

Few studies examined the association of energy, macronutrients and food consumption at dinner v. breakfast with hypercholesterolaemia. A total of 27911 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2003-2016) were included in the cross-sectional study. Energy, macronutrients and food consumption at breakfast, dinner and the difference at dinner v. breakfast (Δratio) were calculated. Multiple logistic regression models and substitution effects of foods at dinner with breakfast were also performed. After adjustment for potential covariates, compared with the lowest quintile, participants in the highest quintile of Δratio in terms of energy had a higher risk of prevalent hypercholesterolaemia (ORΔratio of energy 1·16, 95 % CI (1·01, 1·33)) mainly due to Δratio of low-quality carbohydrates and plant protein (ORΔratio of low-quality carbohydrates 1·19; 95 % CI (1·05, 1·35)); ORΔratio of plant protein 1·13; 95 % CI (1·01, 1·28)). ΔAdded sugars and Δnuts were associated with hypercholesterolaemia (ORΔadded sugars 1·01; 95 % CI (1·00, 1·02)); ORΔnuts 1·08; 95 % CI (1·01, 1·16)). Furthermore, the substitution of added sugars, nuts and processed meat at dinner with breakfast could reduce the OR of hypercholesterolaemia. This study indicated that among US adults, overconsumption of energy, macronutrients including low-quality carbohydrates and plant protein at dinner than breakfast was significantly associated with a higher risk of prevalent hypercholesterolaemia. The replacing of added sugar, nuts and processed meat at dinner with breakfast reduced the risk of prevalent hypercholesterolaemia. This study emphasised the importance of meal timing in the prevention of hypercholesterolaemia.

Education on Prevention of Hypercholesterolemia and Hypertension by Consuming Sardeljondan Herbal Drinks

Hypertension is a condition in which a person experiences an increase in systolic blood pressure of more or equal to 140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure of more or equal to 90 mmHg. Currently, the estimated number of cases of hypertension in Indonesia is 63,309,620 people, while the death rate due to hypertension in Indonesia is 427,218 deaths. Currently, the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia is still very high. The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia in the world is around 45%. The high incidence of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia can also be caused by low public knowledge about blood pressure and cholesterol levels, starting from ways to prevent them, the course of the disease, its symptoms, to the treatment of the disease. In addition, lifestyle and diet also affect the high incidence of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. Both of these diseases can cause more serious complications, such as heart disease and stroke. Therefore, an effort is needed to increase public knowledge about hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, as well as introduce alternative herbal drinks that are efficacious for people with hypertension and hypercholesterolemia.

Effect of Varying Dietary Crude Protein Level on Milk Production, Nutrient Digestibility, and Serum Metabolites by Lactating Donkeys.

Simple SummaryDonkey milk, a functional food, can be used as a milk replacement for newborn nutrition, due to its similar chemical composition to maternal breast milk and hypoallergenic property, and may be useful in the prevention of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. However, donkey milk yield is very low and cannot satisfy the demands of the market. Some research on dairy cows showed that increasing dietary crude protein levels can increase milk yield and milk component yields. Therefore, this study explored whether increasing dietary crude protein levels could promote the milk production of lactating donkeys. The results showed that increasing crude protein levels could improve milk performance and nutrient digestibility of lactating donkeys. The key finding of this study was that a diet containing 14.2% crude protein supplied adequate protein to improve milk production in lactating donkeys.Donkey milk is considered as a functional food due to its high levels of whey protein, and can be used in newborn nutrition, due to the nutritional similarities with human milk and its hypoallergenic property. However, donkey milk yield is very low and little is known about improving donkey milk yield by nutrition manipulation. The effect of dietary crude protein (CP) levels on milk production, nutrient digestibility, and serum metabolites was investigated in the current study. Twenty-four lactating donkeys were randomly assigned to one of the following three CP content diets: 15.3% (HP), 14.2% (MP), and 13.1% (LP) of dry matter, respectively. The experiment lasted for 10 weeks, with the first two weeks being used for adaptation. The results showed that milk yield and yields of protein, lactose, solid-not-fat, total solid, and contents of protein, total solid and milk urea nitrogen in the HP and MP groups were higher than the LP group. No significant changes were observed in dry-matter intake, contents of milk fat, lactose or solid-not-fat. The feed conversion ratio, milk protein synthesis efficiency, and the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, calcium and phosphorous in the HP and MP groups were greater than the LP group. Serum total protein, albumin and urea nitrogen concentrations decreased, while concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate increased in the LP group compared with the HP and MP groups. In conclusion, the diet containing 14.2% CP supplied an adequate amount of protein for improving milk production in lactating donkeys, but milk production was not further increased by feeding the donkeys more than 14.2% CP.

Edible Bird's Nest Regulates Hepatic Cholesterol Metabolism through Transcriptional Regulation of Cholesterol Related Genes.

Objective Hypercholesterolemia is a strong risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Side effects associated with the use of pharmaceutical agents can cancel out their benefits. Dietary management of hypercholesterolemia is, therefore, receiving much attention due to fewer side effects. In this study, we explored the effectiveness of edible bird's nest (EBN) in the prevention of hypercholesterolemia in rats. Methods High-cholesterol diet (HCD) (4.5% cholesterol and 0.5% cholic acid) with or without EBN (low (2.5%) or high dose (20%)) was given to rats for 12 weeks, and their weights were observed. Simvastatin (10 mg/kg/day) was administered for the same period as a control drug. Serum and tissue samples were collected at the end of the study, from which biochemical parameters (lipid profiles, oxLDL, liver enzymes, urea, creatinine, uric acid, and lipase activity) and hepatic mRNA levels were measured. Results The HCD group had higher levels of serum lipids, liver enzymes, uric acid, urea, and lipase activity compared with those of the other groups. The hepatic mRNA levels of cholesterol metabolism genes (APOB, PCSK9, HMGCR, LDLR, and CYP7A1) in the HCD group also tended toward increased cholesterol production and reduced cholesterol clearance. EBN, especially the highest dose, attenuated the HCD-induced changes, partly through improving the transcriptional regulation of hepatic cholesterol metabolism genes with fold changes of 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 1.7, and 2.7, respectively, in comparison to the HCD group. In fact, EBN produced better results than simvastatin. Conclusion Thus, the results suggest that EBN can regulate cholesterol metabolism and, therefore, be a source of functional ingredients for the management of hypercholesterolemia.

Clinical Evaluation Mustadi Yoga in the Management of Medoroga w.s.r to Hyperlipidemia

Cholesterol is an important building block in the formation and repair of cell walls, the function of nerve tissue, and the production of hormones such as testosterone, estrogen, and the stress hormone, cortisol. It is important to understand that fat tissue (cholesterol) in itself is not bad, and is actually essential for the body to function properly. The mixing of ama with fat tissue is the main cause of imbalanced cholesterol as per Ayurveda. When meda dhatu mixes with ama, it changes the quality of fat tissue and the quality of cholesterol, making it unhealthy rather than healthy. High cholesterol raises our risk for heart disease, heart attack. In Ayurvedic perspective, the production of cholesterol does not necessarily need to be lessened, but it needs tobe balanced. When the digestion is balanced and healthy, then the body produces .the right amount of cholesterol, in the right proportion to nourish the body. Balanced diet, proper lifestyles, exercise, yoga, balanced Agni (digestion & metabolism) play important role in prevention of hypercholesterolemia.

Anticholesterolemic Activity of Three Vegetal Extracts (Artichoke, Caigua, and Fenugreek) and Their Unique Blend.

Hepatic-related diseases, in particular hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia, are a thorn on the side of the national health institutes around the globe. Indeed, liver lipid and cholesterol dysregulation could lead to atherosclerotic plaque formation and cardiovascular diseases. Currently, statin administration and monacolin K consumption are the main therapies proposed to counter this alarming connection, but relevant side effects are known. To overcome this issue, safe nutraceutical formulations and/or vegetal extracts, endowed with anticholesterolemic activity, could be instrumental in hypercholesterolemia prevention and treatment. In the present work, the anticholesterolemic efficacy of three vegetal extracts used in traditional medicine (artichoke, caigua, and fenugreek), their unique blend (ACFB), and the monacolin K-containing red yeast extract (RYR), was investigated with an in vitro approach based on hepatic cell line HepG2. The impact on cholesterol of the three extracts, their blend, and RYR were investigated by determining hepatocyte total and free cholesterol and bile acids biosynthesis. According to our results, the anticholesterolemic activity of the vegetal extracts was confirmed, and a novel choleretic activity of caigua extract was evidenced. ACFB showed to be safer than RYR while showing a similar effect on total and free cholesterol and bile acids synthesis compared to it. The anticholesterolemic activity of the blend was obtained with lower vegetal extract concentrations compared with the single vegetal extract, potentially indicating an additive effect between the extracts. In conclusion, the vegetal extracts and their blend, ACFB, are safe and are endowed with anticholesterolemic activity, potentially providing complementary therapies to the statin-based ones for hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia-related complications.

The Effects of Anthocyanin-Rich Bilberry Extract on Transintestinal Cholesterol Excretion.

Hypercholesterolemia is one of the modifiable and primary risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Emerging evidence suggests the stimulation of transintestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE), the nonbiliary cholesterol excretion, using natural products can be an effective way to reduce CVD. Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) has been reported to have cardioprotective effects by ameliorating oxidative stress, inflammation, and dyslipidemia. However, the role of bilberry in intestinal cholesterol metabolism is not well understood. To examine the effects of bilberry in intestinal cholesterol metabolism, we measured the genes for cholesterol flux and de novo synthesis in anthocyanin-rich bilberry extract (BE)-treated Caco-2 cells. BE significantly decreased the genes for cholesterol absorption, i.e., Niemann-Pick C1 Like 1 and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1). In contrast, BE significantly upregulated ABCG8, the apical transporter for cholesterol. There was a significant induction of low-density lipoprotein receptors, with a concomitant increase in cellular uptake of cholesterol in BE-treated cells. The expression of genes for lipogenesis and sirtuins was altered by BE treatment. In the present study, BE altered the genes for cholesterol flux from basolateral to the apical membrane of enterocytes, potentially stimulating TICE. These results support the potential of BE in the prevention of hypercholesterolemia.

Effectiveness of a new rutin Cu(II) complex in the prevention of lipid peroxidation and hepatotoxicity in hypercholesterolemic rats.

A new rutin copper(II) complex (R-Cu2) was prepared and characterized by spectroscopic methods and elemental analysis. The effects of rutin and R-Cu2 were evaluated on the prevention of hypercholesterolemia in animals feed with high-cholesterol diet (HCD) for 8weeks. The animals (n=5) were neither fed with HCD nor treated (control group), or were treated with vehicle, 10mg/kg simvastatin, rutin (16 and 160μmol/kg), and R-Cu2 (16 and 160μmol/kg) administered orally. Total cholesterol (TC) levels were significantly increased (p<.01) in all HCD groups. In rutin and R-Cu2 groups, it was observed a discrete, but not significant, TC and LDL-induced increase inhibition compared with vehicle-treated group. R-Cu2 treatment significantly decreased (p<.05) plasma triglycerides compared with the vehicle-treated group. All groups receiving treatments maintained the malondialdehyde at normal levels. Serum NO levels were reduced in animals treated with rutin and R-Cu2 compared with the vehicle-treated group. In addition, the results also showed that the groups treated with rutin and R-Cu2 reduced significantly (p<.01), the number of neutrophils and prevented histological changes in all evaluated liver zones. R-Cu2 group maintained the ALT, AST, and ALP enzymes at normal levels. Thus, the effects of R-Cu2 in modulating inflammation and protecting liver damage were confirmed. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Rutin, a plant-derived flavonoid, is one of phenolic compounds well known as a nutraceutical due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Findings of this study demonstrate the effects of both rutin and R-Cu2 in modulating inflammation and protecting liver damage in hypercholesterolemic rats. However, some effects analyzed became more evident in R-Cu2. Thereby, it was shown that the synthesis of a new flavonoid compound (R-Cu2) could be applied as a nutraceutical benefit option to prevent hypercholesterolemia condition.

A community-based study on the awareness and prevention of hypercholesterolemia in adults

Background: Intake of unhealthy junk food results into long standing health issues and the research in this paper is focused towards analyzing the knowledge of non-medical population about hypercholesterolemia and to upgrade their education concerned with healthy lifestyle modifications and essential safety measures identified with elevated cholesterol levels and related diseases.Methods: It was a prospective pre-and post-education interventional study carried out on 400 non-medical students at PES degree college Bangalore. A self-managed survey was conveyed to participants using a validated questionnaire during their usual college hours. The data analysis was done utilizing Microsoft excel tool.Results: Out of 400 participants in pre-education interventional study awareness about hypercholesterolemia was found excellent in 129 subjects, average in 243 subjects and poor in 28 subjects, where as in post-education interventional study awareness about hypercholesterolemia was found to be excellent in 355 subjects average in 44 subjects and poor in 1 subject.Conclusions: The significant increment was found in the degree of information among the participants. All over the study was an achievement and the objective of the examination was satisfied. Few participants showed lack of interest however spreading awareness and instructing about wellbeing viewpoints can bring the distinction just if the picked-up information is executed in everyday life.

CHOLESTEROL AND ITS IMPLICATIONS- A REVIEW

Ambiguity associated with cholesterol portrays its significance and concern. Cholesterol is a steroid biomolecule of animal cells with several important functions in living system, such as steroid hormone production, structural architecture of cell membranes, production of vitamin D, sources of bile salts and bile acids. Its sources include endogenous (de novo production by body’s tissues) and exogenous (dietary), contributing to cholesterol pool in the body. Cholesterol homeostasis is essentially regulated by the body. This review focuses on the following; basis of cholesterol, biological functions of cholesterol, structural description of cholesterol, Biosynthesis of cholesterol, cholesterol and its derivatives e.g bile acids, bile salts, steroid hormone, absorption and utilization of dietary cholesterol and current advancement in cholesterol management against risk factors. Hypercholesterolaemia is known to be an important precondition to the etiology of cardiovascular disorders which include atherosclerosis, stroke and coronary heart diseases. Interventions for the management and prevention of hypercholesterolaemia currently advocated include pharmaceuticals (drugs) and non pharmaceuticals, but more concern on non pharmacological therapeutic interventions such as the use of Medicinal Plants and herbs, Nutraceuticals, Diet and Exercises (lifestyle) and Functional and Mediterranean Foods. It is thus glaring that the disease linked implication of cholesterol can be prevented and managed using the appropriate interventions.&#x0D; &#x0D; Peer Review History: &#x0D; Received 4 November 2020; Revised 12 Decembe; Accepted 2 January, Available online 15 January 2021&#x0D; UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency.&#x0D; Received file: Comments of reviewer(s): &#x0D; Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10&#x0D; Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 8.0/10&#x0D; Reviewer(s) detail:&#x0D; Dr. Rawaa Souhil Al-Kayali, Aleppo University, Syria, rawah67@hotmail.com&#x0D; Dr. U. S. Mahadeva Rao, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu Malaysia, raousm@gmail.com&#x0D; Similar Articles:&#x0D; USE OF DIOSGENIN, YAMOGENIN, TIGOGENIN AND NEOTIGOGENIN FOR TREATMENT OF HYPERLIPIDEMIA BY INHIBITING CHOLESTEROL ABSORPTION IN GIT &#x0D;

Renal Alterations Induced by Chronic Exposure to Therapeutic Doses of Antihypercholestremic Atorvastatin.

Atorvastatin (ATOR) is widely used for the treatment and prevention of hypercholesterolemia and various diseases, such as cardiovascular complications, with little data about the histopathological and ultrastructural renal alterations that might be induced by this drug. The present study was undertaken to investigate the potential toxicity of therapeutic doses of atorvastatin on the microanatomy and ultrastructure of renal tissues from Wistar albino rats. Adult male Wistar albino rats received an oral daily dose of 5 mg/kg bodyweight for 90 consecutive days. Biopsies from both kidneys of each study rat were taken for histopathological and ultrastructural examination. ATOR-treated rats exhibited glomerular, tubular, and interstitial histological alterations, including degeneration, necrosis, hyaline droplets, edema, cortical hemorrhages, mesangial hypercellularity, and blood capillary dilation and congestion. In addition, ATOR exposure increased the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase with a concurrent reduction in proteins and neutral mucosubstances content of the glomeruli and renal cells. Moreover, ATOR-treated animals demonstrated glomerular ultrastructural alterations, consisting mainly of capillary tuft dilatation, glomerular basement membrane thickening, and mesangial cell proliferation. The renal cells of the proximal tubules demonstrated damaged mitochondria, degenerative cellular changes, endoplasmic reticulum dilatation, lysosomal and autophagosome activation, nuclear alteration, myelin figure formation, and microvilli disorganization. The findings of the present work may indicate that ATOR can induce renal histological, histochemical, and ultrastructural alterations that may affect kidney and other vital organ functions.

Studies on the Effect of Aqueous Green Tea Extract on Lipid Profile and Vascular Reactivity in Hypercholesterolemic Albino Rats

Background: Hypercholesterolemia is one of the most important risk factors for atherosclerosis and subsequent cardiovascular disease (CVD). CVD is the leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide, currently, there is a major trend to use herbal remedies for the treatment and prevention of hypercholesterolemia. Objective: In the present work, we investigated the effect of aqueous green tea extract on lipid profile and vascular reactivity & changes in body weight in hypercholesterolemic albino rats Materials and methods: Adult male albino rats were chosen as an animal model for this study. Rats were brought from animal house, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt, and were maintained on a balanced diet with water supply freely in clean containers. They were kept for two weeks to adapt to the laboratory conditions before the start of the experiment. Forty age-matched male albino rats with initial body weights ranging from 200 to 220g were used. Results: In group (III & IV), total cholesterol, LDL, and triglyceride levels were significantly decreased respectively& HDL were significantly increased compared with the group II (p < 0.05). also in group (III & IV) the aortic contractility is decreased and aortic relaxation were significantly increased compared with the group II (p < 0.05) & body weight was decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in group IV compared with the group II. Conclusion: The results obtained by the present study showed that administration of aqueous green tea extract to the hypercholsterolemic rats has a role in improvement of plasma lipids, vascular reactivity& body weight.

Studies on the Effect of Aqueous Green Tea Extract on Lipid Profile and Vascular Reactivity in Hypercholesterolemic Albino Rats

Background: Hypercholesterolemia is one of the most important risk factors for atherosclerosis and subsequent cardiovascular disease (CVD). CVD is the leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide, currently, there is a major trend to use herbal remedies for the treatment and prevention of hypercholesterolemia. Objective: In the present work, we investigated the effect of aqueous green tea extract on lipid profile and vascular reactivity & changes in body weight in hypercholesterolemic albino rats Materials and methods: Adult male albino rats were chosen as an animal model for this study. Rats were brought from animal house, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt, and were maintained on a balanced diet with water supply freely in clean containers. They were kept for two weeks to adapt to the laboratory conditions before the start of the experiment. Forty age-matched male albino rats with initial body weights ranging from 200 to 220g were used. Results: In group (III & IV), total cholesterol, LDL, and triglyceride levels were significantly decreased respectively& HDL were significantly increased compared with the group II (p < 0.05). also in group (III & IV) the aortic contractility is decreased and aortic relaxation were significantly increased compared with the group II (p < 0.05) & body weight was decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in group IV compared with the group II. Conclusion: The results obtained by the present study showed that administration of aqueous green tea extract to the hypercholsterolemic rats has a role in improvement of plasma lipids, vascular reactivity& body weight.

Fruiting bodies of selected edible mushrooms as a potential source of lovastatin

Agaricus bisporus, Cantharellus cibarius, Imleria badia, and Lentinula edodes are among the most popular species of edible mushrooms in Poland. These edible mushrooms are an important source of biologically active substances exhibiting beneficial (e.g., antioxidant, antitumor, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory) effects on the human body. The fruiting bodies of edible mushrooms are also a valuable source of lovastatin, which belongs to a group of compounds, called statins, commonly used as cholesterol-lowering drugs. Due to the presence of lovastatin, edible mushrooms can be useful in the prevention of hypercholesterolemia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the content of lovastatin in the selected species of edible mushrooms and to evaluate its release into artificial digestive juices. This study was the first to determine the release of lovastatin into digestive juices after the extraction of materials obtained from edible mushrooms. The largest amount of lovastatin was found in the fruiting bodies of C. cibarius (67.89 mg/100 g d.w.), and the smallest in those of L. edodes (0.95 mg/100 g d.w.). The amount of lovastatin released from the extracts of the examined species into digestive juices was found to be relatively low. The highest content after incubation in artificial gastric juice was detected for the fruiting bodies of L. edodes (0.02 mg/100 g d.w.) and after incubation in the intestinal juice for the mycelium from the in vitro cultures of L. edodes (0.51 mg/100 g d.w.). Thus, the results of the present study showed that due to its ability to accumulate lovastatin from culture medium, L. edodes mycelium can be used to obtain a product with increased hypolipidemic activity.

Primary prevention of atherosclerosis by pretreatment of low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice with sesame oil and its aqueous components

Pharmacological intervention using statins and PCSK9 inhibitors have become first-line therapy in the prevention of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. Currently, no agent is available for the primary prevention of atherosclerosis. However, there is an emerging hypothesis that atherosclerosis could be driven by inflammation. In this study, we tested whether pretreatment with an aqueous extract from sesame oil (SOAE), which showed potent anti-inflammatory properties without hypocholesterolemic actions, would prevent subsequent atherosclerosis development in a mouse model. RAW 264.7 macrophages and female low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout (LDLR−/−) mice were used for in vitro and in vivo studies, respectively. Plasma lipids, cytokines and atherosclerotic lesions were quantified at the end of the study. RNA was extracted from the liver and aortic tissues and used for gene analysis. Pre-treatment of SOAE prevented Ox-LDL uptake by RAW macrophages and further inflammation in vitro. SOAE pre-treatment significantly reduced atherosclerotic lesions and pro-inflammatory gene expressions in LDLR−/− mice as compared to control mice. No significant change in plasma cholesterol levels was observed. A significant reduction in plasma levels of TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1 and VCAM1 was observed in the SOAE pre-treated animals. This is the first study that demonstrates that pre-treatment with anti-inflammatory agents, could delay/decrease atherosclerosis.

In vivo bioavailability of polyphenols from grape by-product extracts, and effect on lipemia of normocholesterolemic Wistar rats.

The direct use of phenolic extracts from grape by-products can be useful when formulating functional food to improve consumer health. The use of phenolic extracts instead of pure polyphenols as an ingredient is relevant in this context. The present study investigated the bioavailability and absorption of polyphenols from grape by-product extracts and their health effect on cholesterolemia, by adding the extract (GE) to Wistar rats diet (50 g kg-1 ) in vivo. GE caused the appearance of (+)-catechin, myricetin and quercetic acid in plasma and liver. (+)-Catechin was the most abundant compound (6 μg mL-1 in plasma and 0.7 μg mg-1 protein in liver), whereas no phenolic compounds were detected in plasma or liver in the control group. Similarly, 3,4-hydroxyphenylacetic, a major product of polyphenol digestion, was detected in the plasma, liver and urine of the GE-group only. GE-group had significantly lower cholesterol level and lower total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein ratio in plasma. Total bile acid content significantly increased in fecal matter after 24 h administration of the GE-enriched diet. Grape extract polyphenols are partially bioavailable and showed improvement in lipid metabolism. Thus, the results suggest that GE is promising as a functional ingredient in the prevention of hypercholesterolemia. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Effect on blood cholesterol level with increase in concentration of probiotics to Giriraja and Sakini chicken in Nepal

The chicken population is increasing and the meat is acceptable by most ethnic groups, these species are remarkable for the meat production in the country. Probiotic microorganisms have played significant role in lowering cholesterol which have been documented over the past two decades via various clinical trials. This Cholesterol lowering properties of microorganism have been proposed to deconjugate bile via production of bile salt hydrolase (BSH) associated with their cholesterol lowering potentials in prevention of hypercholesterolemia. Deconjugated bile salts are more hydrophobic than their conjugated counterparts, thus are less reabsorbed through the intestines resulting in higher excretion into the feces. Of total 16 replicate, T1R1-T1R4 were without probiotics whereas T2R1-T2R4, T3R1-T3R4, T4R1-T4R4 were with probiotics 5%, 10% and 15% concentration Probiotics for Sakini male and female. Similary for Giriraja breed T5R1-T5R4, T6R1-T6R4, T7R1-T7R4 and T8R1-T8R4 were 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% concentration of with Probiotics. There was comparatively degradation of Cholesterol in blood with increase in probiotics concentration via Cell Net Analyzer.Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2017. 46 (4): 225-229