Prevention Of Gastrointestinal Infections Research Articles

Gut Distribution, Impact Factor, and Action Mechanism of Bacteriocin-Producing Beneficial Microbes as Promising Antimicrobial Agents in Gastrointestinal Infection.

Gastrointestinal (GI) infection by intestinal pathogens poses great threats to human health, and the therapeutic use of antibiotics has reached a bottleneck due to drug resistance. The developments of antimicrobial peptides produced by beneficial bacteria have drawn attention by virtue of effective, safe, and not prone to developing resistance. Though bacteriocin as antimicrobial agent in gut infection has been intensively investigated and reviewed, reviews on that of bacteriocin-producing beneficial microbes are very rare. It is important to explicitly state the prospect of bacteriocin-producing microbes in prevention of gastrointestinal infection towards their application in host. This review discusses the potential of gut as an appropriate resource for mining targeted bacteriocin-producing microbes. Then, host-related factors affecting the bacteriocin production and activity of bacteriocin-producing microbes in the gut are summarized. Accordingly, the multiple mechanisms (direct inhibition and indirect inhibition) behind the preventive effects of bacteriocin-producing microbes on gut infection are discussed. Finally, we propose several targeted strategies for the manipulation of bacteriocin-producing beneficial microbes to improve their performance in antimicrobial outcomes. We anticipate an upcoming emergence of developments and applications of bacteriocin-producing beneficial microbes as antimicrobial agent in gut infection induced by pathogenic bacteria.

A SURVEY ON HAND HYGIENE PRACTICES LEARNT FROM COVID19 PANDEMIC BY URBAN POPULATION IN WEST INDIA

Introduction- Hand washing with soap (HWWS) was suggested as effective measure for preventing SARS Cov -2 transmission and apart from COVID infection in has benet in prevention of gastrointestinal infection, soil borne parasitic infection and other respiratory infection therefore this hand hygiene practice if adopted as a life style change could prevent other infections. Study design- The present study is a questionnaire based one to access the compliance of general public if they could sustain hand hygiene practices in post pandemic period for better prevention of possible outbreaks in near future. Results– The total of 319 respondents participated in the study with 141(44.20%) males and 178 (55.8%) females. The frequency of hand washing in COVID19 pandemic was more than ten times a day as reported by 176(55.2%) of respondents followed by ve to ten times per day by 107(33.5%) and less than ve times a day by 36(11.3%) of respondents. The post pandemic hand washing frequency showed a decrease as 36(11.3%) respondents reported hand washing frequency of more than ten times a day, 29(9.1%) reporting ve to ten times a day and 254(79.60%) respondents with less than ve times a day. 204(63.9%) of respondents did not intend to follow hand hygiene practices after COVID19 pandemic phase is over in comparison to 115(36.10%) who wish to follow in post pandemic era.315 (98.80%) did wash hands after going for toilet, 142 (44.5%) before preparing food, 314(98.4%) before eating food, 82(25.70%) on arrival at home, 81(25.43%) after work , 95(29.80%) before touching face and 273(85.6%) after sneezing and coughing. However the sex wise difference was not statistically signicant. The frequencies of hand washing in pandemic and post pandemic time which shows decline in adoption of hand washing frequencies and the result was statistically signicant, p value <.05. Conclusion- Hand hygiene should be emphasized, nurtured by frequent awareness programs and education so that our population adopts safe hygiene practices as hand hygiene is by far most effective way in curtailing spread of communicable and infectious disease making our masses prepared for future outbreaks.

NITROFURANS AND THEIR METABOLITES IN FOOD

Nitrofurans (furazolidone, furaltadone, nitrofurantoin, nitrofurazone) belong to a wide range of synthetic antibiotics used in the prevention of gastrointestinal infections in livestock, aquaculture and beekeeping. They were also used as food supplements to stimulate growth. In 1995, the use of nitrofurans in veterinary medicine was banned in the European Union because of the carcinogenic and potentially harmful effects in humans. Illegal use of nitrofurans in the EU is controlled by official inspection and analysis services. In accordance with the requirements of Council of Europe Directive 96/23/EC, the content of nitrofurans in live animals and food of animal origin is also controlled by the Government of Georgia. Screening, immunoenzymatic method of analysis is currently used to monitor nitrofurans and their wastes. In accordance with the new, strict regulations and validation requirements of analytical methods set by the Council of Europe, it is necessary to develop highly sensitive and specific analysis methods for the determination of nitrofuran residues in food. Calculate extraction coefficients for waste determination in different matrices using the developed method and validate the developed method.

Assessment of Murraya koenigii Leaf Extract against New Multiple Drug Resistance Human Enteric Pathogens

Sewage waters are the primary habitats to harbour antibiotic resistance bacteria (ARB) especially multi-drug resistance (MDR) human enteric pathogens. Microorganisms acquire resistance towards many commercial antibiotics due to their inappropriate use. In this study, human enteric pathogens were isolated, identified and characterized and shows the resistance against five different clinically significant commonly prescribed antibiotics. The bacterial strains were isolated from different sewage treatment plants located in Delhi city, India. Samples were analyzed for the detection of pathogenic human enteric bacteria through morphological, biochemical and molecular analysis. Methanolic leaf extract of Murraya koenigii showed the significant antibacterial activity against multi drug resistant human enteric pathogens. Thus, Murraya koenigii leaves would be a potential alterantive to antibiotic regimens for the prevention of gastrointestinal infections.

Probiotic Lactobacterin-Tk2 Therapeutic and Prophylactic Efficiency

Annotation. The therapeutic and prophylactic efficacy of the “Lactobacterin-TK2” probiotic for correction of clinical and microbiological changes in diarrhea of calves under farming conditions has been studied. The therapeutic efficacy showed that the drug product results in complete recovery. Findings on the calves' productivity showed that animals in the experimental groups grew more intensively than animals in the control group during the drug product administration by calves. Use of “Lactobacterin-TK2” probiotic in the treatment and prevention of gastrointestinal infections in calves has provided 100% therapeutic and preventive efficacy. We believe that the effect has been obtained due to the sanitation of the animals intestines from pathogenic flora by suppressing of pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic bacteria reproduction with lactobacilli as a result of their antagonistic activity and colonization of the intestine freed ecological niche with normal microbial flora, stimulation of humoral and cellular immunity factors, level of nonspecific resistance of the organism, activation of metabolic processes, normalization of intestinal microbiocenosis in calves. All this immediately influenced the improvement of digestion processes, which led to more intensive growth and development of animals.

The implication of probiotics in the prevention of dental caries.

The current oral health crisis, whose causes are varied and complex, necessitates timely oral evaluation and early detection and treatment of oral health problems. Dramatic changes in eating habits and lifestyles are associated with the recent decline in oral health. Probiotics are "good" bacteria that support digestion and a healthy immune system and offer various health benefits to the host. Traditionally, probiotics have been used to improve gut health; the most common uses have historically been as a treatment or prevention of gastrointestinal infections and disease. During the last decade, studies have additionally suggested the intake of probiotics for oral health purposes. Probiotic use provides an effective strategy to combat oral disease, including the development of dental caries and periodontal infection. The aim of this review is to describe the beneficial roles of probiotic bacteria in the oral cavity and the potential mechanisms by which these bacteria exert their effects on oral health.

Xilooligossacarídeos: produção, aplicações e efeitos na saúde humana

Os xilooligossacarídeos são açúcares não-convencionais (oligômeros formados por unidades de xilose), não-calóricos e não são metabolizados pelo organismo humano. São considerados prebióticos, uma vez que promovem seletivamente o crescimento de probióticos como Lactobacillus sp. e Bifidobacterium bifidum, promovendo uma série de benefícios à saúde humana, como a redução da constipação intestinal, a promoção da digestão e a absorção de nutrientes, a prevenção de infecções gastrintestinais e a inibição do crescimento de microrganismos patogênicos. Este artigo de revisão demonstra a produção de xilooligossacarídeos, tendo como fonte materiais lignocelulósicos, através de métodos químicos e enzimáticos, e também a sua aplicação como ingredientes em alimentos, salientando os efeitos benéficos à saúde provindos desses tipos de compostos.

Growth performance, nutrient digestibility and immune response of broiler chicks fed diets supplemented with a culture of Lactobacillus bulgaricus

AbstractBACKGROUND: Probiotics are being developed for use in animal feed to enhance production performance and prevention of gastrointestinal infections. The ban on using antibiotics as growth promoters, antibiotic resistance and the inherent problems of developing new vaccines make a compelling case for developing alternatives for in‐feed antibiotics. The alternatives of choice have to be considered under the environmental conditions of the animal. Among the probiotics in use today, Lactobacillus has been shown to play a vital role in disease prevention, immune enhancement, improved growth and carcass yield in poultry. The present study investigates the effect of Lactobacillus bulgaricus (LB)‐based probiotic on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and immune response of broilers under tropical environmental conditions.RESULTS: Broilers fed LB diets consumed more feed (P < 0.05) and had greater body weight gain than the control group. Feed/gain ratio improved significantly (P < 0.05) with the 20, 40 and 60 mg kg−1 LB diets compared with the control or 80 mg kg−1 LB diet. The apparent digestibilities of nitrogen and fat increased with LB supplementation. However, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in fibre digestibility. White blood cell count increased significantly in broilers fed higher levels (>40 mg kg−1) of LB compared with the control group. Antibody production measured as antibody titre against Newcastle disease vaccine showed a curvilinear response over the range of LB concentrations examined.CONCLUSION: The results indicate that LB addition to broiler chick diets significantly improved growth performance, increased nutrient digestibility and stimulated humoral immune response. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry

Adherence of probiotic bacteria to human intestinal mucus in healthy infants and during rotavirus infection.

The concentration of fecal mucin and the adhesion of specific probiotics and their combinations in the intestinal mucus of infants during and after rotavirus diarrhea and in healthy children were determined. Mucus was prepared from fecal samples from 20 infants during and after rotavirus diarrhea and from 10 healthy age-matched children. Mucin concentration was determined, and the adhesion of five probiotics-Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, Lactobacillus casei Shirota, Lactobacillus paracasei F19, Lactobacillus acidophilus LA5, and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12-and their combinations was tested in vitro. The mean concentrations of fecal mucin during and after rotavirus diarrhea, 15.2 and 14.1 mg/g, were comparable to that in healthy children, 14.9 mg/g. The adherence of probiotics ranged from 1 to 34% in healthy subjects as indicated for the following strains: L. rhamnosus GG, 34%; B. lactis Bb12, 31%; L. acidophilus LA5, 4%; L. paracasei F19, 3%; and L. casei Shirota, 1% (P = 0.0001). The distinctive pattern of probiotic adherence was not influenced by rotavirus diarrhea. The adhesion of Bb12 in the presence of GG increased from 31 to 39% in healthy infants (P = 0.018) and in episodes of diarrhea increased from 26 to 44% (P = 0.001). Rotavirus diarrhea does not decrease the production of fecal mucin or with respect to the adhesion of probiotic bacteria tested in vitro. Combination of specific probiotic strains may enhance adherence in a synergistic manner. Optimal clinical application of these interactions may offer novel therapeutic guidelines for the treatment and prevention of gastrointestinal infections.

Oral delivery of antibodies. Future pharmacokinetic trends.

Antibodies have been investigated as specific targeting agents for cancer diagnosis and therapy, to inactivate toxic substances including drugs and also as passive immunotherapy for neoplastic or infectious diseases. In most cases the antibodies were administered systemically by the intravenous route. More recently, however, there has been increasing interest in the oral administration of antibodies for localised treatment of infections or other conditions in the gastrointestinal tract. The normal physiological handling of ingested proteins is degradation by proteases in the stomach and intestine into small peptides or amino acids which are subsequently absorbed. Proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation of orally administered immunoglobulins include pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase and elastase. These enzymes initially degrade the antibodies to F(ab')2. Fab and Fc fragments. The F(ab')2 and Fab fragments, however, retain some of their neutralising activity locally in the gastrointestinal tract. Various approaches are possible to increase the stability of orally administered antibodies against proteolysis, including formulation in liposomes, coating with polymers and genetic engineering of resistant forms. The clinical application of orally administered antibodies includes the treatment and prevention of gastrointestinal infections caused by enteric pathogens such as rotavirus, Escherichia coli or Vibrio cholerae in susceptible individuals including those with immunodeficiency diseases and patients with bone marrow transplants. There is also a suggestion that such agents may be useful in preventing chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal mucositis. Future opportunities for research include the design of oral dosage forms of antibodies which resist proteolysis and can deliver a greater fraction of immunoreactive antibody locally in the gastrointestinal tract for the treatment of infections or perhaps even to allow the absorption of antibodies for the treatment or prevention of systemic conditions.

Prevention of gastrointestinal infection using immunobiological methods with milk fermented withLactobacillus caseiandLactobacillus acidophilus

The protective effect of feeding milk fermented with a mixture of Lactobacillus casei sp. and Lb. acidophilus sp. against Salmonella typhimurium infection in mice was compared with that obtained feeding milks fermented with these microorganisms individually. The survival rate obtained after oral infection with Sal. typhimurium was 100% in mice pretreated by feeding during 8 d with the mixture of Lb. casei and Lb. acidophilus fermented milks. Similar treatments with the individual milks were ineffective. Moreover, mice became more susceptible to infection with Sal. typhimurium after such treatment. The colonization of liver and spleen with the pathogen was markedly inhibited by the pretreatment with the mixture of fermented milk, while such inhibition was not observed using the Lb. casei and Lb. acidophilus milks. The highest levels of anti-salmonellae antibodies in serum and in intestinal fluid were found in the group of mice fed with the mixture and with Lb. casei fermented milk respectively. However, this latter milk was not effective in protecting against Sal. typhimurium. When the mice were first infected with Sal. typhimurium and then fed with the mixture of fermented milks, pathogen colonization was not prevented. The results suggest that the augmentation of resistance to salmonellae caused by the treatment with Lb. casei- + Lb. acidophilus-fermented milk was due to the anti-salmonellae protective immunity mainly mediated by the mucosal tissue. Milk fermented with this mixture could be used as an immunobiological method to prevent gastrointestinal infection.

Prevention of gastrointestinal infections.

Prevention of gastrointestinal infections.

Disseminated candidiasis. Changes in incidence, underlying diseases, and pathology.

Thirty-nine patients who had disseminated candidiasis were studied at autopsy between 1963 and June 1975. The number of cases at autopsy increased from 1.1 to 6.8 cases per year during the last four and a half years, due primarily to the occurrence of candidiasis in patients with acute leukemia. The recent high incidence of disseminated candidiasis complicating acute leukemia correlated with the use of modern chemotherapy, which results in prolonged granulocytopenia during the induction of remission. All recent leukemic patients had gastrointestinal candidiasis, and many had hepatic (75%) and splenic (94%) involvement by unusually large macroscopic lesions. Candida stellatoidea (eight cases), Candida albicans (six cases), and Candida tropicalis (six cases) were the most frequently identified species. Clinical and laboratory detection of disseminated candidiasis was often impossible. A comparison of recent leukemic patients with and without candidiasis revealed that only positive blood (7/16 vs . 1/17) and urine (8/16 vs . 3/17) cultures had predictive diagnostic value, but these cultures were frequently negative. The best approach toward reducing the incidence of disseminated candidiasis in acute leukemia appears to be prevention of gastrointestinal infection.